Tutorial Playlist
132 Lessons1. Introduction to C Tutorial
2. Addition of Two Numbers in C
3. Anagram Program in C
4. Armstrong Number in C
5. Array in C
6. Array of Pointers in C
7. Array of Structure in C
8. C Program to Find ASCII Value of a Character
9. Assignment Operator in C
10. Binary Search in C
11. Binary to Decimal in C
12. Bitwise Operators in C
13. Boolean in C
14. C Compiler for Mac
15. C Compiler for Windows
16. C Function Call Stack
17. C Language Download
18. Operators in C
19. C/C++ Preprocessors
20. C Program for Bubble Sort
21. C Program for Factorial
22. C Program for Prime Numbers
23. C Program for String Palindrome
24. C Program to Reverse a Number
25. Reverse a String in C
26. C string declaration
27. String Input Output Functions in C
Now Reading
28. Calculator Program in C
29. Call by Value and Call by Reference in C
30. Ceil Function in C
31. Coding Vs. Programming
32. Command Line Arguments in C/C++
33. Comments in C
34. Compilation process in C
35. Conditional Statements in C
36. Conditional operator in the C
37. Constant Pointer in C
38. Constants in C
39. Dangling Pointer in C
40. Data Structures in C
41. Data Types in C
42. Debugging C Program
43. Convert Decimal to Binary in C
44. Define And include in C
45. Difference Between Arguments And Parameters
46. Difference Between Compiler and Interpreter
47. Difference Between If Else and Switch
48. Do While Loop In C
49. Double In C
50. Dynamic Array in C
51. Dynamic Memory Allocation in C
52. Enumeration (or enum) in C
53. Evaluation of Arithmetic Expression
54. Factorial of A Number in C
55. Features of C Language
56. Fibonacci Series Program in C Using Recursion
57. File Handling in C
58. For Loop in C
59. Format Specifiers in C
60. Functions in C
61. Function Pointer in C
62. goto statement in C
63. C Hello World Program
64. Header Files in C
65. Heap Sort in C Program
66. Hello World Program in C
67. History of C Language
68. How to compile a C program in Linux
69. How to Find a Leap Year Using C Programming
70. Identifiers in C
71. If Else Statement in C
72. If Statement in C
73. Implementation of Queue Using Linked List
74. Increment and decrement operators in c
75. Input and Output Functions in C
76. How To Install C Language In Mac
77. Jump Statements in C
78. Lcm of Two Numbers in C
79. Length of an Array in C
80. Library Function in C
81. Linked list in C
82. Logical Operators in C
83. Macros in C
84. Matrix multiplication in C
85. Nested if else statement in C
86. Nested Loop in C
87. One Dimensional Array in C
88. Operator Precedence and Associativity in C
89. Overflow And Underflow in C
90. Palindrome Program in C
91. Pattern Programs in C
92. Pointer to Pointer in C
93. Pointers in C: A Comprehensive Tutorial
94. Pre-increment And Post-increment
95. Prime Number Program in C
96. Program for Linear Search in C
97. Pseudo-Code In C
98. Random Access Files in C
99. Random Number Generator in C
100. Recursion in C
101. Relational Operators in C
102. Simple interest program in C
103. Square Root in C
104. Stack in C
105. Stack Using Linked List in C
106. Static function in C
107. Stdio.h in C
108. Storage Classes in C
109. strcat() in C
110. Strcmp in C
111. Strcpy in C
112. String Comparison in C
113. String Functions in C
114. String Length in C
115. String Pointer in C
116. strlen() in C
117. Structures in C
118. Structure of C Program
119. Switch Case in C
120. C Ternary Operator
121. Tokens in C
122. Toupper Function in C
123. Transpose of a Matrix in C
124. Two Dimensional Array in C
125. Type Casting in C
126. Types of Error in C
127. Unary Operator in C
128. Use of C Language
129. User Defined Functions in C
130. What is Variables in C
131. Is C language case sensitive
132. Fibonacci Series in C
In the world of programming, strings serve as fundamental entities for the manipulation of textual data. They provide the means to handle and manipulate various forms of text, ranging from basic words to intricate documents, empowering developers to construct dynamic and interactive applications. To work with strings effectively, programming languages provide input and output functions specifically designed for handling string data. These functions allow developers to interact with users, display information, and process string-related operations.
Input functions are primarily used to obtain string data from external sources, such as user input or input streams. They enable the program to gather information and store it in variables for further processing. Output functions, on the other hand, are responsible for displaying or writing string data to various destinations, such as the console, files, or output streams. The commonly used standard IF statements in C are scanf() and printf().
By following these steps, you can effectively obtain a string input output functions in C with examples including any whitespace characters.
1.Include the necessary header file:
#include <stdio.h>
This ensures that the required functions and definitions are available for input/output operations.
2. Declare a character array to store the string:
char arr [200];
Here, we define an array called arr with a size of 200 characters.
3. Display a prompt to the user:
printf("Enter a string without spaces: ");
This line informs the user about the expected input.
4. Use the scanf function to read the input:
scanf("%99[^ \t\n]", str);
In this line, scanf is employed to scan the input from the user. The format specifier %99[^ \t\n] specifies that it should read up to 99 characters (%99s) excluding whitespace characters ([^ \t\n]). This ensures that any space, tab, or newline characters are skipped during input.
5. Process the input as desired:
Example: Print the input string printf("Input string: %s\n", str);
Here, you can perform any desired operations on the obtained string. In this example, we simply print the input string using printf.
6. End the program:
return 0;
This statement terminates the program and returns the exit status.
Remember to adjust the size of the character array and perform appropriate error handling based on your specific needs.
The syntax for using the scanf() function in C is as follows:
scanf(format, variable1, variable2, ...);
Here's a breakdown of the syntax elements:
The scanf() function in C facilitates input reading from the standard input stream, typically the keyboard, based on a specified format. It offers flexibility for reading various data types like integers, characters, strings, and more.
Here is a step-by-step breakdown of scanf() functioning:
1. Format string: As the initial argument of scanf(), the format string specifies the expected data types and their order. It employs format specifiers, starting with the % symbol, followed by a letter representing the desired data type.
2. Input retrieval: scanf() scans the input from the standard input stream, adhering to the provided format string. It begins reading characters and sequentially matches them with the format specifiers.
3. Format specifier matching: When encountering a format specifier, scanf() attempts to read the input data from the standard input stream and convert it to the specified type. Prior to reading the actual input, it disregards leading whitespace characters, such as spaces, tabs, and newlines.
4. Value assignment: By utilizing the memory addresses of the variables passed as arguments after the format string (obtained using the & operator), scanf() directly modifies their values, assigning the corresponding input values.
5. Return value: Upon completion, scanf() returns the count of successfully matched and assigned input items. This return value allows verification of whether the input was read correctly.
6. Error handling: It is essential to handle potential errors that may arise during scanf() usage. For instance, if the input doesn't match the format specifier or the input buffer overflows, scanf() may fail. Therefore, proper error handling is necessary to handle such scenarios effectively."
By following these steps and considering error handling, you can make effective use of the scanf() function in C for input operations.
Versatility: scanf() allows you to read input of various data types, such as integers, characters, strings, and more, by using appropriate format specifiers. It provides flexibility in handling different types of user input.
Direct assignment: scanf() assigns the input values directly to variables using their memory addresses. This simplifies the process of capturing and using user input within the program.
Input errors: scanf() can be prone to input errors and unexpected behavior. If the user enters incorrect data or the input format doesn't match the format specifier, it can result in incorrect or unpredictable program behavior. Error handling and input validation are crucial to mitigate these issues.
Buffer overflow: When reading input using scanf(), it's important to provide buffer sizes to avoid buffer overflow. If the input exceeds the capacity of the variables or arrays, it can lead to memory corruption and security vulnerabilities.
Limited error reporting: scanf() returns the number of successfully matched and assigned input items, but it doesn't provide detailed information about the nature of errors. It can be challenging to identify and handle specific input errors using scanf() alone.
There are various methods to input a string with space and accept it in C:
Methods to Accept String With Space in C
There are 4 ways to accepts a string with space in C
Let's start with a character array (string) called str[]. As a result, we've declared a variable as char str[20].
Method 1 : Using gets
Syntax : char *gets(char *str)
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[20];
gets(str);
printf("%s", str);
return 0;
}
Method 2 : Using fgets
Syntax : char *fgets(char *str, int size, FILE *stream)
Example : fgets(str, 20, stdin); as here, 20 is MAX_LIMIT according to declaration.
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LIMIT 20
int main()
{
char str[MAX_LIMIT];
fgets(str, MAX_LIMIT, stdin);
printf("%s", str);
return 0;
}
Method 3 : Using %[^\n]%*c inside scanf
Example : scanf(“%[^\n]%*c”, str);
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[20];
scanf("%[^\n]%*c", str);
printf("%s", str);
return 0;
}
Explanation : The scanset character is [] in this case. ^\n informs the programme to accept input until a newline is encountered. Then, using this%*c, it reads newline characters, and the usage of * here denotes that these newline characters are ignored.
Method 4 : Using %[^\n]s inside scanf.
Example : scanf(“%[^\n]s”, str);
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100];
scanf("%[^\n]s",str);
printf("%s",str);
return 0;
}
Explanation : The scanset character is [] in this instance. ^\n instructs the programme to accept input until no newlines are found. Here, we utilized the XOR operator, which returns true until both letters are distinct. When a character is equal to New-Line ('n'), the XOR operator returns false, making it impossible to read the string. Therefore, we substitute "%[n]s" for "%s." Consequently, we may use scanf("%[n]s",str); to obtain a line of input with a space.
The user can define the maximum number of characters to read with the fgets() function, and we can also change the input stream to any file using fgets(), which is the key distinction between fgets() and gets(). Use of fgets() is secure since it checks the array bound, in contrast to gets(), which may be risky because it does not.
The scanset format specifier%[] provided by the scanf() function in C enables you to read input that contains spaces and other permitted characters. To match a set of characters supplied between brackets, use the scanset%[] function.
Let's explore one way to use scanset to take input of a string with spaces in C using the format specifier {%[^\n]%*c} inside scanf().
Here's an example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string with spaces: ");
scanf("{%[^\n]%*c}", str);
printf("Input string: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}
In this example, we use the {%[^\n]%*c} format specifier inside scanf() to read a string with spaces. Let's break down the format specifier:
{ and }: The braces are literal characters that should match the input exactly. They help differentiate this format specifier from regular scanset format specifiers.
%[^\n]: This scanset format specifier matches a sequence of characters until a newline character ('\n') is encountered. It allows scanf() to read the input string with spaces.
%*c: The asterisk (*) indicates that the character read by this scanset format specifier should be discarded without assigning it to a variable. The %*c is used to read and discard the newline character after the scanset, preventing it from interfering with future input operations.
By using {%[^\n]%*c}, scanf() will read the input string until a newline character is encountered, effectively capturing the string with spaces. The string is then stored in the str array, and you can perform any necessary operations on it.
It's worth noting that the use of {%[^\n]%*c} is not a standard scanset format specifier, but rather a specific format we can define to achieve the desired input behavior.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string with spaces: "); scanf("%[^\n]", str);
printf("Input string: %s\n", str); return 0;
}
In this example, %[^\n] is the correct scanset format specifier used in scanf(). It matches a sequence of characters until a newline character ('\n') is encountered. This allows scanf() to read the input string with spaces. After reading the input, the string is stored in the str array, and you can perform any necessary operations on it.
You can use the printf() function to output a string with spaces and include a newline character (\n) at the end to start a new line. Here's an example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[] = "Hello, world!";
printf("%s\n", str); return 0; }
In this example, we use printf() to output the string Hello, world! followed by a newline character (\n). The %s format specifier is used to print the string.
The output will be:
Hello, world!
The newline character \n ensures that the next output appears on a new line.
The puts() function is specifically designed to output a string and automatically adds a newline character (\n) at the end. Here's an example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[] = "Hello, world!";
puts(str); return 0;
}
In this example, we use puts() to output the string Hello, world!. It automatically appends a newline character at the end of the string.
The output will be:
Hello, world!
Using puts() simplifies the process of printing a string with spaces and ensures that each output appears on a new line.
Strings play a crucial role in coding as they form the foundation for effective text manipulation. Their ability to store sequences of characters makes them versatile and applicable in various scenarios. By comprehending the unique properties of strings and mastering the input and output functions tailored for them, developers gain the ability to create dynamic and engaging applications across a wide range of domains. This understanding empowers programmers to harness the full potential of strings and leverage their capabilities for efficient text processing and manipulation.
1. What are C String Input/Output Functions?
String Output Functions in C are a set of functions in the C programming language that facilitate reading input from and writing output to strings.
2. What are some commonly used C String Input Functions?
Some commonly used String Input Functions in C include scanf(), gets(), and fgets(). These functions allow users to input strings from various sources like the console or files.
PAVAN VADAPALLI
Director of Engineering
Director of Engineering @ upGrad. Motivated to leverage technology to solve problems. Seasoned leader for startups and fast moving orgs. Working …Read More
Popular
Talk to our experts. We’re available 24/7.
Indian Nationals
1800 210 2020
Foreign Nationals
+918045604032
upGrad does not grant credit; credits are granted, accepted or transferred at the sole discretion of the relevant educational institution offering the diploma or degree. We advise you to enquire further regarding the suitability of this program for your academic, professional requirements and job prospects before enrolling. upGrad does not make any representations regarding the recognition or equivalence of the credits or credentials awarded, unless otherwise expressly stated. Success depends on individual qualifications, experience, and efforts in seeking employment.
upGrad does not grant credit; credits are granted, accepted or transferred at the sole discretion of the relevant educational institution offering the diploma or degree. We advise you to enquire further regarding the suitability of this program for your academic, professional requirements and job prospects before enr...