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Have a Data engineering or data science interview coming up? Need to practice some of the most asked MySQL interview questions? The article compiles the list of the MySQL interview questions that you should know. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. What are a few benefits of utilizing MySQL? MySQL, a popular open-source RDMS, offers several advantages that make it a preferred choice for businesses and developers: Scalability: MySQL can handle large amounts of data and high-traffic websites, making it scalable for growing businesses. It efficiently manages increasing loads without compromising performance. Reliability: MySQL is known for its robustness and reliability. It provides data integrity and ensures that transactions are processed accurately, making it suitable for mission-critical applications. Flexibility: MySQL supports various data types and storage engines, allowing developers to choose the most appropriate options for their requirements. It also supports various programming languages, making it versatile and adaptable to different environments. High Performance: MySQL is optimized for speed and can deliver quick response times, even when dealing with complex queries and large datasets. This high performance is crucial for applications that require real-time data processing. Security: MySQL offers advanced security features, including data encryption, access control, and user authentication, ensuring that sensitive information is protected from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. Community Support: Being open-source, MySQL benefits from a vast community of developers and users. This means continuous improvements, regular updates, and extensive documentation, making it easier for developers to find solutions to issues they might encounter. Cost-Effectiveness: MySQL is free to use, making it a cost-effective choice for businesses, especially startups and small to medium-sized enterprises. This cost savings can be significant, especially compared to proprietary database systems. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more Common MySQL Interview Questions & Answers 1. What is MySQL? MySQL is one of the most popular open-source DBMS (database management system). MySQL is easy to use, reliable, and fast. A DB management system that works on embedded systems as well as client-server systems.  2. Why is MySQL so popular?  First of all, MySQL is open-source. Second, it is widely adopted, so a lot of code is already available. Even entire developed systems are there that can be referred to for the upcoming projects. MySQL has relational databases; hence it makes it have methodical storage rather than a big dump of unorganized mess. And finally, as said earlier, MySQL is quick and robust.  Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp  3. What are the tables in MySQL? Explain the types. This is a must-know MySQL interview question. Let’s see the answer- MySQL stores everything in logical tables. Tables can be thought of as the core storage structure of MySQL. And hence tables are also known as storage engines. Here are the storage engines provided by MySQL: · MyISAM – MyISAM is the default storage engine for MySQL. It extends the former ISAM storage engine. MyISAM offers big storage, up to 256TB! The tables can also be compressed to get extra storage. MyISAM tables are not transaction-safe.  · MERGE – A MERGE table is a virtual table that consolidates different MyISAM tables that have a comparable structure to one table. MERGE tables use the indexes of the base tables, as they do not have indexes of their own. · ARCHIVE – As the name suggests, Archive helps in archiving the tables by compressing them, in-turn reducing the storage space. Hence, you can store a lot of records with the Archive. It uses the compression-decompression procedure while writing and reading the table records. It is done using the Zlib library. · CSV – This is more like a storage format. CSV engine stores the values in the Comma-separated values (CSV) format. This engine makes it easier to migrate the tables into a non-SQL pipeline. · InnoDB – InnoDB is the most optimal while choosing an engine to drive performance. InnoDB is a transaction-safe engine. Hence it is ACID-compliant and can efficiently restore your database to the most stable state in case of a crash. · Memory– Memory tables were formerly known as HEAP. With memory tables, there can be a performance boost as the tables are stored in the memory. But it does not work with large data tables due to the same reason. · Federated – Federated tables allow accessing remote MySQL server tables. It can be done without any third-party integration or cluster technology. Read: SQL for Data Science: Why SQL, List of Benefits & Commands 4. Write a query for a column addition in MySQL This is one of the significant MySQL query interview questions. For this, an ALTER TABLE query is required. Once invoked, simply mention the column and its definition. Something like this: ALTER TABLE cars ADD COLUMN engine VARCHAR(80) AFTER colour; Check Out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain 5. What is a foreign key? Write a query to implement the same in MySQL. This is one of the prevalent MySQL queries interview questions for both beginner and experienced candidates. A foreign key is used to connect two tables. A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or assortment of it) in one table that alludes to the PRIMARY KEY in another table. The FOREIGN KEY requirement is utilised to forestall activities that would crush joins between tables. To assign a foreign key, it is important to mention it while creating the table. It can be assigned by invoking the FOREIGN KEY query. Something like this: FOREIGN KEY (Any_ID) REFERENCES Table_to_reference(Any_ID) Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 6. What is MySQL workbench? MySQL Workbench is a bound together visual instrument for database modelers, designers, and DBAs. MySQL Workbench provides Data modelling, SQL, and server setup set of administrative tools. To put it simply, MySQL workbench makes it possible to operate the database management system through GUI.  7. How does database import/export work in MySQL? It can be done in two ways. One is to use phpMyAdmin, and the second is to use the command line access of MySQL. The latter can be done by using the command named mysqldump. It goes something like this: · mysqldump -u username -p databasename > dbsample.sql To import a database into MySQL, only a sign change is required, with a command of MySQL. The command goes something like this: · mysql -u username -p databasename < dbsample.sql 8. How can we delete a column or a row in MySQL? Now dropping a column can be simply done by using the ALTER TABLE command and then using the DROP command. It goes something like this: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP column name; To drop a row, first, an identification for the row is required. Once that is handy, use the DELETE command in conjunction with the conditional WHERE command. Something like this: DELETE FROM cars WHERE carID = 3; 9. What are the different ways to join tables in MySQL? This is one of the most important MySQL database interview questions. Join is used to link one or more tables together, with the common column’s values in both tables. Primarily there are four types of joins: 1. Inner Join – Inner join uses a join predicate, which is a condition used to make the join. Here is the syntax: SELECT something FROM tablename INNER JOIN another table ON condition; 2. Left Join – Left join also requires a join condition. The left join chooses information beginning from the left table. For each entry in the left table, the left compares each entry in the right table. Here is the syntax: SELECT something FROM tablename LEFT JOIN another table ON condition; 3. Right Join – Opposite to left join and, with one difference in the query, that is the name of join. Here care should be taken about the order of tables. Here is the syntax: SELECT something FROM tablename LEFT JOIN another table ON condition; 4. Cross Join – Cross join has no join condition. It makes a cartesian of rows of both the tables. Here is the syntax: SELECT something FROM tablename CROSS JOIN another table; Note: While dealing with just one table, self-join is also possible.  It is one of the most dealt with MySQL interview questions. Interviewers do like to see if the candidate understands the basics or not and join one of the core concepts.  Read: PHP Interview Questions & Answers In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 10. Can a primary key be dropped in MySQL? If yes, how? Yes, it is possible to drop the primary key from a table. The command to use is again, the ALTER TABLE followed by DROP. It goes like this: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PRIMARY KEY; 11. What are Procedures in MySQL? This is a MySQL basic interview questions. A thorough understanding of this is very important.  Procedures (or stored procedures) are subprograms, just like in a regular language, embedded in the database. A stored procedure consists of a name, SQL statement(s) and parameters. It utilises the caching in MySQL and hence saves time and memory, just like the prepared statements.  upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   12. What is a trigger in MySQL? A trigger is a table-associated database object in MySQL. It is activated when a specified action takes place.  A trigger can be invoked after or before the event takes place. It can be used on INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE. It uses the respective syntax to define the triggers. For example, BEFORE INSERT, AFTER DELETE, etc. 13. How to add users in MySQL? To simply put, the user can be added by using the CREATE command and specifying the necessary credentials. First, log in to the MySQL account and then apply the syntax. Something like this: CREATE USER ‘testuser’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘sample password’; Users can be granted permissions, by the following commands: GRANT SELECT ON * . * TO ‘testuser’; 14. What is the core difference between Oracle and MySQL? The core difference is that MySQL works on a single-model database. That means it can only work with one base structure, while Oracle is a multi-model database. It means it can support various data models like graph, document, key-value, etc.  Another fundamental difference is that Oracle’s support comes with a price tag for industrial solutions. While MySQL is open-source. Now this question is one of the MySQL interview questions that should be understood carefully. Because it directly deals with the industry standards and what the company wants. MySQL is free and open-source, whereas Oracle is commercial and paid. MySQL is more customizable than Oracle because Oracle is a finished product. From the software perspective, Oracle is more powerful owing to its extra features. Also, it offers better indexing due to which it provides a competitive benefit over MySQL. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 15. What is CHAR and VARCHAR in MySQL? This is one of the most important interview questions on MySQL.  Both of them define a string. The core difference is that CHAR is a fixed-length while VARCHAR is variable length. For example, if CHAR(5) is defined, then it needs exactly five characters. If VARCHAR(5) is defined, then it can take at most five characters. VARCHAR can be said to have more efficiency in the usage of memory as it can have dynamic memory allocations.  16. Which drivers are necessary for MySQL? There are many types of drivers in MySQL. Mostly they are used for connections with different computational languages. Some of them are listed below: · PHP Driver · JDBC · OBDC · Python Driver · C – Wrapper · Perl and Ruby Drivers 17. What is a LIKE statement? Explain % and _ in LIKE. While using filters in commands like SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE, conditions might require a pattern to detect. LIKE is used to do just that. LIKE has two wildcard characters, namely % (percentage) and _ (underscore). Percentage(%) matches a string of characters, while underscore matches a single character.  For example, %t will detect trees and tea both. However, _t will only detect one extra character, i.e., strings like ti or te.  18. How to convert timestamps to date in MySQL? It is a rather simple question that requires knowledge on two commands, like DATE_FORMAT and FROM_UNIXTIME.  DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME(`date_in_timestamp`), ‘%e %b %Y’) AS ‘date_formatted’ Also Read: Java Interview Questions & Answers 19. Can a query be written in any case in MySQL? This MySQL interview question often confuses people who are just getting started with MySQL. Although most of the time, the queries are written in capital or some in small letters, there is no such case sensitivity to MySQL queries.  For example, both create table tablename and CREATE TABLE tablename, works fine. However, if required, it is possible to make the query case sensitive by using the keyword BINARY.  This MySQL interview question can be tricky, especially when asked to make the query case-sensitive explicitly.  20. How to save images in MySQL?  This is one of the most basic MySQL interview questions.  Images can be stored in the MySQL database by converting them to BLOBS. But it is not preferred due to the large overhead it creates. Plus, it puts unnecessary load on the RAM while loading the entire database. It is hence preferred to store the paths in the database and store the images on disk.  21. How to get multiple condition results from data in MySQL? There are two ways to do so. The first is to use the keyword OR while using the WHERE condition. The other is to use a list of values to check and use IN with WHERE.  22. What are the different file formats used by MyISAM? Typically, a MyISAM table is stored using three files on disk. The data file and the index file, which are defined with extensions .MYD and .MYI, respectively. There is a table definition file that has .frm extension.  23. How does DISTINCT work in MySQL? DISTINCT is used to avoid the problem of duplicity while fetching the results of a particular query. DISTINCT is used to make sure the results do not contain repeated values. DISTINCT can be used with the SELECT clause. Here is the syntax for it: SELECT DISTINCT something FROM tablename; 24. Is there any upper limit for the number of columns in a table? Although the exact size limitation depends on many factors, MySQL has a hard limit on max size to be 4096 columns. But as said, for a given table, the effective-maximum may be less. 25. What are Access Control Lists or ACLs, in accordance with MySQL? The ACLs or Access control lists are used in a way to give a guideline for security in the MySQL database. MySQL provides security based on ACLs for all the tasks performed by users like connection requests, queries, and any other operation.  26. How to make connections persistent in MySQL? While making a connection request, if Mysql_pconnect is used rather than mysql_connect, then it can make the connection persistent. Here ‘p’ means persistent. The database connection is not closed every time. 27. Explain the SAVEPOINT statement in MySQL. SAVEPOINT is a way of making sub-transactions in MySQL, which are also known as nested transactions.  SAVEPOINT marks a point in a regular transaction. It indicates a point to which the system can rollback.  Check out: SQL Developer Salary in India Learn Software development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Can MySQL store images and videos? This is one of the important MySQL interview questions. MySQL allows you to store binary content in a table with the help of VARBINARY or BINARY data type for a column. It can store file content like images, sound, videos, simply a binary snippet, etc. There are two methods to save images. The most widespread method is to save the file name in the MySQL table and then upload the image to the folder. The second method is to store the image in the database directly. How does MySQL use indexes? It is important to prepare for MySQL interview questions around indexes. MySQL use indexes to quickly find rows with specific column values. They are also used to eliminate the rows from consideration. When not using an index, MySQL should start with the first row and read through the whole table to find out the relevant rows. The bigger the table, the higher will be the costs. A table may have an index for columns in question. In such cases, MySQL can swiftly decide the position to find out in the data file’s centre without looking through all data. This process is quite faster than reading each row sequentially. Why is MySQL better than other databases? It is one of the fundamental MySQL interview questions and answers. MySQL is dominating the list of powerful transactional database engines on the market. The features like consistent, complete atomic, isolated, durable transaction support, multi-version transaction support, and unrestricted row-level locking make it the go-to solution for full data integrity. Moreover, it offers widespread support for all application development requirements. In the MySQL database, you can find support for stored procedures, functions, triggers, cursors, views, ANSI-standard SQL, and more. These types of MySQL interview questions and answers for freshers test your knowledge of trending technology and how up tp date you are with the market. Where does MySQL store passwords? This is one of the important MySQL interview questions and answers from a user data security viewpoint. MySQL stored passwords in the user table in the MySQL system database. Operations that modify or assign passwords are allowed only to those users with the CREATE USER privilege or, otherwise, privileges for the MySQL database. The INSERT privilege is used to create new accounts, and the UPDATE privilege is used to change existing accounts. Are MySQL and SQL servers the same? No, MySQL and SQL servers are different. Both are relational database management systems, but they differ in terms of pricing, use cases, features, licensing advantages, and more. MySQL is offered through Oracle, whereas SQL Server is through Microsoft Corporation. The SQL server is far more secure than the MySQL server from the data security viewpoint. In SQL, external processes such as third-party apps can’t directly access or control the data. On the other hand, in MySQL, you can easily control or change the database files in run time using the binaries. Make sure to prepare these comparison-based MySQL interview questions and answers for freshers. Are MySQL databases encrypted? This one is among the MySQL interview questions for experienced professionals. MySQL Enterprise TDE allows data-at-rest encryption by encrypting the database’s physical files. Data is automatically encrypted, in real-time, before writing to storage. It is then decrypted when data is read from storage. Consequently, malicious users and hackers can’t directly read sensitive data from database files. MySQL Enterprise Encryption permits your enterprise to secure data by blending private, public, and symmetric keys. These keys help to encrypt and decrypt data. The encrypted data is stored in MySQL using DSA, RSA, or DH encryption algorithms. Can MySQL store JSON? MySQL allows a native JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) data type being defined by RFC 7159. It provides efficient access to the data in JSON documents. One of the key benefits of the JSON data type over storing the JSON-format strings in a string column is the automatic validation of JSON documents saved in JSON columns. But invalid documents generate an error. JSON documents saved in JSON columns are transformed to an internal format that allows rapid read access to the document elements. You can consider this question when preparing MySQL interview questions for experienced candidates. Why did MySQL shut down unexpectedly? It is one of the popular MySQL interview questions for freshers. The cause of MySQL shutting down unexpectedly is “Error: MySQL Shutdown Unexpectedly” in XAMPP. The common reasons are missing files, corrupted files, wrong database shutdown, and port changes. The corrupted files in the MySQL/data folder cause MySQL to shut down unexpectedly when you run MySQL on a web server. You may encounter this error when launching the Apache module and Apache module. Are MySQL and MariaDB the same? It is among the common MySQL query interview questions for both freshers and experienced professionals. MySQL and MariaDB both employ standard SQL syntax. This syntax can be common table expressions, window functions, and JSON and geospatial functions. MariaDB adds the EXCEPT and INTERSECT set operators, linear regression functions, and many more. MariaDB is faster than MySQL when performing replication or queries. So, MariaDB is a decent choice if you want a high-performance relational database solution. Moreover, MariaDB supports a concurrent number of connections without significant performance degradation. Why is my MySQL not working? You can consider this question when preparing for the MySQL interview questions for freshers. Two reasons why MySQL is not working are error (2002) and error (2003). The error (2002) “Can’t connect to …” typically means that zero MySQL servers are operating on the system. It may also mean that you are using the wrong TCP/IP port number or Unix socket file name when connecting to the server. The error (2003) “Can’t connect to MySQL server on ‘server’ (10061)” implies that the network connection has been rejected. You must make sure that the MySQL server is running, the network connections are enabled, and the network port you defined is the one configured on the server. Also, you must check that the TCP/IP port being used has not been blocked by a port blocking service or a firewall. When does MySQL lock tables? These types of MySQL queries interview questions are frequently asked to check candidates’ MySQL competencies. lock mechanism restricts the illicit access of the data in a table. MySQL permits a client session to explicitly obtain a table lock to cooperate with other sessions to access the table’s data. MySQL permits table locking to stop unauthorized modification in the same table during a particular period. A MySQL session can obtain or release locks on the table just for itself. Thus, one session can’t obtain or release the table locks for other sessions. You should have SELECT privileges and a TABLE LOCK for table locking. 39. What is the difference between MyISAM Static and MyISAM Dynamic? In MySQL, MyISAM is a storage engine that supports different table formats. MyISAM Static and MyISAM Dynamic primarily differ in handling storage for variable-length columns. MyISAM Static allocates fixed-size space for each row, even if variable-length columns like VARCHAR are used, leading to potentially wasted space. In contrast, MyISAM Dynamic optimizes storage by allocating space for variable-length columns only as needed, reducing wasted space and allowing for more efficient storage utilization. MyISAM Dynamic is preferred when dealing with tables containing variable-length columns, as it offers better space efficiency and flexibility. 40. What is an SQL Server? SQL Server, developed by Microsoft, is a robust and widely used relational database management system (RDBMS). It is designed to store and retrieve data requested by other software applications. SQL Server supports various data types, providing powerful features for data storage, retrieval, and analysis. It also offers advanced security mechanisms, data integrity, and high availability options. SQL Server supports SQL (Structured Query Language), allowing users to manage and manipulate data efficiently. It is commonly used in enterprise-level applications, business intelligence, and data warehousing, offering seamless integration with Microsoft’s suite of products and services. Reasons Why MySQL is Always The Preferred Management System Given just how much information we currently produce, it is simple to understand why reliable database structures are crucial in modern web development.  Organisations are collecting large volumes of qualitative and quantitative data, but they require trustworthy database software and systems to use this data as a competitive advantage. While there are several database management systems, MySQL has various benefits and is often the preferred choice for large organizations. If you are preparing for a MySQL interview reading fundamental concepts and other interview questions on MySQL, then you must also understand its advantages, as it is one of the most basic MySQL interview questions.  Easily Available – Digital companies and online platforms must be able to offer 24/7 services as they have a worldwide clientele. Accessibility is a key component of MySQL because of this. It uses various cluster servers and distributed database techniques to guarantee continuous uptime even during a breakdown. To guarantee that data is not lost, MySQL additionally makes use of several recovery techniques. Extremely Reliable – The main idea behind MySQL was speed. Additionally, it is renowned for its dependability as a database administrator, supported by a sizable programming community that has put the code through stringent testing. The ease of learning and using it is another advantage. Additionally, you can easily locate expert MySQL developers when you need them because the technology has been in existence for almost thirty years. Secure – This is frequently a significant factor for organisations as they have to preserve sensitive information and defend against cyber threats. To safeguard the integrity of all kinds of information, MySQL provides encryption using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, authentication plugins, data masking, and other levels of security. Additionally, a firewall that guards against online threats is included in MySQL. Compatible Database – This basically implies that the fundamental programme may be installed and used by anybody and that the code can be altered and customised by third persons. Advanced forms include tiered price structures that include more capability, capacity, and solutions. A large number of systems, computer languages, and database architectures are very compatible with MySQL. DBMS alternatives, SQL and NoSQL databases are all included in this. Additionally, MySQL includes a wide range of database architecture and data modelling features like conceptual data models or logical data models. As a result, it becomes a straightforward and useful alternative for many enterprises, all while brushing aside concerns about becoming “locked in” to the system. Scalable – The MySQL store has to be scaled up as there is growth in data volumes. It must be able to handle the increased workload without suffering performance degradation. There are several techniques to scale MySQL, usually through duplication or clustering. It can support and process very big databases, although doing so is likely to slow it down.  Some large companies that have used MySQL and have grown are LinkedIn, Pinterest, Quora, Shopify, Twitter, Uber, yelp, YouTube, and Tumblr. Knowing about these companies will help you answer MySQL basic interview questions. MySQL database interview questions are often tricky and confuse candidates. Make sure your preparation is strong enough to face these! Conclusion So, these were some MySQL interview questions. To know about the subject and other preparations, do visit upGrad courses and PG programs that help you in finding the right track and applications to boost your career.  If you are curious to learn about SQL, and more about full-stack development, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Program in Full Stack Software Development which is created for working professionals and offers 10+ case studies & projects, practical hands-on workshops, mentorship with industry experts, 1-on-1 with industry mentors, 400+ hours of learning and job assistance with top firms. Refer to your Network! If you know someone, who would benefit from our specially curated programs? Kindly fill in this form to register their interest. 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Summary: In this article, you will learn the 6 Exciting Cyber Security Project Ideas & Topics. Take a glimpse below. Keylogger projects Network traffic analysis Caesar Cipher Decoder Antivirus Build your own encryption software Bug Bounties and Hackathons Read the complete article to get detailed information on 6 Exciting Cyber Security Project Ideas & Topics. If you plan to plunge into a career in cyber security software development, then your preparation starts with understanding three key aspects. Above all, you need to know whether cyber security is the right career choice or not. Next, learn about the skills that you need to nurture for this career. And your end goal is to understand how you can get picked for a promising job in this field? First of all, there should be no reason why it won’t be a good career choice. Secondly, for learning the requisite technical skills, you can pursue a degree in software development with a specialization in cybersecurity. However, the most challenging part is the job competition. Do you know, an employer scans a resume in 6 seconds! So, you have very limited time to impress him. Check out our free  courses to get an edge over the competition. Mentioning your independent cyber security projects in the resume is one way to have the edge over others. Your projects are like testimonies that justify your technical skills, and this can make your profile stand out in the competition. So, this article will also explain six cyber security project ideas that you can try. In this blog post, we’ll walk you through a few cybersecurity project ideas you may try. These projects would range in difficulty from beginning to advanced, and they would include example source codes. Must Read: Cyber Security Salary in India What is Cyber Security? The organization of technologies, procedures, and methods designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, malware, viruses, hacking, data theft, or unauthorized access is referred to as cyber security. The primary goal of cyber security is to protect the confidentiality of all organizational data from both external and internal threats, as well as disruptions caused by natural disasters. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Cyber Security Use Cases of Cyber Security Network Threat Identification It takes a long time for large-scale company networks to identify harmful apps among hundreds of identical programmes. For instance, Versive, an AI company, offers cybersecurity software that uses disharmony detection to identify weak security issues. Model user behaviour Hackers who have obtained a client’s consent can enter a company’s network via legitimate methods, and they are extremely difficult to stop and identify. Therefore, a risk management system may be utilised to spot changes in such procedures and identify obvious consumer behaviour patterns in passwords. When the pattern fails, they will notify their cybersecurity teams in this way.  Automatically enhancing threat intelligence Threat intelligence must be enriched as part of any event or threat investigation procedure. Up until now, the process has mostly been manual, requiring intelligence analysts to manually improve indications and search through several trustworthy sources. What is the whole point of cybersecurity projects? Beginners can improve their abilities using the best cyber security projects. Projects offer practical opportunities to investigate cybersecurity basics, put crucial skills to the test, and gain experience with designing cybersecurity solutions. Important skills like threat detection and mitigation, identity access and management (IAM) governance, and vulnerability assessment and remediation techniques can be taught through cybersecurity projects. The skills that aspiring cybersecurity experts need to land a job are taught in strong boot camp programs using project-based learning. Students can pass cybersecurity certification exams like the CompTIA Security+ with the aid of projects. There are many best cyber security projects available that also demonstrate to recruiters that you are technically competent and have a knack for solving problems. These cyber security projects for final year students are bound to bring attention to your candidature.  Is Cyber security the Right Career Choice? Many who are already into the software development or IT sector aim to leap into a career in internet security, considering that it is a lucrative job and day-by-day becoming more relevant as everything, especially businesses, shifts to the digital space and becoming data-driven. The urgent need for robust cyber security software programs can be rightly perceived by referring to the findings of the National Computer Security Survey (NCSS) conducted by the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics. At university or university at home, choice is yours ! The grave reality is that while businesses are advancing banking on newer technologies, there even the cybercriminals are constantly finding new technologies to target their victims; they adapt at a fast pace. Internet security reports from different companies like Macfee, Symantec, Cisco, Varonis, and others, reflect frightening statistics on how cybercriminals target victims through lifestyle apps, emails, smart home device apps, etc. As per the 2019 Official Annual Cybercrime Report by Herjavec Group, cybercrime is the greatest threat to the companies. As per the sources, the report predicts that cybercrime will cost the world $6 trillion annually by 2022. These statistics clearly define why businesses are becoming increasingly aware and serious about cybersecurity. They acknowledge that one of the effective ways to combat cybercriminals is to develop robust security infrastructure for the digital space. This is where businesses need competent cyber security software developers. Thus, from a career perspective, cyber security software developers can definitely hope for a bright future with sustainable career growth opportunities. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Cloud Computing Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses What skills do you need to nurture for a career in cyber security software development? A software developer working for the best cyber security projects has the responsibility to develop and integrate security tools like malware detectors, spyware, intrusion detection, and more at each stage of software development.  He/she is also accountable for integrating the other necessary cyber security technologies and components to ensure the entire organization’s network’s overall safety so that the business data can’t be breached.  He/she is expected to be proactive and prompt in detecting any kind of malicious behavior and fix it before it becomes too unruly, leading to some sort of security breach. As far as technical knowledge is considered, it is good to know about computer science engineering for an aspiring cyber security software developer. Above that, he/she requires to garner theoretical plus practical knowledge about application security, data secrecy, cryptography, network security, and much more. For professionals, who are already working in IT companies as data professionals, coding professionals, software test engineers, IT project leads, etc., leaping into a career of cyber security software development is not at all challenging. Without taking a break from their existing jobs, they can enroll in online diploma programs that offer cybersecurity specialization. Usually, the minimum eligibility criteria for such programs are graduation degrees; however, candidates with a computer science engineering degree are likely to adapt to cyber security concepts more proficiently. upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 How can you get picked for a promising job in the field of cybersecurity? Enrolling in a well-structured diploma program, wherein world-class faculty members & industry experts offer lessons, can sufficiently help you garner the technical knowledge and skills required for handling real-world job responsibilities. However, before you lend into a job, you have the colossal task of surpassing the job competition. According to research studies conducted by business.time.com and linkedin.com in 2012 and 2017, respectively, an employer looks over an applicant’s resume for roughly around six seconds. So, you are competing in a condensed space, wherein you have approximately 6 seconds to make yourself stand out among other applicants eyeing the same job. You may have the best of technical expertise, but how will you convey that to your HR or the employer in 6 seconds? One of the most effective ways to stand out in the competition is to make your resume eye-catchy by mentioning your mini projects in it.  Taking up cyber security projects not just gives you hands-on-experience of technologies related to internet security but also enhances your soft skills in handling real-world job responsibilities.  Taking up such projects and mentioning them in your resume makes your employer interested in you. He gets something concrete to judge your competency and relevancy to his company’s requirements.   In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Cyber Security Use Cases Incorporating threat intelligence enrichment is an imperative facet of any incident or threat investigation protocol. Historically, this process has predominantly entailed manual efforts, with intelligence analysts laboriously augmenting indicators and meticulously sifting through a multitude of dependable sources.  Detecting fraudulent applications within extensive enterprise networks has proven time-consuming, particularly when dealing with a plethora of similar programs. Noteworthy instances encompass cybersecurity software employing dissonance detection methodology to uncover vulnerabilities that might compromise security integrity. These nuances resonate significantly within the realm of cyber security projects for students, offering a compelling avenue for engaging in impactful and insightful cybersecurity projects. Top 6 Cyber Security Project Ideas Individual cybersecurity projects provide people with the chance to evaluate and confirm their technical knowledge while also giving them a chance to stand out on resumes. Aspiring security enthusiasts can gain great practical expertise by starting cyber security projects with source code. As cyber security projects may lend you a good job, so you must do it. If you are looking for cyber security project ideas, then here are six ideas explained for you: 1. Keylogger projects You must be aware of keylogger, which is a surveillance software installed on a system to record the keystroke made on that system. So, as part of your project, you can develop your own keylogger if you are good at coding. Another project idea can be developing a process to detect and delete keyloggers or develop a process to capture the system’s keystrokes. 2. Network traffic analysis This can be a great choice for your cyber security project as Network traffic analysis, also known as Packet sniffing, is a popular internet security concept. This project will be an analysis-based project wherein you can learn how to use a packet sniffer software to monitor and capture data packets passing through a computer network, such as the network of your office, or your training center, or your college. Here you might require taking prior permission of the administrator. Packet sniffing is important for cyber security as data packets are targeted by cybercriminals to steal information like passwords, credit card details, etc. Learn more: Career in Software Development: 13 Various Job Roles To Choose From 3. Caesar Cipher Decoder If cryptography interests you, then one of the greatcyber security project ideasfor you is to build an app to break a caesar cipher. Now, what is a caesar cipher? It is a type of encryption method wherein the letters of a given text are replaced by other letters that come after several other alphabets. For example, if you encrypt the word ‘Software’ by shifting 3 alphabets, then the Caesar chipper for it will be ‘VRIWZDUH.’ So, you can start by building a web app to break such simple encryption; later on, move on to complex concepts. Your software interface should have a space for the input text, a drop option to choose the ‘Shift,’ and a space for the output text, which will be the cipher decoded text. The example is shown below: Source 4. Antivirus If you have good programming skills and are ready to take up a complex project, then you can even try your hands on creating your own antivirus. To start the projects, first, you need to define the methods of protection that you’re going to develop, and select platforms that your software will support. For instance, macro-protection for Windows can be written in VBScript. You can get sufficient coding reference from a platform like GitHub. Then, you need to design a user interface. Get Software Engineering degrees from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. 5. Build your own encryption software Data encryption is a big part of cybersecurity. So, one of the widely appreciated cyber security project ideas is that of encryption software. You can try taking up a project to develop your own encryption software. First, you need to do your project scoping, like you want to build an app to encrypt files using existing algorithms. To implement encryption easily in your app, you can use Amazon Web Services” (AWS) encryption “Software Development Kit” (SDK). Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? 6. Bug Bounties and Hackathons Another good project is to find bugs in websites. On the internet, there are many bug bounty programs; you can participate in such programs and gain hands-on experience in finding bugs. Some of the programs even pay if you can find relevant bugs. Hackathons, a portmanteau of hacking marathons, is also gaining popularity, as many companies or platforms are organizing hackathons for aspiring cyber security professionals. If you get the chance, you must participate in hackathons. Here you can intensively collaborate with graphic designers, project managers, interface designers, and domain experts from the cyber security field. Taking part in hackathons is a good way to put your skills into work and also garner more in-depth knowledge about internet security. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Read: Career in Cyber Security The selection of interesting and pertinent cyber security projects for final year students is essential in the quickly changing digital ecosystem. Here are a few more cyber security projects for final year students to strengthen their programming skills and resume with competent projects. 7. Web Application Firewall By cleaning and inspecting HTTP traffic between a web app and the Internet, a Web App Firewall helps to protect web applications. It’s one of the cyber crime and security projects because it enables you to comprehend cyber security in a general context. It protects web applications from threats such as cross-site scripting, file insertion, SQL injection, and many others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defence that is not designed to withstand all kinds of threats. This technique of attack modification is typically part of a suite of tools that, when combined, creates a comprehensive defence against a variety of network attacks.  8. Website Scraper A Web Scraper is a program that scrapes or collects data from websites with absolute accuracy. Let us imagine that we are developing a web scraper that will go to Twitter and collect the content of tweets.  In its simplest form basic, web scraping is the act of collecting data from the internet in any form. Web scraping, on the other hand, enables you to gather information in huge volumes by using bots on a large scale. Crawlers or spiders are bots that scan the source code of a particular web page and tag data based on some predefined parameters. Following that, the data extractor gathers the enclosed data and exports it to a spreadsheet file. Monitoring your social media accounts is one of the most effective ways to keep an eye on the reputation of your business. You can quickly sort through the sea of data being generated on social media to find and respond to comments related to your business using web scraping tools. Include it in your cyber security final year projects to further exhibit your skills.  9. Log Analyzer  This is one of the suitable cyber security final year projects. It is the method by which log activities, audit trail records, or just logs are filtered from computer-generated log messages. The log analyzer offers a useful measurement system that clearly illustrates what has happened throughout the structure. The information can be used to fix or enhance an application’s or infrastructure’s functionality. Narrowing the amount of time it takes a company to identify and fix production issues will enable teams to concentrate more on enhancing existing functionalities and adding new functions to the goods and services they are producing rather than spending some time troubleshooting. 10. Antivirus  If you have good coding skills and are willing to take on a challenging project, then you could even try developing your own antivirus software. Prior to beginning the projects, you must decide which programs your software will support and define the safety measures you plan to develop. For instance, VBScript or JavaScript can be used to create macro protection for Windows. 11. Malware Analysis Sandbox Any doubtful file can be thrown at it, and within seconds, the software will produce a thorough report outlining how the file behaves when run in a reliable but isolated environment. Malware is the friend of cyber hackers and the enemy of a business. It is crucial to understand how malware functions to understand the context, intentions, and objectives of a breach in these ever-evolving times. Simply identifying and eliminating malware is no longer sufficient. 12. Secure erasure code-based cloud storage system It is a multipurpose storage system that is secure. In order to create a dependable distributed storage system, it offers a threshold proxy re-encryption scheme and integrates it with a distributed erasure code. A user may transfer their data stored on fileservers to another user without having to retrieve it again, thanks to the distributed storage system, which also retains safe and reliable data storage and retrieval. Its primary purpose is to offer a proxy re-encryption scheme that keeps up encoding over encrypted messages and sending over encoded and encrypted messages. It seamlessly combines forwarding, encoding, and encryption. 13. Encryption Software A major part of cybersecurity is encryption. One of the more popular concepts for a cyber security project is this one. You can create your own software for data encryption. Given that you want to develop an application to encrypt data using already-existing algorithms, you must include the project scope. 14. Caesar Code Decoder One of the finest cyber crime and security projects is this one if you are interested in cryptography. You must create a programme to decipher a Caesar code for this project. Caesar Code Decoder is a type of encryption that replaces the letters of a given script with new letters that come after a large number of other alphabets. 15. Web-Based Facial Authentication System Consider embarking on captivating cybersecurity projects for final year by crafting a sophisticated facial recognition system tailored for user authentication. This ingenious software finds extensive applications in realms like exam proctoring systems, KYC processing, and mobile devices’ user verification. The system is equipped with a repository of the user’s images, which can be either publicly accessible or confined to a specific user subset. Upon obtaining camera permission, the system detects the user’s face. It then undertakes a meticulous process wherein the 2D facial image is cross-referenced with entries in its comprehensive database. This software effectively reads intricate facial geometry details—such as eye distance, forehead-to-chin span, eye socket depth, lip, nose, and chin shape. These insights are transmuted into a unique numerical code, termed a faceprint. The system subsequently aligns this data with the stored faceprints, culminating in a conclusive outcome. Extend the capabilities of this project by designing a web-based face detector that can function seamlessly during video calls. To initiate this endeavor, delve into OpenCV, a dynamic real-time computer vision tool. This initial project phase can serve as a stepping stone for diverse applications, including user authentication in contexts like meetings, examinations, law enforcement, and phone face unlock features. As you explore these dimensions, you’re immersing yourself in robust cyber security projects that harmonize with the vital domain of network security projects. 16. Security Scanner Consider diving into compelling cyber security projects for final year students that involve crafting a foundational security scanner that is adept at detecting high-severity vulnerabilities in both devices and networks. This tool holds immense value, whether it’s employed during moments of device uncertainty or simply to uphold the integrity of network security. By developing this rudimentary yet effective security scanner, you’ll acquire the confidence to identify and address vulnerabilities comprehensively. This software boasts the capability to quantify the risks it uncovers, supplying numerical values that underscore the severity of potential threats. Additionally, it furnishes users with actionable tips to fortify their devices or networks. The scanner’s operation commences with the meticulous identification of device specifics, open ports, software assets, and system configurations. These findings are meticulously cross-referenced with databases harboring information about established vulnerabilities—databases typically provided by security solution vendors. Alternatively, you can tap into available demo databases within the Open-source realm to fuel your project. Once vulnerabilities are confirmed, a multifaceted assessment is conducted, encompassing factors like system exposure, exploit skill level required, business ramifications, existing controls, and more. The system subsequently delivers a comprehensive report to the user through an intuitive interface. The user can then tailor their response based on the severity of identified issues. If the risk level is pronounced, the software proactively intervenes to safeguard user data. This endeavor serves as an excellent entry point for those seeking to elevate their proficiency from a beginner to an intermediate level in the realm of cybersecurity. These innovative cyber security final year project ideas are ideally suited for college students, empowering them to delve into network security projects for final year students and leave a mark in the domain of cybersecurity. Advanced Cybersecurity Projects Here are the cyber security project for advanced: User Authentication System The advanced cyber security project may seem simple at first, but it incorporates all the information you have gained from your previous projects. For this project, you can construct a user authentication gateway with signup/register and log-in/logout capabilities. Image steganography system The practice of steganography includes hiding private data or plain text. Image steganography may be utilised as a high-level cyber security project by concealing encoded messages in pictures. Why is a job in cyber security a smart choice? In India, a profitable professional path exists in cybersecurity. To create, manage, and navigate security networks, you need cybersecurity expertise.  Here are the top 3 reasons you should think about a career in cybersecurity. High-Paying Careers In addition to providing many prospects for professional advancement, one of the best industries for earning a living is cybersecurity.   Job Satisfaction The ecosystem surrounding cybersecurity is always expanding, creating new problems that require answers. Additionally, businesses are willing to invest in personnel who can help them. One may continually learn new things and work with organisations that encourage ongoing development as a cybersecurity specialist. Unlimited Opportunities for Career Advancement The expanding need and expansion potential of the cybersecurity business are amply demonstrated by the increasing frequency and severity of security breaches in a constantly changing digital environment. For those who want to enhance their careers in cybersecurity, there are several possibilities accessible. Are you interested in making a leap into a cyber security career? For those you are interested in building a career in cybersecurity, upGrad is offering a PG diploma in software development, with a specialization in Cyber security, wherein 7+ case studies and capstone cyber security projects are integrated into the course.  upGrad is also offering a certification program in cyber security, specially designed for working professionals. These courses cover the intricacies of internet security, application security, data secrecy, cryptography, and network security.  It also facilitates learning of programming languages & tools such as python, Java, Git, Github, Amazon Web Services, etc. The lessons are imparted through best-in-class content, online sessions, and live lectures.  upGrad, in association with leading universities, has designed its online programs to understand the career objectives and limitations of working professionals. These programs are especially for IT professionals, project leads, managers in IT/tech companies, data professionals, coders, testers, who strive to continue their academic learning without taking a break from their jobs.upGrad also provides 360-degree career support to the students.  Learn more about the SHA-256 algorithm for secure data hashing and encryption. Conclusion As discussed in the article, cyber security projects are crucial for gaining hands-on experience and increasing a candidate’s credibility for a job opportunity. Since cyber security is a vast field, you can think of numerous cyber security project ideas. There is no shortage of ideas, but what is essential is to take up and finish a project successfully. The efforts and expertise required for these projects depend on the scope of work and your project’s objective. To gain adequate knowledge in the field of cybersecurity, one can opt for PG level courses in cybersecurity. upGrad, in collaboration with IIIT Bangalore, offers a PG course named, Advanced Certificate Programme in Cyber Security  for aspiring cybersecurity professionals.

Summary: In this article, you will learn about Literals in Java. Literals in Java Integral Literals Floating-Point Literals Char Literals String Literals Boolean Literals Null Literals Read more to know each in detail. Programming needs to be optimized for efficiency, faster outputs, and memory. Variables are key in programming that stores data at a particular memory location. While executing a Java program, it stores values in containers called variables, a basic storage unit. To enhance the program’s readability, one needs to follow particular conventions while naming variables and assigning values. A source code representing a fixed value is called ‘literal’.  Literals in Java are defined directly in the code without any kind of computation. Any primitive type variables are assigned using literals. Java has a generic, class-based, reflective, imperative, multi-paradigm, and is an object-oriented programming language. There is no way of how the literals in java are represented. The literals in java are represented in various ways. They could be represented in boolean, string, character, or numeric data. The literals in java are a form of data type covering the fixed values temporarily assigned fixed values as well. The literals in java are source code representing a fixed value. These literals could be assigned to any primitive variable type. One of the popular programming languages has different data types, viz. primitive data types, and non-primitive data types. Primitive data types include int, byte, short, float, boolean, double, and char, whereas non-primitive data types include arrays, string, and classes.  The primitive literals in java int, byte, short, float, boolean, double, and char represent certain signed integer values. Such as byte data type is an 8-bit signed, the short data type is a 16-bit signed, the int data type is 32-bit signed, the long data type is a 64-bit type, the float is 32-bit signed, double is 64-bit, boolean has only two possible values i.e. either true or false and lastly, char is 16-bit unicode character. This article is focused on the ‘Literal in Java’. It covers the concept and types of literals used in Java and their application in programming. After reading this article, readers will have a clear understanding of the literal, how and where to use specific literal while coding in Java.  Also, check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Literals in Java Literal in Java is a synthetic representation of boolean, numeric, character, or string data. It is a means of expressing particular values in the program, such as an integer variable named ‘’/count is assigned an integer value in the following statement. int count = 0; A literal ‘0’ represents the value zero. Thus, a constant value assigned to the variable can be called literal. But before everything, one must know how to define literals in Java and get a brief idea of what is literal in Java programming. The question of what are literals has been answered; now let’s understand the use of literals briefly and types of literals in Java. The literals are represented directly in the code without any need or use of computation. Also, they facilitate the process and can be assigned to any primitive variable type, allowing the task to run smoothly. Literals In Java: Why Use Them? Now that you know what is literal in Java, learn why Java programmers should use them in their codes.  The various types of literals in Java are particularly helpful for implementation in the code since it eliminates the need to add labels and declare constants on the same line.  Literals In Java: How To Use Them? While learning what is literal in Java programming, you may have read that a literal is declared along with a data type, a variable name. A literal is preceded by a = sign, which gives the variable its literal value.  Types of Literals In Java Check Out upGrad’s Java Bootcamp To understand what is literal in Java, let’s take a look at their classification: Integral Literals Floating-point Literals Char Literals String Literals Boolean Literals Null Literals Our learners also read: Free java course! These literals are again specified in different sub-types, let us see them one by one in the article. 1. Integral Literals In computer programming, integral literals are constant values that represent integers in various number systems, such as decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. These literals assign fixed integer values directly to variables or expressions in code. The syntax for integral literals may vary depending on the programming language used. Integral literals are specified in four different ways, as follows: Decimal: It has a base of ten, and digits from 0 to 9.  For example,  Int x = 108; Octal: It has base eight and allows digits from 0 to 7. While assigning an octal literal in the Java code, a number must have a prefix 0.  For example, int x = 0745; Hexadecimal: It has a base of 16. Hexadecimal allows digits from 0 to 9, and characters from A to F. Even though Java is case sensitive, it also provides an exception for using either uppercase or lowercase characters in the code for hexadecimal literals. For example, int x = 0X123Fadd; Binary:  It can be specified in binary literals, that is 0 and 1 with a prefix 0b or 0B. For example, int x = 0b1011; One thing to keep in knowledge is that the prefix is used before adding any integer literal. This prefix gives a direction by specifying the base. Also, the integer literal can also have a suffix namely U and L representing unsigned or long. And as mentioned above, the U and L could be either in uppercase or lowercase. Integral Literals Coding Example Here is a Java program example that will help you better understand the Integral Literals in Java: public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { // decimal-form literal int a = 101; // octal-form literal int b = 0100; // Hexa-decimal form literal int c = 0xFace; // Binary literal int d = 0b1111; System.out.println(a); System.out.println(b); System.out.println(c); System.out.println(d); } } Output: 101 64 64206 15   Note: Java literals an int by default, but we may signal explicitly that we want a long literal by adding the suffix l or L. Byte and short literals cannot be explicitly specified but can be inferred. The compiler automatically interprets integral literals assigned to byte variables as byte literals if the value is within the range of byte.  Check Out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in DevOps  upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   2. Floating-Point Literals Floating-point literals are literal in programming that represent real numbers (numbers with a decimal point) using the floating-point notation. These literals are commonly used to represent numbers that can have fractional parts. In simple words, floating-point literals can be expressed using only decimal fractions or exponential notation.  For example, decimal Number = 89d; decimal Number = 3.14159e0; decimal Number = 1.0e-6D; Floating-point literals can indicate a positive or negative value, leading + or – sign respectively. If not specified, the value is always considered positive. It can be represented in the following formats: -Integer digits (representing digits 0 through 9) followed by either a suffix or an exponent to distinguish it from an integral literal. -Integer digit. -integer digit. integer digit – integer digit An optional exponent of the form might be as below: -an optional exponent sign + or – -the exponent indicator e or E –integer digit representing the integer exponent value An optional floating-point suffix might be as below: Single precision (4 bytes) floating-point number indicating either for F Double precision (8 bytes) floating-point number indicating d or D  The floating-point literals facilitate providing values basis the instance requirement. For example, it provides the values that could be used either in the float or double instances. The integer and floating-point literals should not be confused, as the integer literals have fixed integer values whereas the floating literals do not have fixed integers but rather has either fraction or decimal values. Floating-Point Literal Coding Example Here is a Java program example to help you understand the application of floating-point literal in Java:  public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { // decimal-form literal float a = 101.230f; // It also serves the purpose of a decimal literal float b = 0123.222f; // Hexa-decimal form (error) float c = 0x123.222; System.out.println(a); System.out.println(b); System.out.println(c); } } Output: 101.230 123.222 Error: malformed floating point literal   Note:  Since every floating-point literal by default is of the double type, we are unable to assign directly to the float variable. However, by prefixing a floating-point literal with f or F, we can declare it as a float type. By prefixing with d or D, we can explicitly define a floating-point literal as being of the double type. This particular procedure isn’t necessary.  Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 3. Char Literals Character (Char) literals have the type char and are an unsigned integer primitive type. They are constant value character expressions in the Java program. These are sixteen-bit Unicode characters that range from 0 to 65535. Char literals are expressed as a single quote, a single closing quote, and the character in Java.     Char literals are specified in four different ways, as given below: Single quote: Java literal is specified to a char data type as a single character enclosed in a single quote.  For example, char ch = ‘a’; Char Literal: Java literal is specified as an integer literal representing the Unicode value of a char. This integer can be specified in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, ranging from 0 to 65535. For example, char ch = 062; Escape Sequence: Every escape char can be specified as char literal. For example, char ch = ‘\n’; Unicode Representation: Java literal is specified in Unicode representation ‘\uzzz’, where zzzz are four hexadecimal numbers. For example, char ch = ‘\u0061’; The char literals in Java contain characters arranged sequentially enclosed in single quotation marks i.e. ‘a’. The character is another type of literal representing the character’s value enclosed within the code. Char Literals In Java Coding Example public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { // single character literal within a single quote char ch = 'a'; // It is an Integer literal with an octal form char b = 0789; // Unicode representation char c = '\u0061'; System.out.println(ch); System.out.println(b); System.out.println(c); // Escape character literal System.out.println("\" is a symbol"); } } Output: a error: Integer number too large a "  is a symbol 4. String Literals A sequence of (zero or more including Unicode characters) characters within double quotes is referred to as string literals.  For example, String s = “Hello”; String literals may not have unescaped line feed or newline characters, but the Java compiler always evaluates compile-time expressions. Unicode escape sequences or special characters can be used within the string and character literal as backlash characters to escape special characters, as shown in the table below:  Name  Character ASCII Hex Single quote \’ 39 0x27 Double quotes \” 34 0x22 Carriage control \r 13 0xd Backlash  \\ 92 0x5c Newline  \n 10 0x0a NUL character \0 0 0x00 Backspace \b 8 0x08 TAB \t 9 0x09 These string literals in java is used to populate the string objects. These string literals are a sequence of characters from the source characters enclosed within double quotation marks eg: “a”. The string literals are easier to read and can be easily compilable giving a better chance to optimise the code. 5. Boolean Literals Boolean literals allow only two values and thus are divided into two literals: True: it represents a real boolean value False: it represents a false boolean value  For example,  boolean b = true; boolean d = false; The boolean literals represent the logical value either true or false. These values are not case-sensitive they could be either in uppercase or lowercase and can be valid. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 6. Null Literals Null literal is a particular literal in Java representing a null value. This value refers to no object. Java throws NullPointerException. Null often describe the uninitialized state in the program. It is an error to attempt to dereference the null value. Literals in Java help build basics in programming. Every Java programmer must be aware of this fundamental and essential concept that assigns values to the program’s variables. As null literal is not much used, commonly only the first five literal types are applied. It is necessary to follow the rules and maintain the correct syntax while using any literal in Java. Read: Why is Java Platform Independent? Learn Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. It is important to keep in mind that null is case sensitive and it’s important to write it in lowercase. The null literal type cannot be cast to the primitive types such as float, integer, etc but can only be cast to the reference type. Also, contradictory to the general perspective the null is neither a type nor an object. It is only a literal special constant used to point out the absence of value. Finishing up with certain added information- there are valid long literal in java, are represented by the character L at the end of the expression. The letter L could be either in lowercase or uppercase. This valid long literal represented by the letter L allows the literal to be recognised as a long literal in Java. Benefits of Literals Literals are constants in programming that represent fixed values directly in the code. They are used to initialize variables or provide values directly within expressions. Here are the benefits of using literals in programming: 1. Readability and Clarity Literals clearly and concisely represent fixed values in code. This enhances the readability of the codebase, making it easier for other developers (and even yourself in the future) to understand the purpose and meaning of the values. 2. Ease of Maintenance Since literals make the code more readable, maintaining and debugging the code becomes easier. When values are represented explicitly as literals, it’s simpler to identify errors or inconsistencies. 3. Reduced Dependency Using literals reduces the need for creating and managing additional variables solely to hold constant values. This can lead to a cleaner and more streamlined codebase, as there are fewer variables to keep track of. 4. Compile-time Optimizations Some compilers and interpreters can optimize when literals are used. For instance, they might replace constant expressions with their computed values during compilation, leading to potentially faster execution. 5. Performance Improvement Using literals can improve performance in certain scenarios. When the compiler knows a value won’t change, it can optimize the code accordingly, avoiding unnecessary memory allocations or operations. 6. Immediate Initialization Literals allow you to immediately initialize variables with a specific value at the point of declaration. This can lead to more concise and expressive code. 7. Consistency and Standardization Using literals ensures consistent values are used throughout the codebase, reducing the likelihood of errors due to typos or inconsistencies in values. 8. Avoiding Unintended Changes If a constant value needs to be used multiple times across the codebase, using literals instead of duplicating the value reduces the risk of introducing errors when making updates or modifications. 9. Enhanced Documentation Code readability and maintainability are crucial in programming. Using descriptive literal values alongside well-thought-out variable names can help convey the purpose and meaning of a value directly within the code. This eliminates the need for excessive comments and improves the overall readability of the codebase. 10. Language Flexibility Different programming languages may support different literals, such as numeric, string, boolean, and even more complex types like arrays and objects. This flexibility allows developers to choose the most appropriate literal for the data they need to represent. This diverse range of literals enhances the programmer’s ability to model real-world concepts accurately. It promotes code efficiency by providing direct data representations, reducing the need for convoluted workarounds. Developers can leverage language-specific literal conventions to achieve concise and expressive code, fostering better communication of intent within the codebase and improving collaboration among team members. Using literals in programming provides benefits ranging from improved readability and maintainability to potential performance optimizations. It’s a best practice to leverage literals when representing fixed values in your code. Rules to Use Underscore in Java Literals To divide groups of digits in numeric literals, use underscores.  An underscore can be used only between numerals and not at the start or end of a literal.  An underscore cannot be used next to a decimal point in a floating-point literal.  The identifiers b and x in binary or hexadecimal format cannot be preceded or followed by underscores.  Only in between numerals can an underscore be used repeatedly.  Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Conclusion  upGrad provides support to build your skills in Java that also including Literals. If you are looking for a platform to develop your skill-set in Java programming, then upGrad has the best learning platform, hands-on practice assignments, and guidance.  If you’re interested to learn more about Java, and full-stack software development, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Program in Full-stack Software Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

Summary In this article, you will learn 10 Interesting HTML Project Topics. Take a glimpse below. A tribute page A survey form Technical documentation page Landing page Event page Parallax website Personal portfolio page Restaurant website Music store page Photography website Read the full article to know more in detail about all the 10 HTML Project Ideas & Topics. HTML is a powerful coding tool for Web development. It is used along with CSS to design and build websites. So, it goes without saying that if you wish to make it big in the domain of Web development, you must get your base right – learn HTML. Thankfully, HTML has one of the simplest learning curves, and you don’t even need any prior programming experience to learn HTML! Although it may seem daunting in the beginning, remember to progress by taking baby steps. The best way to learn a new language or a new skill is to practice as you learn. This holds particularly true for programming. Thus, it is an excellent idea to build HTML projects to strengthen your professional portfolio. Whether aiming to study further, build your IT skills or apply for a job, working on a mini project in HTML and CSS enhances your development skills. Recruiters often opt for candidates with practical experience on specific projects to check their development skills and practical knowledge.  While HTML projects are best for practicing your HTML coding skills, simultaneously, you practice CSS and Javascript through these projects. Here is what you learn through working on HTML projects: Applying theoretical skills to practical applications through a mini project in HTML and CSS. Practice high-level code logic to understand how minor changes can impact a coding project. Implementing several techniques to speed up work and make the project more efficient. Understanding the structural base of popular websites and recreating them. The transition from beginner to advanced level through consistent coding practices. You can also check out our free courses offered by upGrad under IT technology. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more Working on your own HTML project topics will help you test your practical knowledge in real-world scenario, sharpen your coding skills, and, most importantly, be a solid boost for your resume. However, as a beginner, it may be challenging for you to find the right fit of HTML project ideas that match your skill and knowledge levels. Hence, we’ve created a list of some of the best HTML project ideas to give you the push to get started with HTML projects for students! Why Must Students Learn HTML in 2023? 1. Universal Language of the Web HTML is one of the universal language of the web. That means, every web page you visit, whether a simple blog or a complex e-commerce platform, is built using HTML programming language however, this universality makes HTML an indispensable tool for anyone aspiring to develop, edit, and maintain web content. Without a good grasp of HTML, you’ll be limited in navigating, contributing to, or troubleshooting web projects. 2. Essential for Web Development HTML is the cornerstone of web development. It offers the structure and framework for web content. That means, when you develop a web page, you can use HTML to define the layout, headings, paragraphs, links, images, and many other things. Learning HTML is the first step towards becoming a web developer, as it forms the foundation for building more advanced skills in front-end and back-end development. 3. Gateway to CSS and JavaScript Once you come to know about HTML, you can easily transition to learning CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript, two other critical web development technologies. CSS is used for styling web pages, while JavaScript adds interactivity and functionality. Applying CSS styles or inserting JavaScript code effectively is challenging without a solid understanding of HTML. 4. Content Creation and Management HTML is not just for developers but also for content creators and managers. If you run a blog, manage a website, or work with content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, understanding HTML gives you greater control over how your content is presented. You can format text, add multimedia elements, and structure your content to improve readability and user experience. 5. Better Communication with Developers If you collaborate with web developers or hire professionals to work on your web projects, knowing HTML will enable more effective communication. You can articulate your requirements, provide feedback, and make informed decisions about the design and functionality of your website when you understand the language your developers are using. 6. Cost-Efficiency Hiring a web developer to handle every small change or update to your website can be costly. Learning HTML empowers you to make minor edits and updates yourself, saving time and money in the long run. Whether fixing a broken link, updating a product description, or adding a new blog post, HTML proficiency allows you to maintain your web presence independently. 7. Customization and Creativity HTML allows you to customize your web content exactly how you want it. You can experiment with different layouts, fonts, colors, and multimedia elements to create a unique online presence. Understanding HTML allows you to bring your creative ideas to life on the web. 8. In-Demand Skill Web development skills, including HTML, are in high demand in the job market. As businesses and individuals continue to establish and expand their online presence, there is a constant need for web developers who can build, maintain, and optimize websites. Learning HTML opens various career opportunities in web development, design, and digital marketing. 9. Adaptability and Future-Proofing The web is constantly evolving, with new technologies and standards emerging regularly. However, HTML remains a stable and enduring technology at the core of web development. By learning HTML, you establish a strong foundation that allows you to adapt to new web technologies and trends as they arise, ensuring your skills remain relevant over time. 10. Empowerment and Independence Finally, learning HTML empowers you to take control of your online presence. Whether you’re an entrepreneur, a blogger, a freelancer, or a student, understanding HTML grants you the freedom to create, modify, and maintain web content according to your needs and vision. It’s a valuable skill that empowers you to share your ideas, products, or services with a global audience. Learn Job Guaranteed Full Stack Development Bootcamp from upGrad 10 HTML Project Ideas For Beginners 1. A tribute page This is one of the most simple HTML website ideas you can make. As you can guess by the name, a tribute page shows respect for someone who inspires you, or someone you admire and revere. To make a tribute page, you only need to know fundamental HTML concepts. First, you have to create a webpage. You can then add a picture of the person you are paying tribute to and add the person’s details, achievements, and so on. If you wish, you can also write a few words of respect for him/her. Using CSS for this project will be beneficial as it will let you include different styles and layouts. Make sure to give the webpage an appealing background color (use earthy tones or pastel colors).  Get Advanced Certification in DevOps from IIIT Bangalore.  2. A survey form Websites often include forms as a part of their customer data collection strategy. A well-made survey form can help you acquire relevant information about your target audiences like their demographic age, job, location, taste and preference, and pain points. This HTML project is a great way to test your skills and knowledge of designing forms and structuring a webpage.  Building a survey form is no rocket science. You need to acquaint yourself with the basic tags/input fields in HTML required to design forms. Then you can use the tags to create a text field, checkbox, radio button, date, and other vital elements contained in a form. Again, you can always use CSS to impart a better look and feel to your form and webpage.  Learn Software Engineering Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. 3. Technical documentation page You can build a technical documentation page if you have the basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The main idea behind this project is to create a technical documentation page wherein you can click on any topic on the left side of the page, and it will load the associated content on the right. The HTML projects for students is a simple and straightforward technical documentation page, nothing to fancy. To build this HTML project, you must divide the webpage into two parts. While the left side will contain the menu listing all the topics, arranged in the top-to-bottom style, the right side will have the documentation (description) corresponding to each topic. To include the click function, you can use CSS bookmark or Javascript. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Learn: 21 Web Development Project Ideas 4. Landing page This HTML web page design projects requires a strong knowledge of HTML and CSS. Since a landing page includes numerous vital elements, you will have to combine your HTML knowledge with your creative skills. For the landing page, you will have to create columns and margins, align the items in the columns, boxes, add footer and header, create separate sections for content/site elements, and edit images (crop and resize). Apart from this, you will have to choose the right colors for the page. The color combinations should be such that they complement each other – each section can have a different color. When you use CSS for styling and layout, make sure that the page elements do not clash anywhere.  Also, Check out online degree programs at upGrad. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 5. Event page This is another easy project that you can experiment with! It will involve creating a static page displaying the details of an event (conference, webinar, product launch, etc.). You will need both HTML and CSS for this project. The layout of the event page will be simple. The header section will contain the names and images of the different speakers with links, the event venue, and the schedule. You must also include a section that describes the purpose of the event – what the event is for and which category of audience it aims to target. Section the page into smaller chunks to make it look neat. Choose the right font style, font color, and background color for individual sections on the page. Also, make sure to add a registration button so that interested people can register for the event. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 6. Parallax website A beginner who’s well-versed in HTML concepts can build a parallax website in a day! Essentially, a parallax website is one that has a fixed image in the background and allows you to scroll up and down the page to see the different parts of that image. It gives a beautiful and unique effect on a website.   To build a parallax site, first section the page into three to four parts. Choose a few background images, align them on the page in the different sections along with the appropriate text, set the margin and padding, and integrate a background-position. You can use CSS to include other stylish elements in the page.  upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 7. Personal portfolio page To create a personal portfolio page, you need to be proficient in HTML5 and CSS3. In this project, you will create a web page containing the standard information for a work portfolio, including your name and image, projects, niche skills, and interests. If you want, you can also add your CV and host the complete portfolio on GitHub via your GitHub account.  The portfolio page should have a header and footer section. The header section will include a menu highlighting your personal information, contact information, and work. You can place your photo at the top part of the page and include a short description of your professional career and interests. Below this description, you can add a few work samples. The footer section can contain your social media handles.  Read: 8 Exciting Full Stack Project Ideas & Topics 8. Restaurant website  This HTML website ideas will give you ample opportunity to showcase your creative skills. As you can guess, a restaurant website has to be elaborate and detailed, including several functionalities. First, you have to design a captivating webpage layout wherein you will have to add different elements. This will include a list of food items, one-line descriptions for food items, prices, attractive images of different dishes, social media buttons, contact information, online reservation option, and other necessary details. Using CSS, you can align the various food items/beverages and their respective prices within a grid. When creating a restaurant website, you have to focus on using stylish layouts, neat font styles, and an eye-catching combination of colors. If you wish to make the website even fancier, you can include a photo gallery with sliding images of different food items. You can also add relevant links on the website to help the audience navigate better through the site.  9. Music store page A music store page is a perfect experiment for music lovers. To build this page, you must know the nitty-gritty of HTML5 and CSS3.  On the music page, the first thing to do is to add an appropriate background image and write a short description of what you will find on this page. The header section of the page will contain different menus that list songs based on features like genre, year, singer, album, and so on. You will have to include necessary buttons such as start, stop, rewind/forward, etc. Add relevant links and images for the collection of songs available. At the footer, you can include contact details, and links for registration, in-store purchases, subscription packages, and trial options.  10. Photography website This is the last HTML web page design projects on our list. Again, you will need to work with HTML5 and CSS3 to develop this photography website. The idea is to create a one-page responsive photography site. On the top of the landing page, add the brand name and logo along with a snappy description for the site. You can create a gallery with a view button so users can go to the images section and slide to view the following images. You can keep different viewing layouts like a grid, list, etc. Add the margin and padding for the page and choose your desired color combination, font style, and image size. For responsiveness quotient, you can use flexbox and media queries. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? How to know which project suits you the best? While these HTML practice projects are all meant to improve your HTML skills, you must acquire skills relevant to your goals. Working on every available HTML project is impossible, and not every project is required to boost your portfolio, so how should one opt for HTML and CSS projects? There are three essential factors beginners can keep in mind to choosing their HTML and CSS projects for practicing. These include: Goal: Think about what you aim to achieve with the compilation of these projects. These projects are not just for practicing but adding value to your resume, so opt for projects that can strengthen your work portfolio. The HTML CSS projects must align with your long-term goals and serve chances to bag exciting work opportunities. Assess your area of specialization and choose projects that can add value to your web development journey. Skill level: Not all projects are meant to match your skill level. HTML and CSS projects beyond your skill and experience levels aren’t your match, while the ones below your skill level can offer you no improvement. So, analyzing your skillset and opting for projects that align well with your skills while allowing you to upskill is your best bet.  Interest: There’s no dearth of HTML CSS projects. Opt for the projects that interest you. Projects of your interest motivate you to accomplish and improve the specific skills and often lead you to perform above and beyond. So, while searching for projects, go through the requirement specifications and goals of each project, and pick one that matches your upskilling interests.  You can find these HTML projects for students PDF and practice them to strengthen your resume.  Also Read: 16 Exciting Javascript Project Ideas & Topics Final Thoughts With that, we’ve come to the end of our list of HTML practice projects. These ten HTML projects are not only useful, but they are also not time-consuming. Once you get your base right, you can start experimenting with these real-world projects and test your skills! If you’re interested to learn more about full-stack software development, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Program in Full-stack Software Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms. Refer to your Network! 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Penetration testing is a controlled hacking method in which a professional pen tester, acting on behalf of a business, uses the same tactics as a criminal hacker to look for weaknesses in the company’s networks or applications. The method comprises numerous steps, including information collecting, vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and reporting.  Penetration testing is widely recognised as a vital technique to safeguard enterprises against cyber threats. This blog will discuss how to do penetration testing, why pen testing is important, and penetration testing methods to help you understand its significance and how it can benefit your organisation. Define Penetration Testing in Cybersecurity Penetration testing, often known as pen testing, is essential to cybersecurity. It entails analysing a computer system’s applications, architecture, and network for vulnerabilities and susceptibility to threats like hackers and cyberattacks.  Penetration testing may benefit a company since pen testers are professionals who think like adversaries; they can analyse data to focus their assaults and test systems and websites in ways automated testing solutions following a script cannot. Penetration testing is a component of a thorough security examination. Who Runs Pen Tests? Ethical hackers are IT professionals who employ hacking techniques to assist organisations in identifying potential entry points into their infrastructure. Most pen testers are security consultants or experienced developers with pen testing certification. It is ideal to have a pen test done by someone with little to no prior knowledge of how the system is secured since they may be able to find vulnerabilities that individuals familiar with the system are unaware of. Other consultants frequently do pen testing since they are trained to detect, exploit, and record vulnerabilities and use their findings to enhance the organisation’s security posture.  Penetration Testing’s Importance Here are the key reasons why penetration testing is important: Identifying vulnerabilities: It can uncover hidden weaknesses in an organisation’s systems, applications, and networks. By simulating attacks, penetration testers can find security holes before malevolent groups exploit them.  Testing security controls: Penetration testing provides a technique to assess the efficacy of an organisation’s security policies and processes. It helps validate the security mechanisms and suggests areas requiring improvements. By conducting frequent penetration testing, businesses may ensure that their security policies are robust and effective in guarding against possible threats. Compliance and regulatory requirements: Penetration testing is often necessary to fulfil regulatory compliance standards and industry norms. It helps firms demonstrate their commitment to security and privacy by complying with the most demanding security criteria. Regular pen testing can help firms satisfy regulatory agencies’ security and privacy criteria. Risk mitigation: Penetration testing significantly minimises risks connected with data breaches and software vulnerabilities. By detecting and fixing vulnerabilities, companies may lower the risk of a data breach and the potential harm it might cause.  Improving security awareness: Pen tests act as a “fire drill” for businesses, allowing staff to learn how to manage break-ins. It helps increase awareness about potential security threats and teaches personnel about best practices for addressing and responding to security issues. Types of Penetration Testing in Cybersecurity Listed below are some common types of penetration testing in cybersecurity: 1. Cloud Penetration Testing Cloud penetration testing is a simulated assault evaluating an organisation’s cloud-based applications and infrastructure security. The goal is to discover security risks and vulnerabilities and provide remedial recommendations. It entails modelling a controlled cyber assault to detect possible flaws.  Several approaches and tools may be employed depending on the cloud service and provider. However, conducting cloud penetration testing poses legal and technological difficulties. Each cloud service provider has its testing policy. Cloud pen testing is critical for assuring the security of cloud environments, systems, and devices, and its suitability relies on context and purpose. 2. Network Penetration Testing This method helps uncover security flaws in applications and systems by using malicious tactics to evaluate the network’s security. It includes simulating cyberattacks against the target system to find vulnerabilities that hackers may exploit.  A network penetration test aims to enhance a company’s defences against cyberattacks. The benefits of this testing include getting insight into an organisation’s security posture, finding and fixing security control flaws, and making networks safer and less prone to assaults. 3. Web Application Penetration Testing  Web application penetration testing is a rigorous procedure that simulates assaults on a system to detect vulnerabilities and exploits that potentially compromise it.  This step is vital in the secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) to create a system that users can safely use, free from hacking or data loss risks. The process comprises obtaining information, discovering vulnerabilities, and reporting them, with continuous assistance for remedy. Check out our free technology courses to get an edge over the competition. 4. API Penetration Testing API penetration testing is a key method to uncover security vulnerabilities in APIs, including sensitive information leaks, bulk assignments, bypass of access controls, failed authentication, SQL injection, and input validation problems.  It comprises five stages — preparation, reconnaissance, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, and reporting. It helps firms achieve security compliance requirements and secure sensitive data, systems, and procedures. 5. Mobile Penetration Testing Mobile pen testing helps find and assess security vulnerabilities in mobile apps, software, and operating systems. It seeks to expose weaknesses before they are exploited for malevolent advantage.  Mobile apps are part of a wider mobile ecosystem that interacts with devices, network infrastructure, servers, and data centres. Tools like Mobile Security Framework, Mobexler, and MSTG Hacking Playground are available for testing. 6. Smart Contract Penetration Testing Smart contract penetration testing is vital for detecting and exploiting flaws in self-executing blockchain-based computer applications. It includes playing the role of a “hacker” to find security holes in a system or network.  Methods include unit testing, static analysis, dynamic analysis, and formal verification. Web3 penetration testing covers the particular security problems of blockchain technology and its ecosystem, with smart contract vulnerabilities being a prominent worry. 7. Social Engineering Testing This security assessment approach examines an organisation’s vulnerability to social engineering attacks. It replicates real-world attacks, allowing the firm to play the role of the opponent and discover strengths and vulnerabilities.  The assessment helps measure employees’ adherence to security policies and procedures, demonstrating how quickly an invader may convince them to breach security restrictions. It can be part of larger penetration testing, attempting to find flaws and vulnerabilities with a clear route to remedy. Check Out upGrad’s Software Development Courses to upskill yourself. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? What Are the Phases of Penetration Testing? Some stages of penetration testing are: Step 1: Reconnaissance and planning In this step, the tester acquires as much information about the target system as possible, including network architecture, operating systems and applications, user accounts, and other pertinent information. The purpose is to acquire as much data as possible so the tester can prepare an effective assault strategy. Step 2: Scanning Once the tester has obtained enough information, they employ scanning tools to examine the system and network flaws. This phase analyses the system flaws that can be exploited for targeted attacks. Step 3: Obtaining entry This step involves a comprehensive investigation of the target system to detect potential vulnerabilities and assess whether they can be exploited. Like scanning, vulnerability assessment is a helpful technique but is more potent when integrated with the other penetration testing phases. Step 4: Maintaining access Once the tester has obtained admission, they aim to retain access to the system for as long as feasible. This step is essential because it allows the tester to see how long they can remain unnoticed and what amount of harm they can accomplish. Step 5: Analysis Here, the tester evaluates the penetration testing findings and provides a report detailing the vulnerabilities detected, the methods used to exploit them, and recommendations for remedy. Step 6: Cleanup and remediation The final stage of pen testing entails cleaning up the environment, reconfiguring any access acquired to enter the environment, and preventing future unwanted entry into the system using whatever means required. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Methods of Penetration Testing Here are some of the most commonly used methods: External testing External penetration testing involves assessing the network’s security outside the organisation’s boundary. The purpose is to uncover vulnerabilities that can be exploited by an attacker who is not authorised to access the network. Internal testing This approach involves assessing the network’s security within the organisation’s perimeter. The purpose is to detect vulnerabilities that can be exploited by an attacker with access to the network. Blind testing Blind testing includes verifying the network’s security without any prior knowledge of the network’s infrastructure. The purpose is to recreate a real-world attack situation where the attacker has no prior knowledge of the network. Double-blind testing This approach entails verifying the network’s security without any prior knowledge of the network’s infrastructure and the knowledge of the IT employees. The purpose is to imitate a real-world attack where the IT personnel is unaware of the testing. Targeted testing This approach includes assessing the security of a single network area, such as a particular application or service. The purpose is to uncover vulnerabilities peculiar to that section of the network. Penetration Testing vs Vulnerability Assessments Here is a table that summarises the main differences between vulnerability assessments and penetration testing: Aspect Vulnerability Assessment Penetration Testing Purpose Identify potential weaknesses in an organisation’s IT infrastructure through high-level security scans Simulate real-world attacks to test the effectiveness of security measures and provide a more in-depth analysis of the organisation’s security posture Automation Can be automated Requires various levels of expertise Report Provides a higher level of risk assessment Contains detailed step-by-step guides to reproduce and fix vulnerabilities Cost Generally more cost-effective Generally conducted less frequently and are higher in cost What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Pen Testing? Enumerated below are some advantages and disadvantages of pen testing: Penetration testing benefits Identifies vulnerabilities: Pen testing may discover several vulnerabilities, including software problems, configuration issues, and weak passwords. Indicates attention to security: Regular penetration testing indicates dedication to the security of digital systems to clients and the industry. Avoids penalties and other implications: Pen testing helps organisations avoid fines and other consequences of non-compliance. Penetration testing drawbacks Can be expensive: Mistakes during pen testing can be costly, perhaps triggering losses of critical information. Encourages hackers: Pen testing might inspire hackers to target the company. Disruptive: Pen testing may interrupt operations if not conducted appropriately. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Conclusion While penetration testing offers considerable advantages in detecting vulnerabilities and strengthening security, companies should carefully assess the costs, resources, and potential constraints involved with the practice. Treating penetration testing as part of a holistic security plan that includes frequent updates, patches, and continuous monitoring to enable persistent protection against emerging threats is crucial.

Summary: In this Article, you will learn 15 exciting SQL project ideas & topics for beginners. Library Management System Centralized College Database Student Database Management Online Retail Application Database Inventory Control Management Hospital Management System Railway System Database Payroll Management System An SMS-based Remote Server Monitoring System Blood Donation Database Art Gallery Management Database Cooking Recipe Portal Carbon Emissions Calculator A Voice-based Transport Enquiry System Database Interfacing for LabVIEW Robotic Control Read more to know each in detail. The modern business world has experienced an upsurge in data-driven decision making in the last few years. And extracting and filtering out crucial information from data silos is made easy with programming languages like SQL. One of the multiple reasons to learn SQL. Moreover, SQL databases are used in almost every website or web application today. As computer science students or aspiring developers, you are always on the lookout for easy-to-implement SQL project ideas. Finding unique and impressive sql projects for beginners with source code can require heavy brainstorming. So, we have compiled some interesting ones for you below. You can also check out our free courses offered by upGrad in Management, Data Science, Machine Learning, Digital Marketing, and Technology.  When you build and design a database with real-life applicability, it will not only refine your conceptual understanding but also boost your problem-solving skills. So, hone your skills and upstart your career by implementing the following sql projects with source code! while starting a career. What is SQL? SQL means Structured Query Language. It’s a domain specific programming language that helps control and handle relational databases. SQL offers a uniform way to communicate with databases, allowing learners to perform numerous tasks like querying data, updating records, inserting new data, and more. Relational databases serve data as tables that include rows and columns. Features of SQL It offers a wide range of features that enable users to interact with databases effectively. Here are some key features of SQL: Data Querying and Retrieval SQL’s primary function is data retrieval. It allows users to write queries that retrieve specific data from one or multiple tables. The SELECT statement, a core SQL feature, enables users to filter, sort, and extract relevant data based on specified conditions. Data Manipulation SQL facilitates the manipulation of data within databases. Users can insert new records using the INSERT statement, update existing records with the UPDATE statement, and remove records using the DELETE statement. These commands ensure efficient data management. Data Definition SQL provides commands for defining and managing the structure of a database. The CREATE TABLE statement defines tables, specifying columns, data types, and constraints. Users can also modify tables using ALTER TABLE and delete tables using DROP TABLE. Data Integrity and Constraints SQL supports various constraints to maintain data integrity. The UNIQUE constraint ensures the uniqueness of values in a column; the PRIMARY KEY constraint designates a unique identifier for each record; the FOREIGN KEY constraint establishes relationships between tables, and the NOT NULL constraint enforces non-null values. Data Joins and Relationships SQL enables users to combine data from multiple tables using JOIN operations. Different types of JOINs, such as INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN, allow users to retrieve related data efficiently. These operations help establish relationships between tables. Aggregation and Grouping SQL provides aggregate functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, and MAX to perform calculations on data sets. The GROUP BY clause groups data based on one or more columns, and the HAVING clause filters grouped data according to specified conditions. Subqueries Subqueries, known as nested queries, allow users to embed one query within another. This feature is useful for retrieving data from one table based on conditions derived from another table. Subqueries can be employed in SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements. Views SQL allows users to create virtual tables known as views. A view is based on the result of a query and presents data in a customized format without altering the original data. Views can simplify complex queries, enhance data security, and provide a consistent interface to users. Transactions and Concurrency Control SQL supports transaction management, which ensures that a series of operations are treated as a single unit of work. This maintains data consistency and integrity. Users can use BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements to manage transactions effectively. Access Control and Security SQL enables administrators to define user roles, permissions, and access levels. This feature ensures users can only perform authorized operations on specific database objects. The GRANT and REVOKE statements control access privileges. Database Portability SQL is largely standardized, allowing users to write queries across different relational database management systems (RDBMS). At the same time, variations in syntax exist among RDBMS implementations, and SQL’s core concSQL remains consistent. Procedural Language Extensions Some RDBMS implementations offer procedural language extensions, such as PL/SQL for Oracle and T-SQL for Microsoft SQL Server. These extensions allow users to write procedural code within SQL, enabling the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. Our readers also check out our advanced certificate course in blockchain. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more 15 Top SQL Project Ideas For Beginners Impressive SQL projects for resume are vital to strengthen your resume as a beginner. Here are some beginner-friendly SQL topics for you to choose from. Some of these suggestions are SQL projects with source code and DBMS projects using SQL with source.  1. Library Management System An online library management system offers a user-friendly way of issuing books and also viewing different books and titles available under a category. This type of Management Information System (MIS) can be easily developed in Asp.Net using C#. And SQL queries enable quick retrieval of the required information.   Take the example of your college library, where both teachers and students can issue books. Usually, the number of days within which you have to return the book varies for both the groups. Also, each book has a unique ID, even if they are copies of the same book by the same author. So, a library management system has an entry for every book, capturing who has issued it, the issue duration, and the amount of fine, if any. Our readers are also interested in Advanced Certificate in HCM.  2. Centralized College Database A college has academic departments, such as the Department of English, Department of Mathematics, Department of History, and so on. And each department offers a variety of courses. Now, an instructor can teach more than one course. Let’s say a professor takes a class on Statistics and also on Calculus. As a student in the Mathematics department, you can enroll in both of these courses. Therefore, every college course can have any number of students. Here, an important point to note is that a particular course can have only one instructor to avoid overlaps.  Find out our Cloud Computing course designed to upskill working professionals. 3. Student Database Management Similarly, you can do a student record-keeping project. The database would contain general student information (such as name, address, contact information, admission year, courses, etc.), attendance file, marks or result file, fee file, scholarship file, etc. An automated student database streamlines the university administration process to a considerable degree.  Read: SQL Interview Questions & Answers 4. Online Retail Application Database As e-commerce experiences remarkable growth around the world, online retail application databases are among the most popular SQL project ideas. The application allows the customer to register and buy an item using the internet. The registration process typically involves the generation of a unique customer ID and password and in many cases, consolidates information like Name, Address, Contact Information, Bank details, etc. Once a user purchases a product, a bill is generated based on the quantity, price, and discount, if any. The customer has to choose a payment method to settle the transaction before it is delivered to the selected location.  Also, visit upGrad’s Degree Counselling page for all undergraduate and postgraduate programs. 5. Inventory Control Management Inventory control is the process of ensuring that a business maintains an adequate stock of materials and products to meet customer demands without delay. Both overstocking and understocking situations are undesirable, and the aim is to maximize profitability by keeping inventory at the optimum level.  Also Read: SQL for Data Science Therefore, the design goals of an inventory control management database would focus on holding the required items, increasing inventory turnover, retaining safety stock levels, obtaining raw materials at lower costs, bringing down storage costs, reducing insurance costs, etc.  6. Hospital Management System It is a web-based system or software that enables you to manage the functioning of a hospital or any other medical setup. It creates a systematic and standardized record of patients, doctors, and rooms, which can be controlled only by the administrator. All patients and doctors will have a unique and will be related in the database depending on the ongoing treatments. Also, there will be separate modules for hospital admission, patients’ discharge summary, duties of nurses and ward boys, medical stores, etc. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 7. Railway System Database In this database system, you need to model different train stations, railway tracks between connecting stations, the train details (a unique number for each train), rail routes and schedule of the trains, and passenger booking information. To simplify your project, you can assume that all the trains run every day and have only a one-day journey to their respective destinations. As for recording, you can focus on storing the following details for each station on a rail route:  In time: When the train arrives at a station Out time: When the train leaves a station (This would be the same as in-time if the train does not halt at a station) Station’s sequential number: The order of the station in the route upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   8. Payroll Management System It is one of the most preferred SQL database project ideas due to its extensive usage across industries. An organization’s salary management system calculates the monthly pay, taxes, and social security of its employees. It computes the salaries using employee data (name, designation, pay scale, benefits, etc.) and attendance records, including the leaves taken. Then, based on certain formulas, the software generates output in the form of bank files and salary slips. Similarly, a tax file is created for the tax office and stored in the database.  Also read: Full Stack Development Project Ideas Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 9. An SMS-based Remote Server Monitoring System Such systems are particularly beneficial for large corporate organizations having massive data centers and multiple servers. Since these servers host a large number of applications, it becomes tricky to monitor their functionality. Usually, when a server is down or has crashed, the clients inform the organization about it. To avoid delays in corrective actions, you need a web-based solution that can remotely keep a check on these server failures. Such an application would periodically ping the servers based on predetermined rules, and then send an SMS to a predetermined list of specialists in case a server is found non-functional. This message would contain specific details about the server, the time of failure, etc.  10. Blood Donation Database This database would store interrelated data on patients, blood donors, and blood banks. You can take a cue from the data points given below.  Patient’s Name, Unique ID, Blood group, and Disease Donor’s Name, Unique ID, Blood Group, Medical Report, Address, Contact Number Blood bank’s Name, Address, Blood banks’ donor details (name, address, contact number) Now, try to implement the same in a database by creating a schema, an Entity-Relationship (E-R) diagram, and then attempt normalizing it. 11. Art Gallery Management Database  The E-R diagram for an art gallery or museum would comprise the following data: About Artist: Name, Age, Birthplace, Style of work About Art Works: Artist, Year of making, Unique title, Style of art, price If you are running an art store, you can also organize and manage all your customer information, including names, addresses, the amount spent, liking and interests.  12. Cooking Recipe Portal This is another application of SQL databases in the creative field. You can model a web portal where a stored procedure will display your cooking recipes under different categories. Here’s how you can contain and feature your information: Cooking recipe article/blog using RichText HTML editor ‘Recipe of the Day’ with the highest ratings/likes  Recipes viewed in the last 5 Hours You can also add the functionality for users to rate the recipes and comment on them. If you want to edit or delete a recipe, you can do so in a password-protected admin area.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 13. Carbon Emissions Calculator Lately, environmental conservation has been receiving a lot of attention globally. You can also contribute to the cause by developing a web application that measures the carbon footprint of buildings. This calculator will use data such as floor area and workdays per year combined with user-selected data or custom values on building type, climate zones, type of water fixtures, etc. So, the emissions given as outputs can be attributable to energy use, domestic water use, transportation, disposal of solid waste. American company CTG Energetics Inc. has conceptualized a similar tool based on an Excel file and later converting it into an SQL server web application. Also, there are some advanced Excel formulas that help to do work in a better way. 14. A Voice-based Transport Enquiry System This innovative tool helps you save time while travelling. You would have noticed long queues outside the transport controller’s office at public transport terminals. This is where commuters make inquiries about the different types of transport facilities available. In this scenario, technology-enabled transport enquiry systems can result in huge savings of time and effort. You can develop an automated system for bus stands, railway stations, and airports that can receive voice commands and also answer in a voice-based format.  Read about: Web Development Project Ideas 15. Database Interfacing for LabVIEW Robotic Control LabVIEW is a dynamic tool that uses data to modify the operating parameters of a robot, depending on different conditions. In order to do this, the data should be stored in such a way that it is readily accessible by the program. Hence, database interfaces are developed to facilitate effective communication. SQL queries within the database allow structured and convenient storage and retrieval of data, which, in turn, improves the robot’s functionality.  The above suggestions would be great SQL projects for resume.  However, once you are done with these SQL topics, you can look into the below-mentioned suggestions that are a bit on the intermediate to pro-level but are great SQL projects for resume.  Under the intermediate to advanced SQL topics, there are functions, data pivoting, cursors, triggers, dynamic SQL, data modelling and many more.  Temporary Functions: With the help of SQL, you can create temporary or permanent user-defined functions (UDF) and give inputs to perform actions. Temporary functions like such help you divide larger chunks of codes into smaller bits. As a result, delivering cleaner codes. It also prevents the repetition of code similar to functions used in Python.  CTEs aka Common Table Expressions: In case you need to make a query of a query, CTEs come to your rescue by creating a temporary table. Similar to temporary functions, it also aims at breaking larger portions of work into smaller parts to make it less complex. Therefore, it modularises the codes. CTEs come in handy when you have several sub-queries or, even worse, sub queries of sub queries! You’ll learn about the WHERE clause, which will help you filter data.  Date and time manipulation: When getting into the intermediate to advanced level of SQL, you are required to know about the date and time manipulation. Some of the functions vital to learning more about this topic are, EXTRACT, DATE_TRUNC. DATEDIFF and DATE_ADD. The topic precisely trains you to curate simple months of DD-MM-YYYY from variable data.  Data pivoting using CASE WHEN: Implementing the CASE WHEN function is a very common task in SQL. Yet, the concept is so versatile that it is often considered an intermediate to an advanced topic. With the help of the CASE WHEN function, you can easily write and allocate tricky conditional statements to particular values or classes. The function also helps in data pivoting, which is equally helpful in case you have to perform row-column interchange in a data set.  Ranking:  Ranking rows and values is a very common and valuable skill. Companies often utilise functions such as ranking customers by their number of purchases or ranking regions based on sales. There are functions such as ROW_NUMBER(), DENSE_RANK() and RPW_NUMBER() that can be used for ranking.  Running Totals: Knowing this skill often comes in handy if you are reporting or developing applications. Simplify the process by learning more about ROW_NUMBER() and LAG(). After that, you can learn about SUM() to calculate the running total.  Learn Software development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Wrapping up Projects create an active learning environment where the mind can think critically and employ inquiry-based methods to find solutions. While choosing your sql projects for data analysis, you should typically go for a project in which you at least use database normalization techniques. These are design approaches that reduce the dependency and redundancy of data. With the above SQL project ideas, you are good to go! If you are curious to learn about SQL, and more about full-stack development, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Program in Full Stack Software Development which is created for working professionals and offers 10+ case studies & projects, practical hands-on workshops, mentorship with industry experts, 1-on-1 with industry mentors, 400+ hours of learning and job assistance with top firms.

Summary: In this article, you will learn the 17 Interesting Java Project Ideas & Topics. Take a glimpse below. Airline reservation system Data visualization software Electricity billing system e-Healthcare management system Email client software Library management system Network packet sniffer Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Online bank management system Online medical management system Online quiz management system Online Survey System RSS feed reader Smart city project Stock management system  Supply chain management system  Virtual private network Read the full article to know more about Java project Ideas & Topics in detail. Java Projects & Topics Java is a high-level, object-oriented, robust, class-based programming language designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a computing platform for application development.  The Java platform comprises a collection of programs that help software developers build and run Java programming applications efficiently. It is extensively used for developing Java applications in laptops, data centers, gaming consoles, scientific supercomputers, cell phones, and smartwatches. You can also check out our free courses offered by upGrad under IT technology. Java is one of the most popular and in-demand programming languages to learn. Thanks to its platform independence and multiplatform support, Java is a staple programming language of the IT and software sectors. Companies are always on the lookout for skilled Java Developers who can develop innovative Java projects. So, if you are a Java programming beginner, the best thing you can do is work on some real-time Java projects. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more We, here at upGrad, believe in a practical approach as theoretical knowledge alone won’t be of help in a real-time work environment. In this article, we will be exploring some interesting Java projects which beginners can work on to put their Java knowledge to the test. In this article, you will find 17 top Java project ideas for beginners to get hands-on experience in Java. These are the best Java projects for resumes. But first, let’s address the more pertinent question that must be lurking in your mind: why build Java projects? When it comes to careers in software development, it is a must for aspiring developers to work on their own projects. Developing real-world projects is the best way to hone your skills and materialize your theoretical knowledge into practical experience. Check out Java Bootcamp from upGrad Amid the cut-throat competition, aspiring Java Developers must have hands-on experience with real-world Java projects. In fact, this is one of the primary recruitment criteria for most employers today. As you start working on Java projects, you will not only be able to test your strengths and weaknesses, but you will also gain exposure that can be immensely helpful to boost your career. Why Java? Although Java is a relatively new programming language (it was launched in the early 1990s), it has created a unique niche in the IT industry. Java is the driving force behind some of the largest organizations, including Airbnb, Uber, eBay, Pinterest, Groupon, Spotify, Intel, Symantec, TCS, Infosys, Wipro, Flipkart, and TripAdvisor, to name a few.  Learn Advanced Certification in Blockchain from IIIT Bangalore The five main reasons for Java’s popularity are: Platform independence – Java runs on the WORA (Writing Once, Run Anywhere). A Java code is compiled into an intermediate format (a.k.a. bytecode), which is then executed in the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). So, any system running a JVM can execute Java code. Furthermore, JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is compatible with all three operating systems – Linux, macOS, and Windows. Multi-threaded – Java has inbuilt multithreading capabilities, which means that you can develop highly interactive and responsive apps with multiple concurrent threads of activity using Java. Object-oriented – Java is a purely object-oriented language. Inspired by C and C++, Java extends the functionality of these languages to become a pure object-oriented programming language. Abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are some of its core OOP features.  Secure – When it comes to safety, Java incorporates a host of safety features into the runtime systems, including runtime checking and static type-checking at the time of compilation. With these features in place, it is pretty challenging to hack into a Java application from an external source. Robust – Java leverages a simple memory management model reinforced by automatic garbage collection. Since Java objects do not require external references, Java code is robust. Besides, it also encourages developers to adopt productive programming habits for developing secure and reliable applications. The more you experiment with different java projects, the more knowledge you gain. upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Read more: What is Type Casting in Java Standard uses of Java Java is a versatile programming language, and it finds applications in many areas of software and app development. Java is used for developing Android apps and helps us create enterprise software, scientific computing applications, and big data analytics. Some of the most popular applications of Java include: Software Tools Java is the backbone and foundation for numerous software tools. It is widely used for both open-source and commercial software projects. Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, BlueJ, JDeveloper, and NetBeans IDE are some of the most popular IDEs for creating Java applications and tools.  Our learners also read: Java free online courses! Android Applications Java plays an important role in the development of Android Applications because the logic used in the particular business is written in Java. Java topics list is used for writing code for Android applications. Eclipse IDE is perhaps the most extensively used development environment for writing and building Android apps. Kotlin, the programming language designed explicitly for JVM and Android platforms, is also heavily inspired by Java. Web Applications Owing to its flexibility, reliability, and high performance, Java is an excellent choice for developing web applications. Java provides support for web applications via JSPs and Servlets. The Java Servlet runs on the server side without an application of its own as an application GUI. Many web applications are developed using the Java Servlets extension. Plus, you can use Java Web Applications for building dynamic websites. It gives a fast and straightforward way to create dynamic content. Read: Python vs Java: Which one should you choose? Scientific Applications  When it comes to scientific applications, Java is preferred over C++ since it boasts a comprehensive suite of concurrency tools. Moreover, Java code is stable, secure, and robust, which is a prerequisite for scientific applications.  Now that you know the best features of Java and its uses let’s get into the core topic of our discussion – Java projects. After completing their graduation in Software Engineering, every aspiring Java Developer is faced with the question, “What to do next?” Our answer to that is, start looking for Java project ideas to build your very own Java projects! What is the Importance of Building Java Projects for Students During Learning? Java, a versatile and powerful programming language, has been a staple in the software development landscape for decades. Learning Java offers aspiring programmers a solid foundation in coding principles and object-oriented programming concepts. However, theoretical knowledge alone might not be sufficient to master the language effectively and succeed in the practical world. The practical application of Java concepts through project-based learning is of paramount importance. Building java mini project during the learning process is crucial: Hands-On Learning Java projects provide the students with a hands-on learning experience that reinforces theoretical knowledge. Working on projects allows learners to apply concepts in real-world scenarios, deepening their understanding and retention of Java programming constructs. Practical Problem Solving Java projects often involve tackling real-world problems requiring learners to analyze, design, and implement solutions. However, this practical problem-solving experience hones critical thinking skills and fosters creativity. Understanding Language Features Through project development, learners discover how to leverage Java’s rich feature set effectively. They learn to work with data structures, algorithms, classes, and libraries, gaining insights into the language’s capabilities. Project Planning and Management Building Java projects teaches essential project planning and management skills. Learners must define project scopes, set milestones, allocate resources, and manage their time effectively to complete projects successfully. Collaboration and Teamwork Many real-world software projects are developed collaboratively. Engaging in Java projects simulates this environment, teaching learners to collaborate, share code, review others’ work, and manage version control using platforms like Git. Portfolio Development A collection of simple java projects showcases a learner’s skills to potential employers or collaborators. A well-structured portfolio demonstrates practical expertise, making it an invaluable asset during job searches or when seeking freelance opportunities. Practical Application of Algorithms and Data Structures Java projects provide a platform to learners to implement and experiment with various algorithms and data structures. This hands-on experience is crucial for understanding their nuances and performance implications. Debugging and Troubleshooting Real-world projects often encounter bugs and errors. Debugging these issues enhances problem-solving skills and teaches learners to use debugging tools effectively, a crucial skill for any programmer. Project Complexity Gradation Learners can start with small projects and gradually move on to more complex ones as they become proficient. This progression helps build confidence and prevents feeling overwhelmed by the complexity of larger projects. Understanding Software Development Life Cycle Building Java projects exposes learners to the complete software development life cycle – from requirements gathering and design to implementation, testing, and deployment. This holistic understanding is valuable for anyone aspiring to work in the software industry. Portfolio Diversity By working on numerous projects, learners can explore domains such as web development, mobile app development, game development, and more. This exposure helps them discover their interests and strengths. Applying Design Patterns Java projects provide opportunities to implement common design patterns. Familiarity with these patterns is essential for writing maintainable, scalable, and efficient code. Learning from Mistakes Mistakes are inevitable during project development. Dealing with errors and setbacks helps learners develop resilience and learn from missteps, contributing to their growth as programmers. Preparation for Real-World Challenges Building Java projects mimics developers’ challenges in the real world, such as integrating third-party libraries, optimizing code for performance, and ensuring security. This prepares learners for the demands of professional programming. So, here are a few Java Projects which beginners can work on: Top Java Project Ideas This list of Java projects or Java topics list for students is suited for beginners, intermediates & experts. These Java projects will get you going with all the practicalities you need to succeed in your career as a Java developer. Further, if you’re looking for Java projects for the final year, this list should get you going. So, without further ado, let’s jump straight into some Java projects that will strengthen your base and allow you to climb up the ladder. Also, Check out online degree programs at upGrad. Here are some Java project ideas that should help you take a step forward in the right direction. 1. Airline reservation system One of the best ideas to start experimenting hands-on with Java projects for students is working on an Airline reservation system. The airline reservations system is a web application that aims to automate the ticket booking system of airlines. The proposed airline reservation system is a web-based Java project. It is an online platform that customers can use to book their flight tickets and check their flight details. It is a comprehensive passenger processing system that includes inventory, fares, e-ticket operations, and online transactions. The main features of the airline reservation system are: Reservation and cancellation of the airline tickets. Automation of airline system functions. Perform transaction management and routing functions. Offer quick responses to customers. Maintain passenger records and report on the daily business transactions. This integrated airline reservation management application features an open architecture that encourages the addition of new systems and functionalities. This means that the app can be tweaked to keep up with the dynamic needs of the airline business. If you are looking for cool java projects to add to your resume, this is the one. Actually, this is one of the best topics in Java for solidifying your resume. The VRS software suite incorporates four key modules, namely, user registration, login, reservation, and cancellation. This is one of the important java projects for beginners. The app allows for all communications to take place through a TCP/IP network protocol, thereby facilitating the usage of intranet and internet communications globally. The airline reservation system has many modules related to the application’s two major actors (Admin and Customer). Read: React js online courses free. 2. Course management system This is an excellent Java project for beginners. As the name suggests, this course management system is an online management software application designed for educational institutions. A course management system Java projects for resume is a collection of technologies and topics in java that allow the instructor to produce online course content and publish it on the web. You need not have in-depth knowledge of HTML or other programming languages. The primary goal of the project is to facilitate seamless interaction between students and instructors in schools, colleges, and universities concerning the submission of projects, assignments, and thesis and receiving feedback from instructors. This project has three interlinked modules:  Administrator module – This module is designed exclusively for managing administrative functions like creating accounts for students and instructors, creating the curriculum, coding the subjects, managing the employees, payroll, and so on. Basically, this module lays the groundwork for the other two modules.  Students module – This module is designed for the usage of students. They can log in to their accounts to view their coursework, submit their projects, get feedback from instructors, etc. Instructor module – This module is for the instructors who can log in to their accounts and check the projects submitted by the students, communicate with the students, and offer guidance to them. As we mentioned earlier, this project aims to promote the sharing of information between qualified instructors and students via the Internet.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 3. Data visualization software Data visualization is a crucial element in the modern industry driven by Data Science, Business Intelligence, and Business Analytics. It refers to the visual representation of data, either in a graphical or pictorial format. This is an important java projects for beginners. This data visualization project is all about providing an overview of the design and implementation techniques in data visualization. The objectives of this project are: To deliver precise and effective communication of the insights hidden in the data through appropriate graphical or pictorial representations. To offer relevant insights into complex datasets for conveying ideas effectively. To stimulate the viewer’s attention and engagement while communicating accurate information. To be functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. For clear and effective communication of information through graphical or pictorial means. To provide necessary insights into a complex set of data and information and convey ideas effectively. This data visualization software displays the node connectivity in networking in the form of data visualization. You can use a mouse or a trackpad to locate it at different locations. The best part about the project is that you can enhance and tweak the software features and functions according to your requirements. Mentioning Java projects can help your resume look much more interesting than others. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 4. Electricity billing system This project is a modern version of the traditional electricity billing system. These Java projects for resume aims at serving the department of electricity by computerizing the billing system. The main focus of this Java project is to computerize the electricity billing system to make it more seamless, accessible, and efficient. It focuses on the calculation of units consumed during the specified time and the money to be paid to electricity offices. The software calculates the units consumed within a specified time duration and accordingly calculates the amount of money to be paid for those units. This is one of the excellent Java project ideas for beginners. The following features make the electricity billing system more service-oriented and straightforward: It features a high-performance speed along with accuracy. It allows for seamless data sharing between the electricity office and customers. It is protected by high-security measures and controls. It includes the necessary provisions for debugging. Unlike the conventional billing system, this computerized software does not require a large number of human employees to handle and manage the process of bill generation. Once it is installed on the system, it will automatically calculate the units consumed and the bills from time to time and also provide the meter readings to each customer. You can continue to add new features in the system as and when user requirements change. 5. e-Healthcare management system One of the best ideas to start experimenting with your hands-on Java projects for students is working on an e-Healthcare management system. The e-Healthcare management system is a web-based project that seeks to provide effective management of employee data and medical data of patients in hospitals and clinics. Data mining techniques lies at the core of this project, which consists of 2 modules: an administration module and a client module. While the administration module is concerned with Medicare Management that includes healthcare departments, doctors, nurses, wards, and clerks, the client module is for patients. In many ways, business intelligence is revolutionizing healthcare. The key features of the e-Healthcare management system are: It establishes a clear line of contact and communication between doctors and patients. It accurately analyses the usage percentage of the hospital resources, including laboratory equipment, bed occupation ratio, administration, medicines, etc. It leverages the CRISP-DM (standard cross-industry process for data mining) creating an accurate and effective management system. It eliminates the problems of missing data and incorrect data.  Through these features, the e-Healthcare management system will help overcome the drawbacks and challenges of the existing healthcare management system. It will allow for the smooth management of hospital staff and quicken the process of delivery of healthcare services. Also try: Python Project Ideas & Topics 6. Email client software So, why not use your skills to develop an impressive java project based on an email system? This project is an email program designed for sending and receiving electronic mail. In the project, you will use the standard sockets and networking along with Java Mail API. The project is developed through Java APIs. The project will need standard sockets and other networking in addition to the Java mail APIs. There are two main protocols used in the project – SMTP and POP3. This is one of the java projects for beginners.  Usually, conventional email client software conducts electronic mailing through web browsers like Hotmail, Yahoo, Google, etc. Since these systems use HTTP port 80 to access all the emails, it is not precisely the best means to send sensitive or confidential messages. Hackers can easily hack into the software system and violate or misuse the data. The project functions something like this – the ISP’s (Internet Service Provider) mail server handles the emails sent from an ISP. All the sent emails first come to the mail server, after which they are processed and forwarded to the collector’s destination where another mail server is located. The mail server on the collector side receives the incoming emails and sorts them electronically in the inbox. Now, the recipient can use their email application to view the received emails. The entire transaction occurs by directly connecting to the mail server through the program, which makes it much safer than the existing email client software. Also read: Event handling in Java 7. Library management system This software project is implemented in Java using MS Access database design. It is designed for managing and maintaining libraries in any educational institution through an integrated computerized system. The library management software will allow librarians to operate more productively while handling the typical day-to-day tasks of a library.  In a traditional library management system, everything is done manually. All the library operations and records, including the number of books, genres of books, names of books, records of the students who’ve issued/returned books, etc., are all done via pen and paper. Naturally, this process requires a significant amount of time, effort, and even human resources. If you are looking for final-year java projects, this is perfect for you.   The proposed project seeks to solve all the challenges associated with the traditional library management system. Since it stores and manages all the library records in a computerized database, it eliminates the need for manual record-keeping. The software includes different modules, each of which handles and manages specific library operations. Mentioning Java projects can help your resume look much more interesting than others. By using this software application, librarians and students need not search the entire library to find a book. They can enter the name and author of the book, and the system will display the list of all the possible books available for that search keyword/phrase. This is one of the best features of this library management software. 8. Network packet sniffer A network packet sniffer is a packet analyzer software used for monitoring network traffic. It is a web-based Java application that facilitates the web-based monitoring of network packets traveling across the system network. It is developed as a desktop application, and this packet sniffer facilitates web-based monitoring of network packets that are traveling over the system network. The primary data captured by this software are the packet source and destination addresses. By using this software application, the Admin can capture network packets and analyze the data received and sent from/to the network. The software helps capture the source of the network packets and the destination address. The main objective of this project is to establish a set of rules during runtime to prevent hackers from attacking the system software with viruses and malware. Unlike standard network hosts that only track the traffic sent exclusively to them, this software application captures each packet, and decodes it for analysis as the data streams flow across a network. Some of the most commendable features of this software application are: 24×7 network monitoring Real-time packet capturing Advanced protocol analyzing Complex network analyzing Automatic packet-level analysis Comprehensive packet decoding Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 9. Online bank management system This is one of the most interesting Java projects to create. This project focuses on developing an online banking system. The main aim is to create an online banking platform that is accessible from any location, so customers need not go to the bank branches for routine banking operations like money withdrawal, money transfer, balance inquiry, etc.  Bank Management System Project In Java – The Bank Management system (BMS) is a program that allows the Bureau of the Fiscal Service to pay financial institutions for services rendered. BMS also has analytical tools that may be used to examine and approve pay, budgets, and outflows. Visiting the physical branches of banks is not only time-consuming but can also be hectic, thanks to long queues and waiting times. Not to forget, running to banks for every minor banking task creates an unnecessary burden on bank staff. These issues can be addressed by developing an online banking system that will offer seamless and prompt banking services to customers. However, to use this software application, a user must be registered with the system. To do so, the user has to create a unique username and password for securely logging in to the application. This online bank management application will provide the following services to customers: Customers can view their account details such as type of account, available balance, interest rate on available loans, credit/debit statements, etc. from any remote location. Customers can check their transaction history which includes necessary information like transaction time, type, and amount. It will display the amount of deposited cash or withdrawn cash along with the date of deposition/withdrawal. 10. Online medical management system This is another web-based Java project that is designed to create a direct line of communication between doctors and patients. The project is known as “Virtual Medicine Home.” By using this application, patients can book online appointments with their preferred doctors, and doctors can offer healthcare suggestions, e-prescriptions, and view the patient’s medical records, lab reports, etc. The application also lets users look for and connect with blood and eye donors. This is one of the excellent java project ideas for the current time.  In conventional healthcare service systems, all medical management operations are manual. The problem is more pronounced in remote and rural areas that lack proper medical infrastructure, qualified healthcare professionals, and sophisticated medical equipment. This is one of the java projects for beginners. Furthermore, there are no provisions for recording and storing medical data. This online medical management system can help bridge all these problems by linking doctors and patients directly.  The application has two modules — an Admin module and a Doctor module. The Admin module manages the online software system, and the Doctor module allows doctors to interact with patients. Anyone can access the services provided by this app from any location via the Internet.  Also, Get your hands on: Full stack project ideas & topics 11. Online quiz management system One of the best ideas to start experimenting you hands-on Java projects for students is working on online quiz management. This Java-based application proposes to create an online discussion platform that will consist of a wide range of questions on different topics, fields, and subjects. By creating a user-friendly environment of Bluebook implementation, this application is a resourceful tool for individuals who wish to practice mock quizzes and tests. Online quiz management system is one of the interesting java projects.  In this project, you will build a comprehensive online platform for managing both quiz competitions and the participants in the different teams. This application can be used by academic institutions and any organization willing to find suitable candidates through the process of quizzing.  The application permits multiple admins, each having their unique user id and password. While admins can create an “n” number of participating teams for a quiz, they can also set an “n” number of rounds for the quiz. All the participants will automatically receive the questions, and the teams will have to answer within an allotted time. In case a team is unable to answer a question or gives the wrong answer, they’ll receive a negative marking. The teams having the lowest average score will be eliminated, and the remaining teams will continue to compete in the next level. This will continue until the winner is declared. The scores for each team will be automatically updated. And this is the perfect idea for your next Java project! 12. Online Survey System The main aim of developing this online survey system is to conduct an online survey on different topics for the users. This is a project for creating an online survey system using Java as the foundation. The focus of the project is to build an online platform that can efficiently collect the viewpoints of the target audience of a survey via the Internet. This application can launch online surveys and also send email notifications.  Any organization in any industry can use this application to conduct online surveys to obtain necessary information from their target audience groups.  In this survey application, only the users authenticated by the Admin can cast their vote and express their opinion on a particular issue or topic. Once the users submit the votes, the software will collect them using the ratio button or checkbox. It will then automatically add the votes to each alternative and display the result after the deadline of the survey. The main features of this online survey system project include: It is coded in Java with MySQL server database. It can hide the identity of users/voters, thereby collecting all the information in confidentiality. It collects the votes using the ratio button or checkbox. It can be installed anywhere at an affordable cost. Since the survey is conducted online, it eliminates several hours of manual labor, along with a significant reduction in survey costs.  13. RSS feed reader The goal of the RSS feed reader project is to minimize the delay between the publication of new content on the web and its appearance on the reader/aggregator. It allows the retrieval of the latest content posted on a website quickly on the aggregator, thus, making the content readily accessible to the users for reading. The RSS feed reader management system is equipped with improved content monitoring policies for all RSS feeds.  The existing aggregator management applications use the homogeneous Poisson model that relies on a specific data source (either a webpage or RSS feed). As a result, these applications cannot adapt if the data source changes. They do not even have well-designed monitoring policies. This project incorporates and implements new content monitoring strategies to overcome the drawbacks of the existing aggregator management applications. The new RSS feed reader leverages a non-homogeneous Poisson model and delays matrices. This RSS feed reader management system investigates the techniques used by RSS aggregation services to monitor web content and to retrieve the data promptly using minimal resources, to enable readers to access the content without delay. The project focuses mainly on the server-based aggregation scenario. The proposed model has the following functional requirements: It should be able to provide information from disparate data sources to all users. The system should be able to run efficiently using minimal system resources. The time delay must be minimized so that users can view the data quickly on their feed. The aggregated content should be converted into a document format compatible with browsers. The RSS content must be monitored at frequent intervals. 14. Smart city project The Smart City project is a web-based software application built to store all the essential details of a city. Cities and urban areas witness a massive wave of people coming from every corner in search of jobs, education, and even a better lifestyle. In the initial days after the move, people don’t know the main facilities, attractions, and services offered in the city. The smart city project seeks to address that by creating an integrated platform to store essential and related information to guide newcomers in a city. The application will provide visitors, students, and job seekers information like hotels, renting facilities, transportation services, healthcare services, airline ticket booking, shopping landmarks, emergency helplines, and basically every information that one needs when in a new city. It is like a smart city guide for visitors. Users can connect to the application via the Internet and browse all the smart city web pages to get the details they need. Users can see the entire map of a city along with the important landmarks. This will make their movement across the city much more comfortable. Mentioning java projects can help your resume look much more interesting than others. The smart city application has five modules: Administration module – It is the central controller of the application. It uploads all the new information on the site and authenticates user profiles, and supervises the maintenance of the other four modules. Tourism module – As the name suggests, this module handles all the tourism-related operations in the city, such as hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, ATMs, theatres, and so on. A user authenticated by the administration module becomes the primary user of this module. Student module – This module is designed specifically for helping students move around the city. It contains all the academia-related information for students, including the location of the best educational institutes, libraries, coaching centers, technical colleges, universities, colleges, etc. Jobseekers module – This module contains important information on the job opportunities available in the city. Users can access all kinds of job-related information across various industries. The main objective of this module is to help the city administration to combat unemployment problems in the city. Business module – This module focuses on offering business-related news, information, and opportunities in the city. Users can access information on trade and business centers and industries in the city.  Must Read: Java Interview Question & Answers. 15. Stock management system This is one of the trending Java projects. This web-based Java application is designed to manage stocks for companies and organizations and also handle the sale and purchase of their products. The principle goal of this undertaking is to oversee stock for an organization or association and deal with the acquisition of items. The stock management system includes different modules and features for adding, editing, viewing, and deleting items in the system database. Usually, the manual stock management method run with pen and paper is not only labor-intensive but also time-consuming. This approach lacks a proper data organization structure, which can give rise to many risks associated with data mismanagement. This stock management project is a more efficient and improved approach to stock data management. It is much more secure and reliable than the manual method. In the application, the login page makes the system module. The Admin can use this module to log in to the system through a valid user ID and password. Once logged in, the Admin can control these features:  Enter stock View stock Dispatch stock Move stock The Admin can update and monitor all necessary information associated with stock management, including category, customer details, stock details, stock purchase, stock sales, stock entries, stock entries payments, stock sales payments, supplier details, etc. The application further includes other functions like printing payment receipts, viewing purchase reports and sales reports, and so on.  Learn more: Top 21 Java Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers 16. Supply chain management system This is one of the interesting Java projects. Supply chain management refers to the management of businesses interconnected over a network. It includes a whole range of management procedures like handling, storage, and movement of raw materials, inventory, and transporting finished goods from the source to its final destination. This project aims to smoothen the supply chain management process by closely monitoring the dealers and clients and continually tracking the products through the different points in the supply chain. Using this application, a company can directly communicate with its clients, obtain the product requirements, manufacture the product to fit those requirements, and finally ship it off to the client.  This project uses JSP, JDBC, and HTML for the front-end and MS Access as the back-end database. It is a web-based application that will automate the system of communication between the management or admin, dealers, and clients of the company. There are three modules in this application: Admin module – The Admin uses this module to check information on the manufactured products, newly launched products, and products that must be delivered to the clients.  Dealer module – This module keeps track of all the essential information concerning the dealers, particularly the record of items. Dealers can generate and update the item list for a product using this module.  Client module – The client uses this module to provide the necessary specifications of a product. The client feedback is processed through this module and forwarded to the Admin.  By using this application, the clients can directly convey their product requirements to the manufacturer, who then contacts multiple vendors to acquire the necessary resources for making the product. The dealers usually create a list of items as per the product information provided to them, after which the manufacturer selects the materials that best fit the specifications given by the client. Then, the selected list of items is forwarded to the inventory department for processing, after which the manufacturing begins. Once the production is complete, the accounts department calculates the raw materials costs and manufacturing costs to generate the total bill. Finally, the product, along with the invoice, is shipped to the client. The client is free to offer feedback on the received product. 17. Virtual private network VPN is one of the trending java projects. The goal of building this virtual private network (VPN) is to extend a private network across a public domain (for example, the Internet). A VPN is created by setting up a point-to-point virtual connection via traffic encryption, dedicated connections, or virtual tunneling protocols. There are three interconnected modules in this VPN project:  Administration module – This module monitors all the office operations and manages the staff details.  Marketing module – This module handles everything related to the marketing operations of the software application. Training module – This module manages all the technical operations like software testing, networking, call center, and J2EE training. Confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity are the three core elements of this VPN security model. The other pivotal features of this application are: It allows for the addition of new clients, a feature better known as “scalability.” This feature allows a company/organization to accommodate new clients in the network as it expands.  It uses a remote backup server to prevent the system from failing due to sudden crashes. Since a VPN handles a large volume of files that are created every day, it is crucial to have a remote backup server to process all the requests coming from the client to the server and vice-versa. It uses a remote monitoring system to keep track of the activities of every client or individual connected to the VPN. This ensures that the privacy and security of the network remain intact. As is true of all VPNs, this VPN application, too, has the provision for certification in the system. When two or more LAN (Local Area Network) systems interact, certification is mandatory to protect the system’s security.  It triggers and sends acknowledgment signals to notify clients of successful data transfer (whether or not the data has successfully reached the desired destination). Learn Software development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Conclusion These are a few java projects that you could try out! In this article, we have covered top Java projects. Start with the java projects for beginners that best fit your present knowledge, skill set, and difficulty level. Start with the basic level and gradually move on to more advanced-level projects as your skill and expertise level matures. That is why it is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. Even beginners can start with Java fundamentals and build their way up as they progress in their learner’s journey. Only by working with tools and practice can you understand how infrastructures work in reality. Now go ahead and put to test all the knowledge that you’ve gathered through our Java projects guide to building your very own java projects! If you wish to improve your Java skills, you need to get your hands on these java projects. If you’re interested to learn more about Java, full stack development, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Program in Full-stack Software Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms. Refer to your Network! If you know someone, who would benefit from our specially curated programs? Kindly fill in this form to register their interest. We would assist them to upskill with the right program, and get them a highest possible pre-applied fee-waiver up to ₹70,000/- You earn referral incentives worth up to ₹80,000 for each friend that signs up for a paid programme! Read more about our referral incentives here.

Software testing might constitute 50% of a software development budget but it is viewed as a lethargic and unnecessary step by most students. Even educational programs are more focused on the development and less on ensuring the quality of software. Nearly 25% of employees believe that prioritizing development is a concerning challenge facing the tech industry.  As digitization has led to an increase in security risks and vulnerabilities, more and more companies are investing in software testing to develop secure codes. However, 68% of respondents on GitHub believe less than 50% of developers are incapable of spotting vulnerabilities that are later identified by software testing teams.  In this article, we will find out why software testing should be an ongoing process in the software development lifecycle and discuss software testing project topics and ideas that you can pursue during the course of your term. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Why is Software Testing Important? Software testing is an integral process in the software development life cycle wherein bugs, errors, and vulnerabilities are identified early on to ensure the security, reliability, and performance of a software application. In addition to quality, software testing also contributes to the time-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, and higher rates of customer satisfaction. Here’s discussing 5 ways in which software testing helps companies write secure code, and enhance growth and productivity.  1. Decreased software development costs: Timely software testing eliminates the need of future investments in fixing issues that could have been avoided at an early stage. Even if errors or bugs do arise, it costs much less to resolve them. Therefore, software testing contributes to a cost-effective software development process.  Check out upGrad: Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) 2. Increased security: As organisations are battling security risks, ingenious software testing methods are increasingly becoming the norm to provide trusted and reliable products. Software testing takes care of loopholes and entry-ways hackers can exploit to pursue malicious gains, thereby, averting potential security threats. It also ensures that personal information, banking details, and credentials are safe and secure.  Our learners also read: Career in technology! 3. Top-notch quality: Software testing goes a long way in ensuring higher quality in an end-product. It ensures that there are no frequent crashes or bugs, and users have an uninterrupted experience. It is also carried out to determine the applications are providing top-notch functionality without causing glitches.  4. Higher rates of customer satisfaction: Software testing is a guaranteed means to ensure customer satisfaction. With testing, you can discover the shortcomings of software, identify the problems that may impact customer experience, and improve them to contribute to customer satisfaction and retention.  5. High productivity and performance: Companies that view software testing as an ongoing process and work with QA teams spend 22% less time on fixing overlooked issues. This time is channelled towards completing value-adding work and developing innovative features that contribute to customer retention.  Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Top Software Testing Project Ideas and Thesis Topics Check out upGrad: Java Bootcamp 1. Combining Automation & Manual Testing This project highlights the importance of automation testing and manual testing to cover the security, performance, and usability aspects of software development. To ensure automation testing doesn’t overlook user experience, and effectiveness of UI/UX design, it is important to incorporate manual testing in the software development process. In this manner, automation testers can handle the efficiency and speed aspects of QA while manual testers can test an application for its usability and user experience. 2. Testing Application Vulnerabilities Using Faulty Injection This project employs a fault injector called “Pulad” to determine vulnerabilities in an application if any, prior to deployment. Pulad shifts from older approaches relying on static verification techniques that require executing the source code to reveal vulnerabilities. Fault injection, on the other hand, involves introducing bugs and errors to a system to determine its performance and endurance. The process is carried out before the execution of the code, to ascertain how potent a system is to withstand potential faults, and recover from them.  3. Cross-Platform Tool to Build, Test and Package Software  CMake is an open-source family of tools hosted on GitHub and created by Kitware to provide a secure method to build, test, as well as package software. It allows developers to control compilation by generating native workspaces and makefiles. It is used with CDash which is a testing server designed to analyze, and view testing reports from anywhere around the world.  4. Software Testing to Combat Cybersecurity and Risk Compliance With the digitization of business operations on the rise, 68% of business leaders report being wary of increasing cybersecurity risks. It is estimated that the worldwide information security market will reach $170.4 billion in 2022. This project highlights the necessity of software testing in protecting the privacy of end-users. Software products and networks must benefit from secure coding practices to counter cyber attacks and risk compliances. To do so, software professionals must invest in upskilling themselves to identify security threats and vulnerabilities and combat them.  5. Software Testing in IoT (Internet of Things) This project is to address the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology-based devices that experience an estimated 5,200 attacks every month. As the global market of IoT is only going to progress from here (it is expected to reach US$1,102.6 billion by 2026), it is important for software testers to be aware of risks and security concerns IoT-based tools are likely to face in the future. Software testers need to identify the usability and compatibility related risks to devise solutions to immediately mitigate risks. The thesis also addresses how until now a very small section of companies had been investing in Internet of Things testing strategies but the upcoming decades are projected to witness a rise in this sector.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 6. Importance of Agile and DevOps Principles in Software Testing Agile methodologies & DevOps are foundational principles of effective software testing around the world. The project focuses on using CI/CD principles to ensure rapid testing and deployment. Testing is carried out at different stages as developers verify the efficiency and performance of an application before releasing it into the real-world. Such practices in automated testing are proving to enhance the Quality Assurance process and resulting in better outcomes based on early bug detection, executing repeatable tasks, and benefits from constant feedback. 7. Automated Network Security Testing Tool  The project is based on Infection Monkey, an automated, open-source, security testing tool designed for reviewing a network’s baseline security. It infects a system and allows users to monitor the progress of the infection and control it accordingly. It comprises multiple attacks, detection, and propagation capabilities.  8. Testing Angular Software This project comprises software development tools, frameworks, and libraries to manage Angular projects. It is called Angular CLI and allows you to analyse and test Angular code, as well as create and manage it. Developers can use simple commands to generate necessary components and services, making running end-to-end unit tests easy and efficient. 9. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Automated Software Testing It is no secret that AI usage will have a tremendous impact in almost every industry and aspect of creative technology. It Is estimated that the global market of Artificial Intelligence will be worth USD 733.7 billion by 2027. The aim of this project is to explore the role artificial intelligence and machine learning will play in software testing, especially in analysis and reports. Some of the aspects of AI that are likely to impact automated testing are Test Suite Optimization, Log Analytics, and Predictive Analytics, among others. These are expected to help automated testers to determine the scope of additional testing required for an application and improve testing strategies through analytics and reports.  Learn Software development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Software Testing Projects Best Practices Integrate Tests in CI/CD Pipeline In the age of DevOps methodologies, a robust software testing projects team must integrate an automated CI/CD pipeline to stay ahead. Traditional manual QA processes are prone to errors, making it impractical to overlook this critical facet of modern quality assurance testing. Integrating testing automation within the CD/CI framework becomes imperative to ensure the deployment of only flawless code into the production system. In this context, it becomes pivotal that every code submission into the CI pipeline undergoes automated testing to yield optimal development outcomes. Moreover, automated CI/CD pipelines inherently need early testing, amplifying security by swiftly identifying issues within the production chain. By removing unnecessary intricacies from the testing procedure, CI/CD pipelines streamline the process. With testing initiated through a single command or a simple click, software testers, and quality control stakeholders are more inclined to embrace this approach. For software testing micro project topics consider ideas that align with these principles, fostering efficiency and robustness within the testing landscape. Engaging in such a software testing micro project will not only enhance your skills but also contribute to the ongoing advancement of quality assurance practices. Maximum Coverage Tests QA teams adopt various testing methodologies for different scenarios. However, the primary objective remains to achieve maximal test coverage, even if reaching 100% coverage isn’t entirely feasible. To render product requirements more testable, it’s essential to design test cases that comprehensively encompass these requirements, ensuring thorough analysis. Given the impossibility of foreseeing all potential software threats and latent vulnerabilities that might emerge post-deployment, a prudent strategy involves implementing a two-tier approach to test automation. The first tier comes into play whenever code is committed to the shared repository. The tests in this category swiftly validate developer-introduced changes in the project’s main branch. This level incorporates sanity and unit tests, typically concluding within a couple of minutes. These insights can guide your exploration of micro project topics for software testing, providing a foundation for developing testing projects for practice. The second-tier aspect, more extensive in scope, is executed during the night, affording ample time for meticulous testing of the introduced modifications. This phase integrates regression tests, affirming that newly incorporated changes haven’t disrupted or negatively impacted pre-existing functionality. Delving into these software testing project topics not only refines your testing skills but also contributes to fostering effective testing practices. Developing Testable Requirements  Within software testing, the testability of business or functional requirements is intricately linked to how they are articulated. A well-crafted requirement accurately delineates the software feature’s behavior, allowing the formulation of tests that can effectively gauge whether the stipulated conditions have been met. To ensure a requirement’s testability, it must possess two fundamental traits. Firstly, it should be measurable, an attribute vital for effective evaluation. Secondly, the requirement should be composed with utmost clarity and devoid of ambiguity. For software testing micro project topics for diploma students and software testing mini project topics, consider exploring areas that encompass these nuances. Multiple methodologies exist for crafting tests to accommodate diverse scenarios, spanning from traditional requirements documents to more agile approaches. One such approach involves the concept of developer testing. Collaboratively, testers and developers enhance the quality of these tests by employing techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Crafting software testing projects with test cases can provide a solid foundation for honing testing skills and preparing for more intricate endeavors. These software testing micro project topics and software testing micro project topics diploma are tailored to the context of diploma-level studies, offering an avenue to delve into the practical realm of testing. Final Thoughts Educational programs today have made commendable progress. Case studies, live projects, thesis, and dissertation are an integral part of the software development curriculum, and students are allowed to choose an open-source, real-world, project to test for quality during the course of their term. If you are interested to become a DevOps engineer, check out Advanced Certificate Programme in DevOps from IIIT Bangalore. With instructors and faculty serving as guides and counsellors, students are encouraged to deliver a test plan by exposing them to relevant tools and technologies, to build software development expertise.  If software testing is adopted as an ongoing process across development, businesses across the world will flourish by driving higher quality products and customer satisfaction. As for software developers, the goal should be to upskill themselves to write secure code and increase their chances of success in a fast-paced, competitive atmosphere.

In the modern world, if we talk about professional versatility, there’s no one better than a Full Stack Developer to represent the term “versatile.” Well-versed in both frontend and backend web development, Full Stack Developers are the multi-talented professionals that every company and brand covets.  Since the dawn of the digital era, more and more companies and organizations are creating their unique online presence through their websites. Naturally, the domain of web development is witnessing a growth like never before, thanks to which the demand for experienced and skilled Full Stack Developers has spiked considerably. If you consider doing full stack web development course to upskill yourself, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s PG Diploma in Full-stack Software Development which has placement assurance or money back guarantee.  This course will teach you important aspects such as what is full stack web development and  how to become a full stack developer Check out our free courses to get an edge over your competition. Learn to build applications like Swiggy, Quora, IMDB and more What is full stack web development? Full stack web development is a process of computer system application which handles two separate web development domains named front end and back end. Before understanding how to become full stack developer, let’s first recognise what is a full stack developer and what does full stack developer do? Who is a Full Stack Developer? To fully comprehend the role of a Full Stack Developer, you must first understand the components of web development. Essentially, web development has two parts – frontend and backend development. Thus, every web or mobile application includes two parts, a frontend, and a backend. While the frontend comprises the visible part of the application with which users interact (user interface), the backend is where all the actual magic happens. The backend of an application includes business logic (how the system functions and how the data flows via a series of tasks), how the data is stored, and where the solution runs.  Both the frontend and backend combine to create the Full Stack. A tech stack comprises an operating system, a server, a database, and other vital tools like libraries, frameworks, environments, and so on. When multiple such tech stacks are layered and run together, they create a Full Stack. Source   What does fullstack developer do? Now, a Full Stack Developer is a software expert who’s equally proficient in frontend (client-side) development and backend (server-side) development. Full Stack Developers are familiar with each layer of tech stacks that go into the making of a software product. They know how each layer functions and, most importantly, can manipulate all the backend components. Full Stack Developers have a broad skill set and extensive knowledge base. Thus, one needs years of experience in software development to earn the title of a Full Stack Developer. They are highly valued by large companies and small startups alike. Doing full stack web development courses significantly increases your chances of getting hired in your dream company as adding certifications from authorized institutions increases the weightage of your resume.  Related Article: Full Stack Developer Salary in India Hope you got a brief understanding of what is a full stack developer, now let’s move on to, how to become a full stack developer. What are the crucial Full Stack Developer skills? As we mentioned before, a Full Stack Developer boasts of a wide variety of skills. Here are Full Stack Developer skills that are non-negotiable! 1. HTML/CSS While HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. HTML is used for adding web content, and CSS is a personalization tool for designing and styling a website. Both HTML and CSS determine the look and feel of a website, which ultimately plays a major role in attracting prospective customers.  Full Stack Developers have to work with HTML to define the structure of web pages by using markup. They must also be proficient in CSS for effective presentation of the HTML elements. Full Stack Developers must have extensive knowledge in both of these programming languages for creating an interactive, intuitive, and engaging frontend for applications.  upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   2. JavaScript When it comes to web and software development, JavaScript is a mandatory Full Stack Developer skill. The object-oriented scripting language is mostly used for adding behaviors using HTML. It is one of the most widely used languages for writing frontend and backend code for servers. Furthermore, JavaScript is the only programming language that can run natively in the browser and on the server-side (Node.js).  Full Stack Developers must have in-depth knowledge of JavaScript along with its concepts and features like React and Angular. One of the best things about JavaScript is that it includes numerous useful features, including functions, prototypes, higher-order event delegation, and closure, which help create responsive web pages. It is also mandatory for Full Stack Developers to upgrade their JavaScript knowledge as and when new frameworks, libraries, and tools are launched. Apart from this, Full Stack Developers must know how to use DOM and JSON. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Checkout: Full Stack Developer Project Ideas for Beginners 3. Git and GitHub  Every developer, as well as aspiring developers, has heard of Git. It is an open-source “distributed version control system” that can handle all your development needs. It promises speed and efficiency for both small and large-scale projects. With Git, developers can seamlessly manage all the changes made to applications, codes, websites, documents, and other information associated with software/application development. Professional developers usually have a GitHub profile, which is compulsory if working in a team.  As for Full Stack Developers, Git allows them to track every minor modification done to the application codebase. They must be aware of all the basic Git commands and examples. Using Git empowers Full Stack Developers to explore unique opportunities for security, productivity, and management. Knowledge of Git allows Full Stack Developers to better collaborate and cooperate with their fellow developers/programmers who are working on the same project.  Learn more: Git vs Github: Difference Between Git and Github 4. Backend languages While we’ve covered the two most critical frontend languages, HTML and CSS (along with JavaScript), the other pivotal part of an application or software is the backend. While backend development is a whole different game, there’s plenty of programming languages to choose from. Doing a full stack web development course will help you learn the required languages necessary to become a full stack developer.  A Full Stack Developer must know at least a few of these languages for backend development: PHP – One of the most popular choices for backend development, PHP is an open-source, cross-platform compatible language that can work seamlessly on Unix, macOS, and Windows.  Python – Python’s English-like syntax, smooth learning curve, and a vast assortment of libraries and frameworks is what makes it extremely popular among developers and coders around the world.  Ruby – Ruby is a robust programming language. An active community of developers backs it, but it also boasts of excellent documentation and dependencies, making it the ideal choice for backend development. Java – Java is a multipurpose programming language. It can be used for web, desktop, and mobile application development. Plus, Java has a wide range of frameworks that further simplify the process of backend development. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses 5. Web architecture Full Stack Developers are the wizards of software development. They are equipped with multiple skills pertaining to both frontend and backend development.  Full Stack Developers need to know the nitty-gritty of web architecture. Since their primary responsibility is to develop complex software applications from scratch, they must know how to structure the code, categorize the files, structure the data in databases, and perform the necessary computational tasks. Read more on Web development project ideas. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 6. HTTP and REST Both HTTP and REST serve two unique purposes. HTTP is the protocol used for facilitating communication with the client, whereas REST is an interface between systems using the HTTP protocol to gather data or perform different operations (in various formats) on the data. So, REST acts like a translator between the frontend and the backend.  Since HTTP and REST are necessary for Full Stack development, Full Stack Developers must master both. 7. Database storage All web applications need a database where all the data will be stored. This is to ensure that developers can access the data later. Database storage calls for an experienced and skilled Full Stack Developer who knows relational databases and database storage inside-out. Full-stack developers must be adept in database management – they should be able to design, understand, and manipulate database queries. They must also know how to work with XML and JSON.  Things that a Full Stack Developer must know concerning database storage and management: Characteristics of relational/non-relational data. Knowledge of NoSQL databases.  Knowledge of web storage. Read: 21 Interesting Web Development Project Ideas For Beginners 8. Basic design skills As we’ve made it clear that a Full Stack Developer is concerned with frontend and backend, they must possess the fundamental design skills. The knowledge of frontend design is crucial to make a website look attractive and appealing. A website with a neat and user-friendly design always wins the hearts of the users.  Thus, Full Stack Developers must know the basic design principles, including UI & UX design, prototypes, scalability, etc.  9. NPM NPM is the package manager explicitly designed for Node.js. It aids in the installation of different packages. It also offers relevant solutions for various dependencies. NPM allows developers to place modules optimally to help the node to find them and manage the dependency conflicts accordingly. NPM is highly configurable, and thus, it can be used for many applications, including the development, publishing, discovery, and installation of node programs.  10. Soft skills When you aspire to become a Full Stack Developer, technical skills solely won’t suffice. You must possess the perfect balance of technical knowledge and soft skills. Every Full Stack Developer must have the following soft skills: An analytical bent of mind Good time management skills Curiosity for learning Attention to detail Creative vision Patience Learn Software Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Frameworks One of the top skills for a full stack developer is knowledge about different frameworks. Full stack developers should be aware of the different frameworks required to back up the front end of an application. The top frameworks that full stack developers should know about include Angular, React, and Vue.js.  Knowledge About Operating Systems Proficiency with different operating systems is an important full stack developer skill set. Before beginning with the software development process, full stack developers need to determine the platform where it will run. If your software runs locally, it will need a machine. Eventually, the machine will need an operating system to run.  Therefore, knowledge about operating systems is one of the key skills required for full stack developers. A few things that to know what are the skills required for full stack developers are memory management, distribution file system, virtualization, inter-process communication, and more.  Version Control System You should also develop the full stack developer skills or skills for full stack developer to understand version control systems. Full stack developers should understand project management and manage to track the entire history to be proficient with version control systems.  A version control system includes details about a company’s workflow. Therefore, having knowledge about popular version control systems can help solve different operational challenges. While acquiring full stack Java developer skills, it’s crucial to learn about different version control systems like GIT, GitHub, Apache Subversion, and GitLab. Database Knowledge Knowledge about different databases is one of the most important Java full stack developer skills. Full stack developers must have a proper understanding of where and how data will be stored. Being a full stack developer means you will have to write queries to call data when required. Therefore, full stack developers should be able to design and manipulate database queries. You will be required to work with both relational and non-relational databases as a full stack developer.   Monitoring Tools Apps have the tendency to crash, particularly when developers are ready to push it live. That’s when the need for monitoring surfaces. Therefore, proficiency with monitoring tools is one of the most crucial full stack developer skills 2023. Full stack developers should be able to monitor application logs and server status. They should also know how to solve complexities in an app after it is live. The key monitoring tools that a full stack developer should be familiar with are as follows: Monitor analytics: Helps with predicting and analyzing requirements or issues Preventing crashes: Preventing crashes helps with solving complexities easily. End-to-end monitoring: Useful for monitoring across the environment Performance monitoring: Used to monitor logs, metrics, and more Monitor InfraL: Useful for monitoring containers, servers, and more Testing If you want to know “what are the skills required for a full stack developer,” testing skills are one of them. Testing involves determining the success of any software. The primary aim of the testing process is to ensure that a software solution is free from deadlocks.  Among the different full stack developer skills required, testing skills ensure data loss can be prevented from a software solution. Full stack developers need to perform different categories of testing, including functional, structural, and non-functional testing. The key testing tools used by full stack developers include data factory, turbo data, and data generator.  What are the vital backend developer skills? The major backend developer skills include – Python:  It is one of the most used development languages and is considered the fastest-growing programming language due to its ease of learning. The langue easily supports multiple programming styles and helps create excellent data visualisation. Hence, learning Python becomes a must. HTML: It is the building block of the internet. Hence, it can help backend developers determine the web page structure while working alongside other languages. JavaScript: Similar to HTML, this language is primarily used for web pages, but platforms like Adobe Acrobat also use it for smooth functioning.  SQL: For backend developers, Structured Query language AKA SQL is an important tool as it majorly helps manipulate relational databases. Apart from that, it also helps delete and insert records swiftly and run tasks like creating new tables, establishing permissions on the table or file queries against databases. API (REST & SOAP): Knowing how to create REST and SOAP is a highly valued skill for any full-stack developer. Therefore, knowing API is vital if you wish to be a part of great projects.  Present Market for Full Stack Web Developers There are more than 10,000 job openings for full stack developers alone in India. Giant companies like Amazon, Mastercard, Walmart, Adobe, Google and IBM are constantly posting for various full stack developer jobs across India. These types of jobs are majorly permanent. However, there are also 150+ jobs that are either part-time, contract-based or internships. Amazon is one of the most active hirers for full stack developers, extending both on-site as well as remote opportunities.  Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Future of full stack web developers  The future of full stack development seems extraordinary, with a tremendous growth opportunity and lucrative salary packages. A full stack developer can be an asset for a company if they can also perform mean-stack development and DeVos development. As most companies prefer hiring a generalist more than a specialist, a full-stack developer remains on top of their lists. The number of tech-inclusive companies is constantly rising, and even if a company isn’t very tech-savvy, they still require web development to some extent. Hence, there are and will always be ample opportunities for full stack developers.  Conclusion To conclude, Full Stack Developers are highly skilled experts who can handle everything related to web development. These Full Stack Developer skills are what distinguishes them from Frontend and Backend Developers.  Why doing a full stack web development course will help? Structured learning 1 to 1 mentorship Job assistance Latest language and tools Career support and more. If you’re interested to learn more about full-stack software development, pursuing a full stack web development course will help you master full-stack web development. Check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Program in Full-stack Software Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.