Why is Crystal gaining popularity as a programming language?

Crystal is a programming language that emphasises brevity and clarity. It has a garbage collector and is statically typed and built. Its main implementation is developed in Crystal, and its syntax is influenced by Ruby and Perl. It is intended to be a useful language for programmers to use on a regular basis. Because it is statically typed, interpreted, and compiled to native code, Crystal is gaining appeal as a programming language. It also includes a trash collector, which aids with memory management. Crystal also has a burgeoning community as well as a number of libraries and frameworks to choose from.

hy do people prefer Python over Elixir?

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language with a readability-focused design philosophy. It is named after the British comedy troupe Monty Python. Web development, scientific computing, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and system administration are just a few of the domains where it's been used. It's also great for scripting and developing quick applications. Elixir is a programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). It has a syntax that is close to Ruby and an Erlang-compatible runtime. This is a difficult question to answer because it is dependent on the preferences and experiences of the individual. Python is preferred by some because it is more extensively used and has a larger user base. Others may favour Elixir because it is more scalable and includes concurrency support.

What are some frequently encountered errors in programming?

The most prevalent sort of programming fault is syntax error. When a programmer produces code that does not follow the syntax of the language, this error occurs. When code is executed but does not achieve the anticipated outcome, runtime errors occur. Inaccurate code, incorrect data, or flaws in the environment in which the code is running can all create these mistakes. Logic mistakes are flaws in the code's logic. The code may generate inaccurate results or crash as a result of these problems. When code is compiled but the compiler does not understand it, compilation errors occur. Inaccurate code, incorrect data, or flaws in the environment in which the code is running can all create these mistakes.

Top 21 MEAN Stack Developer Interview Questions & Answers For Beginners & Experienced

With digitization gaining increasing traction in the modern-day industry, companies and brands are eager to invest in fast, dynamic, and efficient websites and applications. However, the widespread availability and accessibility to development technologies make it challenging to choose the right technology for web app development. While full-stack, front-end, and backend development have been running the forefront of web development, there’s a new star in the making – MEAN stack.

Essentially, MEAN stack is an open-source technology that includes four JavaScript-based technologies including MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, Node.js (MEAN). By learning and mastering MEAN stack, you can enjoy the perks of a host of domains for developing web apps and dynamic websites.

MEAN is a relatively recent stack for MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js. A comprehensive JavaScript stack called MEAN is frequently used for cloud-ready apps. What is MEAN Stack Developer? A software engineer focusing on creating online applications using the so-called MEAN stack, a group of JavaScript-based technologies, is known as a MEAN Stack Developer. Learn more about mean full stack developer interview questions, mern stack interview questions, Stack interview questions, and stack questions here.

Since the demand for MEAN Stack Developers is growing steadily, in this post, we’re going to talk about the most commonly asked MEAN stack interview questions.

So, without further ado, let’s get straight into it!

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3. What purpose does AngularJS serve?

AngularJS is an open-source front-end web application development framework that is maintained by Google. It allows Web Developers to use HTML as their template language and extend HTML syntax to represent the components of a web app clearly and precisely.

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4. What is the function of Node.js?

Node.JS is an open-source, cross-platform, single-threaded JavaScript framework that is used for developing server-side and networking applications. It is the backbone of the MEAN stack. Apart from JavaScript, Node.js also used C and C++ programming languages. Node.js is equipped with an integrated web server that facilitates the smooth deployment of the MongoDB database and its cloud application.

Node. js is a platform created on the JavaScript runtime of Chrome that makes it simple to create quick and scalable network applications. It can create Node.js applications for the console and the web.modules provided by Node.js greatly facilitates the creation of web applications using Node.js.It is ideal for data-intensive real-time applications that run across dispersed devices because Node. js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O mechanism that makes it lightweight and efficient.

5. Name the IDEs that are commonly used for Node.JS development?

The most popular IDE’s that can be used for Node.JS development include:

Atom
Cloud9
Eclipse
Komodo IDE
JetBrainsWebStorm
JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA

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6. What is Mongoose?

Mongoose is an Object Document Mapper (ODM), which means that by using Mongoose, you can define objects with a strongly-typed schema that can be further mapped to a MongoDB document. It offers a schema-based solution for modeling application data. Mongoose comes with built-in typecasting, validation, query building, business logic hooks, and many more out-of-the-box features.

Read: Difference between Full stack and Mean stack development

7. Define DATA modeling?

Data modeling is a term used in the context of Mongoose and MongoDB. As the name suggests, data modeling refers to the process of creating a data model for the data at hand so it can be stored in a database. A data model is a conceptual representation of data objects, the relation among different data objects, and the rules that define those relations.

Data modeling helps to represent the data visually while also enforcing business rules, regulatory compliances, and government policies on the data. It is implemented to ensure consistency in naming conventions, default values, semantics, security, and quality of the data.

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8. What is REPL In Node.Js?

REPL or “Read Eval Print Loop” is a simple program that can accept commands, evaluate them, and prints the results. What REPL does is to create an environment that is similar to a Unix/Linux shell or a Window console, wherein you can enter command and system, and it will respond with the output. Here are the functions that REPL performs:

READ – This reads the input provided by the user, parses it into JavaScript data structure, and stores it in the memory.
EVAL – This executes the data structure.
PRINT – This prints the outcome generated after evaluating the command.
LOOP – This loops the above command until the user presses Ctrl+C twice.

9. Define Scope in JavaScript.

In JavaScript, each function has a scope, which is essentially a collection of variables and rules defining how their unique name accesses those variables. You can access a function’s scoped variables only through the code inside that function. While variables contained in a particular scope must have unique names, a scope can exist within another scope. In this case, the code of the innermost scope can access the variables contained in either of the scopes.

10. State the difference between linear search and binary search.

A linear search considers a list’s item’s one by one without jumping sequence. So, in terms of complexity, it classifies as an O(n) search wherein the time taken to search the list increases proportionally to the increase in the list. Contrary to this, a binary search starts in the middle of a list. This search aims to see whether the item value is greater than or less than the desired value.

This further determines the position of the value in the list – whether it will be in the first part or second part of the list. In terms of complexity, it classifies as an O(log n) search where the number of search operations grows relatively slowly than the list. This is mainly because the search space is broken into half in each operation.

While binary search requires you to sort the input data first, a linear list doesn’t have any such prerequisites.

11. Highlight the difference between Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery.

Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery are all advanced implementation of JavaScript. However, they have a fair share of differences.

Node.js is a server-side platform that is used for developing client-server applications while AJAX, a.k.a. Asynchronous Javascript and XML is a client-side scripting technique that is primarily used for rendering the contents of a page without refreshing it. AJAX is used mainly to showcase dynamic content. jQuery is a JavaScript module that complements AJAX, DOM traversal, and looping. It is loaded with many useful functions to aid JavaScript development.

12. Define Dependency Injection.

Dependency Injection is a software design concept that allows you to use or inject a service in ways that are independent of any client consumption. By doing so, you essentially prevent the client from modifying dependencies when the underlying service changes.

The primary purpose of dependency injection is to separate the creation of clients’ dependencies from their behavior, thereby letting you design loosely coupled programs. In a loosely coupled program, the components usually consume functionality defined by interfaces without having any prior knowledge of which implementation classes are being used.

Dependency injection allows you to modify or tweak the behavior of an application by altering the components that implement the interfaces defining an application’s features.

Dependency injection is the process of providing a resource that a specific section of code needs in object-oriented programming (OOP) software design.While adhering to the SOLID software design principles, dependency injections are helpful in producing loosely linked programmes. This decreases the frequency with which a class, a template for the methods or variables in an object, needs to be changed and increases the code’s reusability.

Detractors of dependency injection argue that it costs users by forcing them to provide configuration information when obvious defaults are readily available.

13. Define Containerization.

Containerisation is an alternative to traditional hypervisor-based machine virtualization involving the encapsulation of an application in a container within its own operating environment. In containerization, instead of cloning an operating system for individual virtual machines, it is shared by the different containers. By loading an application in a virtual machine, you can run the app on any suitable physical machine without having to worry about dependencies.

Containerization is a method of software deployment that combines the code of an application with all the necessary files and libraries to enable it to function on any infrastructure. The container functions as a sort of computing environment or bubble around the application, keeping it apart from its surroundings. In essence, it is a portable, fully working computing environment. Since containers offer an alternative to writing on a single platform or operating system, relocating their application was challenging because the code might not have been compatible with the new environment.

14. Define a Test Pyramid. How can you actualize a Test Pyramid when discussing HTTP APIs?

Usually, full-stack web apps are large and complex. They are designed to expand their functionalities to serve hundreds of different requirements of millions of users. Consequently, as the size of a full-stack codebase and the number of users grow, the cost of dealing with bugs also escalates. This, however, can be successfully mitigated by applying the concept of the test pyramid to your codebase.

The test pyramid approach implies a radical way of thinking as to how different kinds of automated tests can and should be used to create a balanced portfolio. It emphasizes that the number of low-level UnitTests should be much more than high-level BroadStackTests running through a GUI.

When discussing HTTP APIs, you can actualize a test pyramid by following the steps mentioned below:

Incorporate plenty of low-level unit tests for your model.
Include fewer joining tests used for determining how your models collaborate with each other.
Include fewer acknowledgment tests used for testing genuine HTTP endpoints.

15. What purpose do Indexes serve in MongoDB?

In MongoDB, indexes are used to support and facilitate the efficient execution of queries. Without indexes, MongoDB has to perform a collection scan wherein it has to scan every document in a collection and select the appropriate documents that match the query statement. However, if each query has an appropriate index assigned to it, MongoDB can use the index to limit the number of documents it has to inspect.

16. What is the difference between Classes and Interfaces in TypeScript?

Classes and interfaces are structures that promote both object-oriented programming and also type-checking in TypeScript. While a class is a blueprint from which you can create a group of objects sharing the same configuration (properties and methods), an interface is a group of related properties and methods that describe an object. However, an interface does not provide implementation or initialization for the objects.

Typically, a class defines what an object should look like and act like, and accordingly, it creates and implements a blueprint by initializing the class properties and defining methods. Classes are present throughout all the phases of a code. An interface, on the other hand, is a virtual structure that exists only within the context of TypeScript. The TypeScript compiler uses interfaces exclusively for type-checking.

17. Define “Decorators” in TypeScript.

In TypeScript, a Decorator refers to a special kind of declaration that is usually attached to a class declaration, method, accessor, property, or parameter. Decorators are functions that take their target as an argument. They allow you to run arbitrary code around the target execution or even replace the target with a new definition altogether.

18. What is meant by “Callback” in Node.js?

In Node.js, a callback is an asynchronous equivalent for a function. Node.js heavily relies on callbacks that are called at the culmination or completion of a given task. For instance, let’s assume a function that is designed for reading files may start reading files and immediately return the control to the execution environment to facilitate the execution of the next instruction.

Once the file I/O is complete, the callback function is set in motion and pass the content of the file as a parameter. This makes sure that there’s no blocking or waiting for the file I/O. It is this feature that makes Node.js highly scalable since it can process a high number of requests without waiting for the results of any function.

All Node APIs are written in ways that they can support callbacks.

19. Define Cross-site Scripting (XSS).

Cross-site Scripting (XSS) is a client-side code injection attack wherein the malicious scripts are executed in a web browser by including malicious code in a legitimate web page or web application. It can also occur when an individual clicks on untrusted links that can pass cookies and other sensitive information to attackers.

The attack happens when you visit a webpage or a web app that executes malicious code. Hence, the webpage or web app becomes a vehicle to deliver malicious scripts to the browser of a user.

The most commonly used vehicles for cross-site scripting attacks are forums, message boards, and even web pages that encourage users to comment.

20. Define AOT and mention its benefits.

Angular applications contain HTML templates alongside the standard components. Since the browser cannot directly understand these components and HTML templates, Angular apps must be compiled first before you can run them in a browser.

AOT compilation is the process of converting a (often) higher-level programming language into a (frequently) lower-level language prior to programme execution, typically at build time, in order to minimize the amount of work required to be done at run time.

The Angular ahead-of-time (AOT) compiler converts the Angular HTML and TypeScript code into JavaScript code during the build phase before the browser can download and runs the code. By compiling the Angular application in the build stage, you encourage the faster launch of Angular apps in the browser.

The benefits of using AOT compiler are:

By using AOT, the browser can download a pre-compiled version of the application. The browser downloads executable code so that it can render the Angular application immediately, without waiting for the app to compile first.
Thanks to AOT, the compiler inlines external HTML templates and CSS style sheets within the application JavaScript, thereby eliminating separate AJAX requests for source files.
During the build stage itself, the AOT compiler detects and reports any template binding errors.
Since AOT compiles HTML templates and components into JavaScript files before serving them to clients, there remain no more templates to read and even no risky client-side HTML/JavaScript evaluation. This reduces the possibilities of injection attacks.

21. What is a Grid System in CSS?

In CSS, a grid system is a structure that is used for stacking content both vertically and horizontally in a consistent and manageable manner. Grid systems have two core components – rows and columns. Some of the most used grid systems include Simple, Pure, Flexbox, Bootstrap, and Foundation.

A web layout system with two dimensions is CSS Grid Layout. It enables you to arrange content in rows and columns. It contains a variety of features that make it simple to construct intricate layouts. You can define a grid with rows and columns while making a grid layout. Then you either arrange items on that grid manually or leave it up to the browser to automatically place them in the cells you’ve defined.

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Mern Stack Interview Questions

MEAN and MERN technology stack are quite similar. Therefore, a lot of companies also ask interview questions for mern stack developers along with mean stack development. As a software developer, you must prepare for both MERN interview questions and Mean stack interview questions. But before you get into that, it is important to understand what MERN is and what differences are there between MEAN and MERN stack development.

MERN is the abbreviation for MongoDB, Express, React and Node. This stack is named after the collection of technologies that it comprises – MongoDB, Express, Node.js, and React.js. MERN stack is popularly used by software developers across the world to build apps on Java script. MongoDB works as the document database, whereas Express works as the Node.js web framework, React.js is the client side data framework, and Node.js is the Javascript server. MERN stack facilitates building scalable full-stack applications.

The following are some of the most popular MERN stack developer interview questions that you can expect in interviews:

What is the difference between MERN Stack and MEAN Stack development?

MERN and MEAN are full stack frameworks. However, there are a few key differences between the two. MEAN stack includes Angular.js whereas MERN stack has React.js. MEAN is a JavaScript development stack, and MERN is an open-source JavaScript library. While MEAN uses the regular DOM, MERN stack uses virtual DOM.

What are pure components in MERN Stack?

Pure components in the MERN stack can be understood as normal components. The only difference is that pure components deal with shouldComponentUpdate method. The key task of pure components is to perform a comparison on props and state whenever props or state change.

What are the key features of Node.js?

Node.js is an open-source server environment built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime. It is used to build applications that can be run outside a client’s browser. Some of the most common applications built with Node.js are chat applications, online video streaming platforms. The key feature of Node.js include:

Single-threaded- Node.js works on a single thread to handle multiple client requests.
Asynchronous- A single thread deals with the client’s request for a server. Once a request is handled, another request is dealt with. This facilitates non-blocking of requests.
Scalability- Node.js asynchronous feature makes it highly scalable.

How are child threads handled in Node.js?

Nose.js is essentially a single-thread process and does not involve child threads. Developers do not have to worry about thread management in Node.js. However, there are certain tasks like asynchronous I/O where the developers are exposed to child threads. Such threads do not executive JavaScript code applications. Also, the main loop doesn’t get blocked. This is why thread management is not an issue in Node.js. However, if developers need thread support, they can use the ChildProcess module.

How to Prepare for MEAN and MERN Interview Questions?

One of the best ways to prepare for interview questions for mern stack developer and MEAN stack development is to read in detail about the various technologies included in the stack. You should also keep yourself updated with recent trends in MEAN and MERN stack development.

You can also read and watch interviews online to get an idea about the most frequently asked MEAN and MERN stack interview questions. In addition to technical knowledge and skills, interviewers also assess candidates on the basis of soft skills. Therefore, it is essential to focus on enhancing soft skills like communication, teamwork, time management, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

You can also seek help from your peers or mentors and give mock interviews. It will help you prepare MERN interview questions.

Conclusion

This is the list of our top MEAN stack developer interview questions MERN Stack developer interview questions and answers. We hope this helps you crack your next MEAN stack interview!

Mastering full-stack languages and tools are important to become a mean stack developer. The journey of being a full-stack developer is a challenging but rewarding one as well. The creative and financial opportunities truly make this one of the best careers out there is one has the passion to pursue it. If you have the passion to create intelligent chatbots, fintech wallets, and more, check out the full-stack software development PG course from upGrad.