If you are someone who dreams of getting into the IT industry but doesn’t have a passion for learning programming, then it’s OKAY! Let me burst a prominent myth: “Not every tech-related career requires you to be an expert programmer!”  What stops me if I am drawn to the innovative tech field and have a passion for software development? If I’m not excited about learning programming, don’t worry – not every tech-related career requires me to be an expert programmer!  Some high-paying jobs don’t have significant coding requirements. However, my skills and interests will help me climb the ladder. Understanding basic programming is the cherry on the cake. Still, many companies have openings for people from non-tech backgrounds, and many jobs allow me to work in IT in supporting and supervisory roles.  In this article, you will learn about the best IT jobs without coding. Take a glimpse. IT Project Manager IT Support Specialist User Experience (UX) Designer Software Quality Tester SEO Specialist AWS Solution Architect Data analyst Network Administrator Digital Marketer Read the full article to know more. You can also check out our free courses offered by upGrad under IT technology. Switching careers is not easy, but great things don’t come easy. While coding is an excellent skill in tech industries, my doors are still open in the IT industry if I am a non-techie. Before diving into some of the best IT jobs I can pursue without coding, let’s understand some key facts about the IT domain.  Why Select Jobs In IT? The IT sector has witnessed rapid growth offering employment opportunities to billions of individuals worldwide. The industry provides a plethora of opportunities for people who entertain different sets of skills and talents. The revenue generation of the industry has been growing ever since its inception shaping it into one of the sectors with rapid growth.  The sector also offers competitive salaries and attractive compensation packages for experts in specialized areas. Additionally, the industry entertains a relatively low rate of unemployment, especially because the demand for IT professionals always remains constant, offering the security of jobs even during economic downturns.  As technology is constantly evolving, IT professionals continuously get to learn new things and keep up with the latest trends making a provision for personal as well as professional growth opportunities. IT jobs also offer work arrangement flexibility, including remote work options, flexible hours of work, and maintaining a better work-life balance. Best Job in IT without Programming Skills 1. IT Project Manager Technology projects have a lot of nitty-gritty to supervise and manage. The IT project manager will have to keep an eye on the progress of the project. They monitor the project from start to finish, ensuring that no details are lost in these busy projects.  IT project managers don’t have to do programming tasks themselves, but they do need to know the basics of what’s happening on the technical side of the project. In addition, the manager must build skills to communicate critical and technical parts of the project to the client. These skills are essential for the smooth functioning of the organization. This is why it is most sought after non coding jobs in it sector. The project managers should also be having the skills of problem-solving and risk analysis. This is something that is crucial to this job role. The upskilling and honing of the skills are ideal for this job role.  This is why it is the most sought-after non coding jobs in IT sector. Source Source Average IT Project Manager Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹18.6 Lakh Mumbai ₹17.4 Lakh Hyderabad ₹17.9 Lakh Chennai ₹17.7 Lakh New Delhi ₹16.4 Lakh Pune ₹18.6 Lakh Gurgaon ₹16.8 Lakh Noida ₹17.1 Lakh Average IT Project Manager Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 5 Year ₹8.9 Lakh 6 Year ₹10.1 Lakh 7 Year ₹11.3 Lakh 10 Year ₹14.8 Lakh 15 Year+ ₹19.1 Lakh Average IT Project Manager Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹19.2 Lakh Financial Services ₹17.8 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹17.6 Lakh Software Product ₹18.3 Lakh Edtech ₹16.6 Lakh Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 2. IT Support Specialist IT support specialists facilitate clients’ and customers’ setup. They also learn to use new software, equipment and troubleshoot any errors. The main work involves extensive programs and technical equipment, but you won’t be required to code software programs.  This role is a blend of technological know-how and customer support. So, you should have the basic technical skills needed for diagnosing and resolving project issues. While the role demands specialized skills in data restoration, you must also have competent interpersonal skills like time management and communication skills. Hard skills such as hardware and software installation and management, removal of viruses, etc. should be known to the IT Support Specialist. Source This role is a blend of technological know-how and customer support. So, you should have the basic technical skills needed for diagnosing and resolving project issues. The role demands specialized data restoration skills but competency in interpersonal, time management and communication skills is a must. Source Average IT Support Specialist Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹6.2 Lakh Mumbai ₹4.7 Lakh Hyderabad ₹5.9 Lakh Chennai ₹5.0 Lakh New Delhi ₹4.9 Lakh Pune ₹4.0 Lakh Gurgaon ₹5.2 Lakh Noida ₹5.2 Lakh Average IT Support Specialist Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹3.4 Lakh 2 Year ₹4.3 Lakh 3 Year ₹5.3 Lakh 4 Year ₹6.0 Lakh 5 Year ₹6.7 Lakh Average IT Support Specialist Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹7.2 Lakh Financial Services ₹4.9 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹5.1 Lakh Software Product ₹6.3 Lakh Hardware & Networking ₹8.8 Lakh In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Also, Check out online degree programs at upGrad. 3. User Experience (UX) Designer “It’s about looking at digital technology through the eyes of the user.” Websites, applications, and other technology-related designs have a lot going on in the background. UX stands for User Experience and the term “user experience” relates to how end-users interact with a product. UX designers follow basic standards to ensure that consumers can quickly browse their products and obtain the information they need. They perform in-depth research to understand the customer’s needs and pain points to create a product that meets their requirements. This is also one of the  without coding IT jobs. Although UX design does not mandate learning programming skills, UX designers must know how to work with applications such as Adobe Creative Suite. Besides, having strong creative, imaginative, research aptitude and problem-solving skills to develop designs to address the pain points of the target audience is a must. The UI/UX Designers should be having the skills of testing, user research, creation of prototypes, etc. As they build the interface for the users for that, they should be known to this set of skills. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Source Average UI/UX Designer Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹11.1 Lakh Mumbai ₹9.2 Lakh Hyderabad ₹9.8 Lakh Chennai ₹8.9 Lakh New Delhi ₹8.8 Lakh Pune ₹10.2 Lakh Gurgaon ₹11.6 Lakh Noida ₹9.5 Lakh Kolkata ₹7.9 Lakh Average UI/UX Designer Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹6.8 Lakh 2 Year ₹7.3 Lakh 3 Year ₹8.8 Lakh 4 Year ₹10.4 Lakh 6 Year ₹12.0 Lakh Average UI/UX Designer Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹14.0 Lakh Hardware & Networking ₹13.8 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹9.9 Lakh Software Product ₹12.5 Lakh Financial Services ₹9.9 Lakh 4. Software Quality Tester Software quality testers (SQTs) guarantee that software products are high quality before being released to the public. The field is connected to quality assurance but distinct from its quality assurance. SQTs execute a variety of scalability, functional, and stress tests across a variety of customer scenarios to “break” the software to find faults and enhance the quality of the product. This can be done without having any knowledge about programming and coding. The SQTs should be known to the skills of documentation,  business mapping, report generation, logical and analytical reasoning, etc. As there work to maintain the quality of the software, they need to be assured with proper data, it does not work on ambiguity. Source Source Average Software Quality Tester Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹3.8 Lakh Mumbai ₹3.4 Lakh Hyderabad ₹3.6 Lakh Chennai ₹4.9 Lakh Kolkata ₹3.6 Lakh Pune ₹4.6 Lakh Noida ₹3.9 Lakh Average Software Quality Tester Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹2.9 Lakh 2 Year ₹3.5 Lakh 3 Year ₹4.4 Lakh 4 Year ₹5.2 Lakh 5 Year ₹6.0 Lakh Average Software Quality Tester Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹4.3 Lakh Financial Services ₹3.0 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹4.4 Lakh Software Product ₹4.0 Lakh Analytics & KPO ₹5.8 Lakh 5. SEO Specialist An SEO specialist, a search engine optimization specialist, is usually classified under the technical field. However, while search engine optimization (SEO) is sometimes lumped in with marketing, it has its own set of technical characteristics, such as dealing with growth rankings in search engines whose algorithms are constantly being tweaked. SEO experts work with developers and web designers to ensure that SEO best practices are followed across the board. SEO specialists also have the following responsibilities: Perform keyword research. Collaborate with content teams to make SEO a priority in content creation. Improve search engine rankings by optimizing page copy. Track and evaluate website analytics and Pay-Per-Click (PPC) campaigns. The SEO specialists should be having knowledge of technical and programming,  data, creative, communication, and analysis skills. They strategize to increase the traffic of the website so that it gets placed higher when the search is done. To do it better, they search for specific keywords in order to increase the placement. This is one of the high paying best job in it without programming. Source Average SEO Specialist Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹4.6 Lakh Mumbai ₹4.8 Lakh Hyderabad ₹4.8 Lakh Chennai ₹5.5 Lakh New Delhi ₹4.4 Lakh Pune ₹4.5 Lakh Gurgaon ₹4.5 Lakh Noida ₹5.1 Lakh Average SEO Specialist Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹3.4 Lakh 3 Year ₹4.1 Lakh 4 Year ₹4.8 Lakh 5 Year ₹5.4 Lakh 7 Year ₹6.2 Lakh Average SEO Specialist Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹5.8 Lakh Financial Services ₹4.5 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹3.9 Lakh Software Product ₹3.8 Lakh Marketing & Advertising ₹4.6 Lakh 6. AWS Solution Architect This is a highly sought-after job role in the oeuvre of the IT industry that doesn’t require extensive programming skills. As an AWS Solution architect, the main focus is on planning, managing, and designing cloud infrastructures and solutions using Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud services. Although knowing programming language might prove advantageous, it is not a mandate for this job role.  The candidates who will be considered suitable for this job role must understand the requirements for business and design cost-effective, reliable, and scalable cloud-based solutions on the AWS platform. They must enter into a collaboration with different stakeholders, including the operations team, business leaders, and developers, and create robust architecture that would meet the need of the business effectively. The primary skill essential for this job role is a thorough knowledge of AWS cloud services concerning storage, computing, and security, among many more. An AWS certification can enhance one’s job credibility in this particular field and help one secure high-paying non-coding IT jobs. Source Average AWS Solution Architect Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹15.1 Lakh Mumbai ₹15.8 Lakh Hyderabad ₹14.3 Lakh Chennai ₹15.1 Lakh New Delhi ₹16.5 Lakh Pune ₹15.8 Lakh Gurgaon ₹14.6 Lakh Noida ₹15.9 Lakh Average AWS Solution Architect Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹4.0 Lakh 2 Year ₹5.2 Lakh 4 Year ₹8.3 Lakh 6 Year ₹9.4 Lakh 8 Year ₹14.4 Lakh 10 Year ₹19.6 Lakh Average AWS Solution Architect Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹15.0 Lakh Financial Services ₹16.7 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹15.2 Lakh Software Product ₹14.5 Lakh Analytics & KPO ₹16.2 Lakh 7. Data Analyst Data Analyst professions are ideal for people who enjoy analyzing large data sets, recognizing trends, and communicating their findings in simple terms. Data analysts must have strong mathematical, statistics, and analytics. They need to collect and organize vast volumes of data. Thus, data mining and processing skills are crucial for this role. The skills of data visualization,  data management, SQL, statistical programming, etc. Possession of only the hard skills is not enough having equally soft skills is required as data analysts work with different teams. This is one of the highest paying non coding it jobs. Source Average Data Analyst Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹6.9 Lakh Mumbai ₹6.7 Lakh Hyderabad ₹6.6 Lakh Chennai ₹6.6 Lakh New Delhi ₹6.7 Lakh Pune ₹6.4 Lakh Gurgaon ₹7.1 Lakh Noida ₹6.7 Lakh Kolkata ₹6.6 Lakh Average Data Analyst Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹4.6 Lakh 2 Year ₹5.3 Lakh 3 Year ₹6.0 Lakh 4 Year ₹6.8 Lakh 5 Year ₹7.7 Lakh Average Data Analyst Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹7.5 Lakh Analytics & KPO ₹7.1 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹6.1 Lakh Software Product ₹6.8 Lakh Financial Services ₹7.1 Lakh 8. Network Administrator Network administrators are in charge of setting up, configuring, and maintaining the hardware and software systems that keep a company’s equipment linked. Though this position requires a high level of technical knowledge, it does not require advanced coding or programming expertise (though they can come in handy for automating tedious processes). They serve a critical role in keeping a company or organization operational. For example, they are frequently the first people called in the case of a significant outage or network breakdown. Network administrators should be having the skills in IT, technical, problem-solving, etc. Their work creates a bigger impact on a daily basis as the network is the core of any business operation. They ensure stable network operations, for that they plan, design, and execute the network hardware, software, etc. With basic education skills, this makes a good career option for non coding IT jobs for freshers. Source Average Network Administrator Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹5.9 Lakh Mumbai ₹6.0 Lakh Hyderabad ₹5.9 Lakh Chennai ₹5.9 Lakh New Delhi ₹5.9 Lakh Pune ₹5.8 Lakh Gurgaon ₹6.1 Lakh Noida ₹6.0 Lakh Kolkata ₹6.0 Lakh Average Network Administrator Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary 1 Year ₹2.8 Lakh 2 Year ₹3.4 Lakh 3 Year ₹4.1 Lakh 4 Year ₹4.7 Lakh 5 Year ₹5.2 Lakh Average Network Administrator Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary Internet ₹5.6 Lakh Hardware & Networking ₹4.9 Lakh IT Services & Consulting ₹5.8 Lakh Software Product ₹6.1 Lakh Financial Services ₹6.8 Lakh 9. Digital Marketer Another popular non-coding IT job role within the industry that doesn’t include the requirement to learn programming skills is digital marketing. It is a specialized field that aims at promoting various products and services as well as brands making use of digital channels and technologies. All a digital marketer needs to do, is leverage online platforms and adopt various strategies to reach their target audience and engage them.  This often includes the creation and efficient management of digital advertising campaigns, conducting market research, producing content, managing social media accounts, analyzing data, and optimizing websites for SEO. As clarified earlier, the skill set required for this job doesn’t involve any programming. Still, it requires a diverse skill set which typically involves data analysis, creativity, email marketing, SEO knowledge, and adaptability to different tools available for digital marketing.  With the world going online in the age of digitalization, there has been a significant increase in the online presence of companies as a strategy for marketing. This enhanced the demand for digital marketers making the job role quite demandable and high paying. Another advantage of opting for this job role is that it isn’t stressful at all and doesn’t involve a lot of time. Therefore one can get ample time for enjoying every day and every moment of your life. It doesn’t even require a degree but relevant certifications and the acquisition of a unique set of skills that would offer a competitive advantage for companies. Source Average Digital Marketer Salary based on Locations: City Salary Bangalore ₹5.5 Lakh New Delhi ₹4.2 Lakh Mumbai ₹3.7 Lakh Hyderabad ₹4.8 Lakh Pune ₹4.6 Lakh Chennai ₹4.1 Lakh Noida ₹3.7 Lakh Ahmedabad ₹3.9 Lakh Average Digital Marketer Salary based on Experience: Experience Salary Fresher ₹2.7 Lakh 1 Year ₹2.8 Lakh 2 Year ₹3.5 Lakh 3 Year ₹3.9 Lakh 5 Year ₹6.0 Lakh Average Digital Marketer Salary based on Industry: Industry Salary IT Services ₹6.8 Lakh Internet ₹6.7 Lakh Software Product ₹5.1 Lakh Financial Services ₹6.7 Lakh KPO ₹5.1 Lakh Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Key Facts About the IT domain  1. Not everyone can code Even though technical jobs are the core of any industry, this field hosts other non-coding IT jobs too. Taking a product like Spotify as an example, you will need a product and tech team to build the primary interface to play music. But many people are working hard to provide you with an excellent product experience.  Many teams are associated with a successful brand like marketing, PR, growth hackers, content creators, etc. Then there are also professionals like graphic designers/UX designers who build an efficient and functional interface for better customer experience.    Basically, there are many without coding IT jobs in the industry which are in the field of designing, analysis, program or project management, etc. Knowing only coding to enter a field is not mandatory, having a good understanding of the recently mentioned skills will open many new gates to entering the industry. Check out Java Bootcamp from upGrad 2. Easy ways to pick up tech skills In earlier days, the choices you made after 12th grade dictated your career trajectory, but it is not the case anymore. With the increased number of options and availability of courses, one can acquire tech skills easily. So, if you have a thirst for knowledge and upskilling, mastering industry-relevant tech skills shouldn’t be an issue.   Today with the advent of technology and online learning, many resources are there for curious minds to gain knowledge. Anyone having the will and the efforts can take advantage of these available resources. Also, today’s time is different because there are more opportunities with the advent of technology so the choice of subject one chooses after 12th, they have not to live with it for the rest of their career. People can switch their fields by upskilling themselves. 3. A wide spectrum of choices  You can choose to switch from a non-technical field to a technical job at any time in your career. Tech roles like business analyst, project manager, and market research analyst are some of the examples of non-coding jobs in the IT sector. This is one of the best aspects of the technical domain – it is Now that the myth of having tech skills to enter the IT industry has been burst, let’s get to know some of the many IT jobs without coding. A broad umbrella encompassing numerous tech and non-tech roles giving opportunities for non coding IT jobs for freshers.  In order to get into non coding jobs, one must upskill themselves. One can upskill in data analysis, project management, program management, market research, etc. There are opportunities to upskill nowadays, the time should be invested to upskill now. Our learners also read: Java free online courses! Wrapping Up So, there you have it – I’ve just shared seven best jobs in IT without programming skills! Now that you are aware of these well-paying roles, it’s time for you to upskill and gain the right expertise to make yourself an attractive candidate for potential employers. You can enroll in professional certification programs such as upGrad’s Executive PG Programme in Machine Learning & AI. It is a 12-month course that provides deep learning, NLP, Reinforcement Learning, and much more.  Don’t procrastinate – choose the right course that aligns with your career interests and get going! 

Wondering what is the range of Scrum Master salary in India? Have you ever watched a game of rugby? Whether your answer is a yes or a no, you might have come across the term ‘scrum’ in the sport where the team organises themselves to work together to achieve a goal. Well, professional teams need to ‘scrum’ to achieve their project goals and complex projects and unite efficiently through this project management framework.  Generally associated with the field and Information Technology and specifically, in software development, the Scrum framework has become a popular term. Often considered a lightweight Agile framework, Scrum was developed to provide adaptive solutions for complex problems. It breaks down complex tasks into smaller, manageable components. Its principles are not limited to the IT field but are transferable to any kind of teamwork. At the centre of its implementation is the Scrum team and the Scrum Master is at the helm of the ship.   The contribution of the Scrum framework to the software development field is for everyone to see. The success and popularity of Scrum worldwide have made understanding this framework important for individuals as well as groups. For individuals, it is a great career avenue, which is known to reward good work. As a result, Scrum Master salary in India is significantly increasing. On the other hand, businesses need to understand how it works to make their software development teams function more smoothly. Check out our free courses related to software development. Both these reasons put together have paved the way for an increase in demand for Scrum Masters, who are at the forefront of not implementing the framework but also seeing to it that it is done away that produces the desired outcomes. More and more people are choosing this specialization as a career, and a good Scrum Master salary in India is one of the biggest reasons behind this. We will attend to the salary part later. Our first focus is on the framework itself and how it works.  Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Learn Software programs online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. What is Scrum? Scrum framework makes different teams involved in software development function as a single team. It is much like DevOps and Agile teams that work together to achieve a common objective. Scrum is all about making teams learn from their experiences and work on their organization themselves when finding a solution for a problem. It also encourages teams to follow a path to continuous improvement by delving into the reasons for their victories as well as losses. It is just like how a rugby team works, and no wonder that the framework gets its name from the same sport.  Scrum outlines specific fundamental values known as the ‘Scrum Values.’ They are- courage, focus, commitment, respect, and openness. Each of these values contributes toward the cohesive functioning and management of a Scrum team.  Additionally, Scrum has three artifacts or tools to solve a problem. Let’s take a closer look at each of them. Product Backlog- Maintained by the Product Owner or Product Manager, the product backlog is the team’s to-do list. It is a list of tasks that need to be done by the team and updated constantly to keep track of the dynamic situation that needs to be considered for the project. It provides the data for the sprint backlog. Sprint Backlog- A development team selects the enhancements, fixes, and user stories that will take priority in every sprint cycle. During the sprint planning meeting, the list of tasks is selected for the development team will work to complete. Although the sprint goal is set in stone, the sprint backlog is flexible and can evolve depending on the conditions of the sprint.  Increment- Also known as the Sprint Goal, an increment is the end product of a sprint, meaning it is what the team has ‘Done’ or completed in the sprint. It marks the closure or completion of a sprint goal. However, the sprint goal may not necessarily mean that a product has been ‘shipped’ to the customer, as each sprint duration may differ from team to team.  There are five Scrum Events or prescribed events to introduce efficient time management to prevent wastage of time through unnecessary team meetings and bring regularity to the project. They are: Sprint- A Sprint has a fixed time length and may be considered a short project to achieve a Product Goal. To create consistency, each Sprint is for one month or less. The Sprint includes all the other Sprint Events. It ensures progress is made towards achieving the Product Goal and allows the team to inspect and adapt their work at each stage of executing the complex task.  Sprint Planning- During this Scrum Event, the team collaboratively decides the necessary tasks they will undertake from the Product Backlog during the current sprint cycle. Sprint Planning is generally timeboxed to a maximum of eight hours for a one-month cycle to prevent time waste.  Daily Scrum- Usually a 15-minute Scrum Event for Developers, it helps them take stock of the progress made towards the Sprint Goal and to adjust their Sprint Backlog according to the need of the needs of their goal. The Product Owner and Scrum Master may participate in these events as Developers depending on their involvement with the project.  Sprint Review- Involving the Scrum Team and stakeholders invited by the Product Owner, the Sprint Review is a session to review the accomplishments of the sprint cycle and the progress made towards achieving the Product Goal. The team also examines future adaptations during the review meeting.  Sprint Retrospective- It is the concluding Scrum Event where the Scrum Team evaluates their performance to improve their future effectiveness as a team. They inspect what worked for them and what didn’t during the Sprint cycle. Moreover, recommendation on what changes are necessary to increase productivity and efficiency for the next Sprint is deliberated.  The Scrum that we are discussing here applies to software development teams, but there is no reason why its principles can’t be used in other types of teamwork. And that is one of the biggest reasons that it is so popular across the world. It is also often taken as a part of the agile project management framework, which it is not. Scrum is used to define a set of roles, meetings, and tools that work together in an organized manner to allow teams to structure themselves and handle work management more efficiently.  Now the reason that makes people think that Scrum has something to do with agile is its principle that focusses on continuous improvement, which is also one of the primary principles of agile. The difference lies in the basic and general purpose of using the two. Agile is an approach or a mindset while Scrum is a framework whose only purpose is the get the work done. Going agile takes dedicated effort from the entire team. On the other hand, Scrum is a framework that can be put to work any given day to start about the agile way and build principles that are associated with it.  Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in DevOps In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain Our learners also read: Free java course! The Scrum framework is empirical in nature. Its basics include continuous learning and flexibility to factors that keep on fluctuating. It works on the assumption that a team doesn’t have complete knowledge of a project in the beginning. But it becomes better in this aspect with experience. It follows a structure to allow teams to adjust to ever-changing user requirements and conditions. Short release cycles and re-prioritization help teams to constantly learn and get better. It is structured but in no way rigid. It is easy to customize its execution based on the requirements of a business. You will find a number of theories that say different things about the ways that Scrum teams need to work to be successful. No matter what way you choose, make sure you maintain clear channels of communication, dedication towards achieving continuous improvement, and utmost transparency to be successful.  Scrum Job roles 1. Product owner This individual needs to be someone who is always available has a vision and commands authority. It’s the product owner that is given the responsibility to continuously remind the development team of its visions and priorities. It has often been seen that it becomes difficult for these individuals to know the right extent to which they need to involve themselves in a project. As we already discussed, Scrum encourages teams to organize themselves on their own, so it is very important for a product owner to not start micro-managing the teams. But they also have to available all the time to answer the team’s questions. They just need to find the right balance.  2. Scrum Master This individual is the facilitator or the organizer for the product owner as well as the team. However, this person is not involved in team management. The focus of the Scrum Master is to get rid of all the hurdles that are coming in the way the team’s achievement of its sprint objectives. Scrum Master ensures that the team continues to be both productive and creative and that it is able to showcase its successes in front of the product owner. This individual also makes suggestions to the product owner for maximizing ROI.  3. Team The team self organizes itself to complete the work. Scrum teams usually have between three to nine members that sit in one room, away from any distractions. Scrum teams for software development projects have programmers, software engineers, analysts, architects, testers, UI designers, and quality analysts. The team, with every sprint, has the responsibility of determining how it will complete the given work.  Read: Full-Stack vs. Software Engineer What does a Scrum Master do? The Scrum Master ensures the facilitation of the Scrum framework during a project. They are responsible for holding together the framework and simplifying the entire process for the team, the product owner, and the organization in general. This individual is the point of contact for both the product owner and the team and is also responsible for understanding every sprint’s broader development picture. These people not only delegate tasks to the team but also ensure that every member of the team is working on the priority task at a given point of time. Another responsibility is not letting the team sit idle and ensuring that it is fully deployed for a project.  The Scrum Master also works closely with the product owner and ensures that the team understands the domain, objectives, and scope of a product. They help the product owner to get effectively manage the product backlog before the next sprint. They also organize sprint planning meetings and eliminate the hindrances coming in the way of the successful completion of a project.  The Scrum Master also has a few important responsibilities towards their organization. They take the coaching and leading responsibilities during the transition phase. They make all the stakeholders and employees understand the empirical model of product development and follow it. They will work with other Scrum Masters in an organization to ensure that the productivity runs uniformly throughout. They also keep the stakeholders informed about the current status of sprint and development. Now that you know what the Scrum framework is, how it works, and the responsibilities that a Scrum Master has to fulfill, we will shift our attention towards Scrum Master salary in India and what factors play an important role in deciding it.  Check out: Product Management vs Project Management Scrum Master Salary in India The average Scrum Master salary in India is Rs. 1,412,000 per annum. It can go up to a maximum of Rs. 2,268,000 per annum in some situations and come down to as low as Rs. 7,02,000 per annum in other situations. The factors that play an important role in deciding a salary for a candidate is their experience, the city that they will be deployed in, and the company that they will be working with. If all these factors work in your favor, you can expect to reach the higher side of the salary spectrum. Let us now see the difference in Scrum Master salaries according to location. (Data taken from Glassdoor) Factors Affecting Scrum Master Salary in India Scrum Master salary in India can be affected by multiple factors. Let’s see some primary salary affecting factors: Location Experience Employer Skillset Scrum Master Salary in India: Based on Location Scrum Master salary can vary significantly based on the location or place of your employment. It may be higher than the national average in cities like Bangalore, or it may be lower such as the Scrum Master salary Pune. We will be considering only the metro cities. If you are working as a Scrum Master in New Delhi, you will be earning something around Rs. 1,276,000 per annum. The average salary of a Scrum Master in Mumbai is quite similar to what this professional earns in New Delhi. It is around Rs. 1,255,000 per annum. It is on the higher side when it comes to Bangalore. The Average Scrum Master salary Bangalore is Rs. 1,500,000, which is higher  than the national average. Therefore, most of the professionals aim to bag opportunities that allow them to bag a scrum master salary Bangalore instead of the scrum master salary Pune has to offer. The figure stands at Rs. 1,647,000 per annum. In Hyderabad, the average Scrum Master Salary is Rs. 1,366,000 per annum while in Pune, it is Rs. 1,438,000 per annum. A Scrum Master in Chennai earns around Rs. 1,300,000 per annum. In Kolkata, the salary is Rs. 1,446,000 per annum. (Data were taken from Glassdoor) This list clearly elucidates the point we are trying to make. Your salary as a Scrum Master would not only vary depending on the company you are working with but also the location you are at. So, if you are working as a Scrum Master in Bangalore, you will be earning about 17% more than the national average. However, the same can’t be said about the salaries of Scrum Masters who work in Noida, Mumbai, and Chennai. Source The salaries at these locations are significantly less than the national average. This difference in salaries can be explained by the presence or non-existence of top companies in these cities. Bangalore is referred to as the IT Hub of India. There are more MNCs in Bangalore than any other city. These top companies are willing to even go beyond their limits to pay higher salaries to candidates who they think are going to be a value addition in their organisation.  Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Scrum Master Salary in India: Based on Experience Let’s see how scrum master salary in India varies based on experience. Entry-Level Scrum Master Salary The average entry-level scrum master salary in India is ₹579,557 Mid-Level Scrum Master Salary The average mid-level scrum master salary in India is ₹1,200,480. Experienced Scrum Master Salary The average experienced scrum master salary in India is 1,538,005. Let’s see how the salary increases with experience: Source Scrum Master Salary in India: Based on Employer Let’s see the most popular employers that employ certified Scrum Masters and what salary they pay them. Capgemini is the company that pays its Scrum Masters the highest salary. The average figure is around Rs. 1,225,000 per annum.  The next in line is J.P Morgan Chase & Co. that pays in the range of Rs. 1,224,000 per annum, which is not too dissimilar to what Capgemini pays. HCL Technologies Limited pays around Rs. 1,000,000 per annum while Tata Consultancy Services offers around Rs. 967,000 per annum to its Scrum Masters. The company that pays the lowest salary to Scrum Masters is Infosys Limited. The average pay is around Rs. 723,000 per annum. (Data taken from Payscale) Also Read: Software Developer Salary in India Scrum Master Salary in India: Based on Skillset Let us also look at the average salaries of professionals with related skills. The minimum and maximum average salaries of Project managers: Rs. 4,79,000  – 2,000,000 per annum IT Business Analysts: Rs. 2,74,000 – 1,000,000 per annum Sr. Business Analysts: Rs. 4,36,000 – 1,000,000 per annum Operations Manager:  Rs. 2,99,000 – 2,000,000 per annum Sr. Project Managers: 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 per annum Source Scrum Master Salary on Other Countries US: Scrum Master average annual salary is $117,000. Source UK: Scrum Master average annual salary is £67,000. Source Salaries of Related Roles Compared to Scrum Master Let’s look at the average salaries of other software related roles compared to Scrum Master salary in India. Software engineer average annual salary in India: ₹514,537 Java Developer average annual salary in India: ₹445,864 Source Also checkout: Full stack developer salary Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Why Should You Become A Scrum Master? In-Demand Skills The Scrum Master role lies in its high demand within the technology industry. As Agile methodologies become the norm for companies, the need for proficient Scrum Masters is rising. By stepping into this role, an individual opens doors to a number of job opportunities. Competitive scrum master certification salary It’s not just the demand that makes the role attractive; it’s also the paycheck that follows suit. According to Glassdoor, the average annual certified scrum master salary or salary of scrum master for a Scrum Master in the United States stands at an impressive $97,000.  But the earning potential is influenced by factors like experience, location, and the size of the company you choose to work for. Improve Team Dynamics They play a pivotal role in fostering a productive and collaborative team environment. This means your skill set equips you to find out and resolve conflicts within the team that promote open communication among members. This will enhance teamwork and the creation of a positive work culture where individuals thrive collectively. Increase Project Success Rate The Agile methodology, synonymous with Scrum Masters, boasts a track record for delivering successful projects on time and within budget. Your role involves implementing Agile practices, significantly improving the likelihood of project success. This not only adds value to your position but also bolsters your credibility as a project leader. Opportunities for Growth Becoming a Scrum Master is not a one-time achievement; it’s an ongoing journey of learning and growth. Continuous improvement is the demand of this role, with a lot of opportunities to expand your knowledge through workshops, conferences, and networking with fellow professionals. This commitment to growth not only enhances your personal development but also positions you for potential career advancements. Top Skills of Scrum Master Embracing Agile Wisdom In the dynamic realm of agile development, a Scrum Master stands as a guiding force, armed with an agile mindset. This foundational skill involves not just comprehending the agile values and principles but weaving them seamlessly into the intricate fabric of the Scrum framework. Crafting Communication Mastery A Scrum Master excels as a communicator, seamlessly navigating the channels of conversation. The ability to not only convey information effectively but also to listen actively is paramount.  Coaching Excellence A Scrum Master dons the hat of a coach, imparting agile wisdom to both the team and the broader organizational landscape. The role involves not just guiding but nurturing a culture of continuous learning rooted in agile practices, values, and principles. Conflict Resolution Virtuosity In the complex world of collaborative endeavors, conflicts are inevitable. A Scrum Master, akin to a skilled mediator, steps in to resolve conflicts within the team and between stakeholders. This skill isn’t just about pacifying; it’s about harmonizing discord and channeling it towards constructive outcomes. Championing Servant Leadership The essence of a Scrum Master lies in servant leadership. Leading by example, they serve the team, fostering an environment of self-organization and empowerment. In this role, authority takes a back seat to collaboration, and mentorship becomes the driving force. Pioneering Continuous Improvement A Scrum Master doesn’t merely settle for the status quo; they are the champions of continuous improvement. Their role extends beyond the sprint cycles, encouraging and facilitating a perpetual quest for betterment within the team and the broader organizational landscape. Technical Acumen While not necessarily a coding virtuoso, a Scrum Master possesses a foundational understanding of technical practices and the product being developed. This knowledge bridges the gap between the visionary aspects of agile planning and the nitty-gritty of execution. Lean Thinking In the pursuit of efficiency, a Scrum Master applies lean principles, aiming to eliminate waste, enhance flow, and optimize the delivery of value. This skill entails a meticulous approach to refining processes and ensuring the agile journey is as streamlined as possible. Emotional Intelligence At the core of a Scrum Master’s skill set lies emotional intelligence. This involves not just understanding and managing one’s own emotions but also navigating the intricate web of emotions within the team. Fostering a positive team culture becomes second nature, creating an environment where each team member can thrive. How to Improve Scrum Master Salary? There are a number of ways by which you can improve your scrum master salary or scrum master salary India with the time. They are: – Developing Your Skills in Scrum To become an expert in Scrum, it’s crucial to invest time in skill development. Participate in courses, attend meetups, and join conferences dedicated to Scrum practices. Engaging in hands-on experiences will deepen your understanding and proficiency in implementing Scrum methodologies. Certification for Career Advancement Consider obtaining certifications such as Certified Scrum Master (SMC) or Professional Scrum Master (PSM). These certifications not only enhance your skills but also open doors to rewarding career opportunities. A Certified Scrum Master (CSM) certification, in particular, can significantly impact scrum master salary or certified scrum master salary, making it a valuable investment in your professional growth. Pursue Advanced Degrees for Higher Earning Potential Boost your career prospects by pursuing advanced degrees, like a master’s or a Ph.D. in project management or a related field. These degrees not only demonstrate your commitment to continuous learning but also position you as an expert in the field. With advanced qualifications, you can command a higher entry-level scrum master salary in India or a Deloitte scrum master salary reflecting your expertise and knowledge. Build Practical Experience in Scrum Hands-on experience is invaluable in the world of Scrum. Take on increasingly challenging projects and positions to build a robust portfolio of achievements. Practical experience not only enhances your skills but also showcases your ability to apply Scrum methodologies effectively. This real-world expertise is highly regarded in the professional landscape. Network Within the Scrum Community Joining networks such as the Scrum Alliance or the Agile Alliance provides a platform for networking and learning from peers in the Scrum community. These connections can lead to job opportunities and valuable insights into best practices. Being part of a community allows you to stay updated on industry trends and collaborate with like-minded professionals. Negotiate Your Salary Strategically Armed with your skills, certifications, and experience, it’s essential to negotiate your scrum master salary in India effectively. Conduct thorough research on industry standards and scrum master fresher salary ranges for professionals with your qualifications. Leverage your practical experience and certifications to showcase your value to potential employers. A well-negotiated scrum master salary in India or salary for certified scrum master not only reflects your worth but also sets the foundation for a financially rewarding career in Scrum. Top Paying Locations In India For Scrum Master India is a hub for IT and project management professionals, with various cities offering lucrative opportunities for Scrum Masters. Let’s delve into some of the top-paying locations where Scrum Masters can thrive in their careers. Bengaluru – The Silicon Valley of India Bengaluru, often referred to as the Silicon Valley of India, stands out as a top-paying location for Scrum Masters. The city hosts numerous IT giants and startups, creating a high demand for skilled professionals. The competitive job market in Bengaluru translates to attractive compensation packages for experienced Scrum Masters. Pune – A Growing IT Hub Pune has emerged as a prominent IT hub, attracting businesses from various sectors. The city’s focus on technology and innovation has led to an increased demand for Scrum Masters. Pune offers competitive salaries, making it an appealing destination for those seeking financial growth in their Scrum Master careers. Hyderabad – Tech-driven Opportunities Hyderabad, renowned for its Information Technology and business-friendly environment, is another top-paying location for Scrum Masters. The city’s robust IT infrastructure and a plethora of multinational corporations contribute to the high demand for skilled professionals, resulting in competitive remuneration Infosys scrum master salary. Mumbai – Financial Capital with IT Opportunities Mumbai, India’s financial capital, is not just about finance. It boasts a thriving IT sector, providing ample opportunities for Scrum Masters. The city’s dynamic business landscape and diverse industries translate to attractive scrum master fresher salary packages, making it a lucrative choice for those seeking financial rewards. Chennai – Emerging IT Destination Chennai has rapidly evolved into an emerging IT destination, offering a favorable environment for Scrum Masters. The city’s expanding IT sector and the presence of major technology companies contribute to competitive salaries. Chennai’s affordability combined with lucrative pay, makes it an attractive location for Scrum Master professionals. Conclusion As you can see, Scrum Masters are unique and play a significant role in the overall success of an organization. They collaborate with both product owners and teams to ensure the framework is properly deployed, and the project is timely completed. People often mistake them for project managers. The right Scrum Master can make a huge difference. We hope you liked our article on scrum master salary in India. These numbers above are not set in stone. The real influencer of your salary is the skills you have,  the mastery you have attained over them, and how quickly you grow and make the company grow as well. If you’re interested to learn more about scrum, full-stack software development , check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development- Specialisation in Full Stack Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

A Software Development Engineer (SDE) is responsible for creating cross-platform applications and software systems, applying the principles of computer science, computer engineering, information technology and analysis to help organizations and individuals make informed decisions. They make all modifications in various software, according to client requirements, and are involved in optimizing an application for better performance delivery. In this article, we’re going to discuss the salary of a Software Development Engineer in India and the skillset you need to be the best SDE developer.  But first, let’s understand what an SDE does. Check out our free courses related to software development. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Free course Who is a Software Development Engineer? What do they do? Power-packed with the strengths of algorithms and data structures, people who aim to optimize and simplify the working of any technology are Software Development Engineers. Today, we are blessed with so many applications that make our lives easy and have become indispensable. For example, whenever a question pops up in mind, and we need a quick answer to it, we resort to Google Search. But, have you ever taken out the time to think about how Google is able to yield relevant search results in the shortest possible time? Or how Google Maps is able to take us to our destination via the shortest route, by avoiding traffic jams? Similarly, money lending apps have taken over the market, especially because of the COVID-19 crisis, but how are these companies determining the borrowers’ capacity to repay the loan? What metrics do they use? What kind of technology have they deployed? One-Of-Its-Kind Program That Creates Skilled Software Developers. Apply Now! Well, it is all thanks to the innovative and tireless minds responsible for building strong technical infrastructure – inventing newer and faster algorithms that allow users anywhere in the world to have access to information instantly. These are the minds of a Software Development Engineers, who take on the responsibility of enhancing the application by adding algorithms and data structures. Learn Online software courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Take algorithmic trading, for example. It involves a high knowledge of designing algorithms to predict the right price and time to purchase or sell stocks. And such an advanced technology-based trading system is essential for finance brokers as it gives them a roadmap of what to expect.  Instead of relying solely on instincts, they utilize the formulas of highly skilled SDE engineers to steer their clients in the right direction. Learn more about What Does A Software Developer Do? Featured Program for you: Advanced Certification in Cloud Computing Market Opportunities for SDE in India A skilled software developer in India is never going to face any problems regarding employment, considering the vast opportunities the Indian market offers! If you’re good at solving problems and algorithms, there is a job waiting for you with the best brands in the world! From companies like Udaan, Flipkart, Acko etc. to tech giants like Amazon, PayPal, Google all welcome SDEs who bring with them an individual flair and a deep understanding of customer-centric solutions.  SDEs help solve complex problems while fixing errors. A software development engineer doesn’t blindly code; they also design high-level tasks like how the application would work, how to reduce the time complexity, space complexity, etc. Our learners also read: Learn java online free! The aim of an organization is to create a seamless experience for high-volume traffic – the ultimate aim of which is customer acquisitions and brand loyalty. You are tasked with understanding the requirements of the customer, the intent with which they reach a page or site, and the ease with which they would want that information.  Let us look at the e-commerce giant Amazon. The site loads instantly, and customers can get access to all the information they want to help with their buying decisions and provide a safe gateway for payments. Added to that is information on returns, interests, and other information that can nudge a customer to look at other products offered by the site. The optimization has been made possible by skilled Software Development Engineers. It takes years to develop the trust of customers, and a simple delay or glitch can make lose that faith within minutes. Hence, SDEs are valued and sought for their ability to be creative, cautious, and troubleshoot. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   SDE Salary in India Coming to the most awaited part of the article: the salary! An average salary of a software development engineer is Rs. 1,191,752. With an experience of 5-9 years, they can expect the salary to rise exponentially to Rs. 1,737,799. Once the SDE gathers higher experience, they can expect to grab salary packages in the ranges of over Rs. 2,238,203. Source SDE Salary in India: Based on Experience We have already shared above the difference in salary based on experience. You must remember, SDEs are responsible for customer interaction with an organization. As also mentioned above, a single glitch can lead to losses in terms of both money and faith. Hence, SDEs with experience to manage complex issues and provide solutions for risks anticipated are high in demand.   Source As one can see the Salary of SDE developers depends on thier ability to excel in building software systems with better logic and optimization. Experience gives him the strength to guide a team of junior developers and create better technological infrastructure.  Experience Level Average Annual Salary 1 Year ₹14.1 Lakhs 2 Years ₹11.9 Lakhs 3 Years ₹12 Lakhs 4 Years ₹13.8 Lakhs 5 Years ₹15 Lakhs 6 Years ₹16.5 Lakhs Source SDE Salary in India: Based on Location Across different sectors, the difference in pay is based on location. Cities and countries where the push of IT is greater will offer higher salaries to the developers. The biggest brands have a robust presence in such locations, and they are looking for the best from the industry. Source The above image clearly shows that the city of Hyderabad offers the highest salary. And why not, Google and Amazon, the biggest brands in the world have chosen this city to open an office and pan-Asia warehouse, respectively. The Silicon Valley of India Bangalore always welcomes developers to open heartily. Just to put things into perspective, have a look at the Salary a Software Development Engineer can dray in the US – $108,741 with around $4000 as a bonus. Salary increases over to $136.797 with 10 years of experience.  City Average Annual Salary Bangalore ₹15.3 Lakhs New Delhi ₹15.7 Lakhs Mumbai ₹11.3 Lakhs Hyderabad ₹15.1 Lakhs Pune ₹11.1 Lakhs Chennai ₹15 Lakhs Gurgaon ₹15.5 Lakhs Ahmedabad ₹18.6 Lakhs Source SDE Salary in India: Based on Employer Another strong influence on salary is based on the company which hires you. The bigger the brand, the more is the value they need to place on customer-centric aesthetics and requirements. You are hired to help the company manage the brand image, values and voice to build the engagement with the customer.  Source Several top product-based companies like Amazon, Microsoft, PayPal, Flipkart, Oyo Rooms etc.,  pay a very high salary to their software development engineers. The above image clearly shows that the biggest brands offer highly competitive pay scales. While applying for the job, don’t just look at the company name, look at the job profile and responsibilities to know which company is most likely to offer you job satisfaction.  Read about: How to Succeed in Your First Software Development SDE Salary in India: Based on Company Type Company Type Average Annual Salary Public ₹8.6 Lakhs Forbes Global 2000 ₹10 Lakhs Fortune India 500 ₹7 Lakhs Conglomerate ₹8.4 Lakhs Startups ₹12.8 Lakhs Government ₹6.5 Lakhs MNCs ₹10.1 Lakhs Source SDE Salary in India: Based on Job Roles Apart from SDEs, there are several other developers who are competing for similar jobs. Each one brings their own skill sets, but some of them may overlap with yours. Here is a quick comparison of the salaries that different professionals in the field draw.  SQL Developer average salary in India: Rs. 446,308  Web Designer average salary in India: Rs. 281,913  Java Developer average salary in India: Rs. 443,568  Technical Consultant average salary in India: Rs. 895,842  PHP Developer average salary in India: Rs. 279,450  IT Consultant average salary in India: Rs. 805,000  Business Intelligence Analyst: Rs. 607,543  Data Analyst: Rs. 413,882 Source Role Average Salary ( INR ) Senior Software Engineer ₹13.5 Lakhs Software Developer – SDE(I) ₹9 Lakhs Senior Software Programmer ₹15 Lakhs Software Programmer ₹6.9 Lakhs Web Developer ₹4 Lakhs Associate Software Engineer ₹5.2 Lakhs Lead Software Engineer ₹18 Lakhs Java Developer ₹6.5 Lakhs Source Factors That Affect a Software Engineer’s Salary in India There are a number of factors that affect a SDE salary in India in India. They are: – Experience Experience plays a significant role in determining a software engineer’s salary in India. Generally, the more experience an engineer has, the higher their salary tends to be. As engineers gain more years in the field, they acquire valuable skills and expertise that make them more valuable to employers, leading to higher compensation packages. Education SDE qualification level also influences a software engineer’s salary. Engineers with advanced degrees such as master’s or doctorate degrees often command higher salaries compared to those with only bachelor’s degrees. Additionally, specialized certifications or training in relevant technologies can further enhance earning potential. Skills and Expertise The specific skills and expertise possessed by a software engineer can significantly impact their salary. Engineers proficient in in-demand programming languages, frameworks, and technologies such as Java, Python, or cloud computing platforms like AWS or Azure are often in high demand and can negotiate higher salaries. Company Size and Location The size of the company and its location within India are important factors affecting software engineer salaries. Generally, engineers working for larger companies or multinational corporations tend to earn higher salaries compared to those employed by smaller firms or startups. Moreover, salaries may vary based on the cost of living in different cities or regions across India, with metropolitan cities typically offering higher salaries compared to smaller towns. Industry and Sector The industry or sector in which a software engineer works can also impact their salary. For example, engineers employed in the IT sector or software development companies may receive higher salaries compared to those working in other industries such as finance or healthcare. Additionally, specialized industries such as fintech or artificial intelligence may offer higher salaries due to the demand for specialized skills. Demand and Market Trends Market demand for specific skills and technologies can influence salary trends for software engineers. Emerging technologies such as blockchain, machine learning, or data science often command higher salaries due to their increasing relevance and demand in the industry. Engineers who stay abreast of market trends and continuously update their skills accordingly may enjoy higher earning potential. Negotiation Skills Lastly, a software engineer’s ability to negotiate their salary can impact their earnings. Engineers who are adept at negotiating competitive compensation packages, including salary, bonuses, and benefits, may secure higher salaries compared to those who are less assertive in negotiations. Roles and Responsibilities of Software Developer What is SDE? SDE full form or SDE means is software developer engineer. They are the backbone of computer programs and applications, contributing significantly to their creation and upkeep. The SDE job description are diverse, encompassing various stages of development to ensure efficient and reliable software solutions. Understanding User Needs and Planning Software developer engineer start by engaging with stakeholders to gather requirements and define project goals. This initial phase involves careful analysis of user needs and technical feasibility, setting the stage for project planning, including timelines and milestones. Designing Functional Solutions Following requirement gathering, developers delve into designing the software architecture and its functionalities. They create detailed technical specifications, including data models and user interfaces, ensuring alignment with user requirements and industry standards. Writing Clean and Efficient Code Armed with a design blueprint, SDE role or SDE profile moves on to the coding phase, where they write code using various programming languages like Java or Python. They adhere to coding standards and version control practices to maintain code integrity and facilitate collaboration with other team members. Testing and Debugging for Reliability Testing is a critical aspect of software development, and developers are responsible for ensuring the software functions flawlessly. They conduct unit and integration tests to validate components and identify and rectify errors to enhance reliability and performance. Creating Comprehensive Documentation Documentation is vital for understanding and maintaining software. SDE role meaning create user manuals, technical specifications, and code comments to serve as guides for end-users and fellow developers, ensuring clarity and ease of maintenance. Collaboration and Communication This is another SDE role requirements that you must be aware of. Software development thrives on collaboration, and developers work closely with team members, including project managers and designers. Effective communication ensures everyone is aligned and contributes to project success by sharing updates and resolving issues together. Continuous Learning and Growth In the dynamic world of technology, developers must continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge. They invest in lifelong learning through workshops, conferences, and online courses, enabling them to adapt to new technologies and drive innovation in software development. What are the Popular Skills Required to Become a Software Engineer/ Developer? How to become SDE 1? Becoming a software developer engineer or developer requires a combination of technical prowess, problem-solving abilities, and a knack for continuous learning. Let’s explore the popular SDE skills required or skills for SDE that pave the way to success in this dynamic field. Proficiency in Programming Languages Mastering programming languages is the cornerstone of a SDE software skill or skills required for SDE set. Languages like Java, Python, C++, and JavaScript are among the most widely used in the industry. Understanding the syntax, semantics, and best practices of these languages is crucial for developing robust and efficient software solutions. Data Structures and Algorithms A strong grasp of data structures and algorithms forms the backbone of software engineering. Proficiency in implementing and optimizing data structures such as arrays, linked lists, trees, and graphs, coupled with knowledge of algorithmic paradigms like sorting, searching, and dynamic programming, enables engineers to devise efficient solutions to complex problems. Problem-Solving Abilities SDE requirements or SDE skills are inherently problem-solving-centric. Engineers must possess analytical skills to dissect problems, devise strategies, and implement effective solutions. Cultivating a logical and systematic approach to problem-solving is paramount for navigating the myriad challenges encountered in software development projects. Understanding of Software Development Lifecycle Familiarity with the software development lifecycle (SDLC) is indispensable for aspiring software engineers. From requirement analysis and design to coding, testing, and deployment, a comprehensive understanding of SDLC methodologies like Agile and Waterfall equips engineers to navigate project timelines, manage resources efficiently, and deliver high-quality software products. Version Control Systems Proficiency in version control systems such as Git is essential for collaborative software development. Version control enables engineers to track changes, collaborate with team members, and maintain code integrity throughout the development process. Familiarity with concepts like branching, merging, and pull requests is crucial for effective collaboration in software projects. Knowledge of Web Development Technologies In today’s digital age, web development skills are highly sought after. Understanding web development technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript empowers engineers to create responsive and visually appealing web applications. Additionally, familiarity with frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.js enhances the ability to develop dynamic and interactive web experiences. Communication and Collaboration Skills Effective communication and collaboration SDE skills are paramount for success in software engineering roles. Engineers must be adept at articulating ideas, sharing knowledge, and collaborating with cross-functional teams comprising designers, product managers, and stakeholders. Clear and concise communication fosters a collaborative environment conducive to innovation and productivity.These are some of the SDE roles and responsibilities you have to take after becoming SDE. Skills Required to Become an SDE Deep understanding and knowledge of Algorithms and Data Structures Proficiency in one low-level language – C++ or Java Object-Oriented programming Good understanding of concepts in Computer Science Good in Analytical and Problem Solving Skills In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses skills Roles and Responsibilities Software Development Engineers will be responsible for delivery, development, design & support that are required by multi-tiered, large-scale, distributed software applications and tools. It is quite obvious that you require to have a passion for technology. Additionally, you will need the ability to deploy new and novel technologies in environments that are often low on humans as well as capital. From solving complex algorithm problems, software development engineers also develop complex algorithms to solve real-life crises and are involved in the system design of several applications and thus contributing to their technical architecture.  These skills can be practiced on various competitive programming platforms like CodeChef, HackerRank, CodeForces etc. Ratings that you earn on practicing and participating on these sites do matter! Several prestigious competitions like ACM ICPC, YK Facebook Cup, and even long challenges and weekly challenges on several platforms are helpful for developing algorithm developing skills.  Requirements for Being SDE: Deep expertise in at least one programming language and tech stack Substantial experience in building complex and scalable solutions Be able to conceptualize and develop a prototype quickly Hands on working with databases and other technologies Experience with UNIX/ Linux based environment Ability to work in fuzzy environments and complex environments Great and in-depth knowledge of Algorithms and Data Structures Experience in coding competitions could be a bonus Good in Mathematics and Logic building Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Verdict For many technological companies, their technology is the real game-changer that brings them the status they enjoy in the market. What people miss out on is the huge amount of capital required in starting and running these organizations smoothly. Since the website or app or another online platform is usually the first point of interaction with the company and its customers, developers with high skill levels can hope for high salaries. An individual is committed to his goals of learning and upgrading skills and who has a hunger for growth as a Software Development Engineer is bound to rise! Also read: Full stack developer salary in India Wrapping Up If you’re interested to learn more about software development, full stack, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialisation in Full Stack Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

Ever wondered how your computer knows to save a file or display a webpage when you click a button? All thanks to system calls – the secret messengers between your apps and your computer’s core. They’re like the backstage crew, quietly making sure everything runs smoothly.  In this article, we’re taking a closer look at system calls – those essential links that help software and your computer’s brain (the kernel) communicate. We’ll break down what they do and why they matter, keeping things simple and easy to understand. So, let’s dive in and uncover the magic behind how your computer really works.  What is a System Call in OS?   System Calls in programs can ask the operating system (OS) for services through a system call. Puting it more simply, it’s a means via which a program can communicate with the underlying system, for example, by gaining access to hardware resources or by using privileged commands.  A program can request a service from the OS by executing a specified instruction, which sets off a transition to kernel mode and initiates a system call. After handling the request and carrying out the required actions, the OS sends the outcome back to the program.  System calls is the connection through which the process communicates with the system calls. Computer operates two types of modes: User Mode and the Kernel Mode. The process runs in a user mode, and when the system call is performed, the mode changes to kernel mode. Once the system call is done, control is returned to the process in user mode.  Example of System Calls in OS  System calls for Windows and Unix come in many different forms. These are listed system calls in OS example in the table below as follows:  Process  Windows  Quiz  Process Control  CreateProcess()  ExitProcess()  WaitForSingleObject()  Fork()  Exit()  Wait()  File manipulation  CreateFile()  ReadFile()  WriteFile()  Open()  Read()  Write()  Close()  Device Management  SetConsoleMode()  ReadConsole()  WriteConsole()  Ioctl()  Read()  Write()  Information Maintenance  GetCurrentProcessID()  SetTimer()  Sleep()  Getpid()  Alarm()  Sleep()  Communication  CreatePipe()  CreateFileMapping()  MapViewOfFile()  Pipe()  Shmget()  Mmap()  Protection  SetFileSecurity()  InitializeSecurityDescriptor()  SetSecurityDescriptorgroup()  Chmod()   Umask()  Chown()  How are System Calls Made?  When computer software wants to access the kernel of the operating system, it makes a system call. The system call in operating system employs an API to make the operating system’s services available to user programs. It is the only way to reach the kernel system. All applications or processes that require resources to run must use system calls, which act as a link between the operating system and user programs.  Here are some examples of how a system call differs from a user function.  A system call function can generate and use kernel processes to perform asynchronous processing.  A system call has more authority than a regular subroutine. A system call with kernel-mode privilege runs in the kernel protection domain.  System calls are not allowed to use shared libraries or symbols that are not part of the kernel protection domain.  The code and data for system calls are kept in global kernel memory.   Looking to enhance your software engineering skills? UpGrad’s Software Development Certification Online offers a comprehensive curriculum designed by industry experts. With hands-on projects and personalized mentorship, it’s the perfect opportunity to advance your career in tech.  Below is the diagram showing the types of system calls in OS – file system, process control, memory management, inter process communication and device management.  Importance of System Calls in Operating System   open(): The open() system call allows you to access a file on a filesystem. It provides the necessary file resources and a handle for the process to use. A file can be opened by numerous processes at the same time, or only one. Everything is built upon the structure and file system.  read(): It is used to get data from a file stored on the file system. Generally, it accepts three arguments.:  A description of a file.  A buffer for read data storage.  wait(): In some systems, a process may have to wait for another process to finish before advancing. When a parent process creates a child process, its execution is delayed until the child process is completed. The wait() system function terminates the parent process. Once the child process has finished its execution, the parent process takes control.  write(): Data from a user buffer is written to a device, such as a file. This system call allows a program to create data in a single method. Overall, there are three arguments:  A description of a file.  A reference to the buffer where data is stored.  The amount of data that will be written from the buffer in bytes.  fork(): Processes use the system call fork() to create clones of themselves. It is one of the most frequent ways for operating systems to define processes. When a parent process creates a child process, the parent process’s execution is halted until the child process is finished. Once the child process has finished its execution, the parent process takes control.  exit(): To terminate a program, call the system function exit(). In multi-threaded environments, this call indicates that thread execution is complete. After using the exit() system function, the operating system recovers the resources used by the process.  Check out the Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU, offering a top-tier program tailored to industry needs. Provide you with advanced skills and earn a degree from a prestigious institution – take the next step in your software engineering career today!  Types of System Calls   There are typically five sorts of system calls. They are as follows: Now, you’ll learn about each type of system one by one.  Process Control  Process control is a system call that directs processes. Process control examples include creating, loading, aborting, ending, executing, processing, terminating the process, and so on.  File Management  It is a system call used to manage files. File management examples include creating and deleting files, as well as opening, closing, reading, and writing.  Device Management  It is a system call used to interact with devices. Examples of device management include read, device, write, get device attributes, release device, and so on.  Information Maintenance It is a system call in the operating system that stores information. Some examples of information maintenance include getting system data, setting the time or date, getting system data, and so on.  Communication  It is a system call in OS that facilitates communication. Examples of communication include creating and removing communication connections, as well as sending and receiving messages.  Working on System Calls in OS    Here’s a breakdown of how system calls in OS works:-  Limited Power: Programs sometimes need resources they can’t access directly, like reading files, writing data, interacting with hardware, or requesting memory. Making the Request: Special instructions called “system calls” exist within the program’s code to ask the operating system (OS) for help. OS to the Rescue: When the OS encounters a system call, it recognizes the program’s need and temporarily pauses its execution. Control then shifts to the kernel, a central part of the OS responsible for core operations. Kernel in Action: The kernel takes over, carrying out the requested operation. Imagine the kernel as a powerful assistant handling tasks like reading file content or allocating memory. Back to Business: Once the task is complete, the kernel returns control to the program, allowing it to resume execution with the needed resources or information. I hope this rephrased explanation provides a clearer understanding of how system calls empower programs to interact with the underlying OS in a secure and controlled manner.  Advantages of System Calls    System calls act as a vital bridge between programs and the operating system, enabling a range of crucial functionalities:  Hardware Control: Forget direct hardware access hassles! System calls empower programs to interact with essential components like disk drives, printers, and network devices.  Memory Mastery: System calls grant programs the ability to request and release memory, ensuring efficient resource allocation. They also facilitate access to hardware devices mapped directly into memory for seamless data transfer.  Process Powerhouse: Need to create or terminate processes? System calls are your command centre. They also enable programs to communicate with each other, fostering collaboration within your system.  Security Sentinel: System calls act as gatekeepers, ensuring programs only access resources they’re authorized to. This safeguards your system from unauthorized modifications and risky operations.  Standardized Synergy: No matter the hardware or operating system version, system calls provide a consistent interface for programs to interact with the underlying environment. This promotes compatibility and smooths development across different platforms.  Ready to become a Full Stack Developer? Full Stack Development Course by IIITB offers a comprehensive program to master front-end and back-end technologies.  Conclusion   System calls represent the crucial link between user-level applications and the underlying operating system, enabling access to privileged resources and essential functionalities. They serve as the silent facilitators behind the scenes, ensuring seamless communication and interaction between software programs and the kernel. Understanding the diverse types and functionalities of system calls is paramount for software developers and system administrators alike. These calls empower programs to perform a wide array of operations, ranging from hardware control to process management and file manipulation. By leveraging system calls, developers can create robust and efficient software solutions that interact seamlessly with the underlying operating system. 

In my journey as a web developer, one HTML element that has consistently sparked both curiosity and creativity is the venerable Marquee tag. As I delve into the nuances of this dynamic element, I’ll share my insights and experiences to provide a comprehensive guide on its attributes and functionalities.   With firsthand encounters and real-world examples, this article aims to not only explain the technical aspects of the Marquee tag in HTML but also to showcase its potential in creating engaging and dynamic content on the web. Join me on this exploration as we uncover the power of the Marquee tag, transcending its seemingly simple appearance to become a versatile tool for web developers seeking to add flair to their projects.  With that being said, I would recommend you go through Software Development Online Courses by UpGrad if you are looking out to excel or learn new skills in the Software Development. Common Attributes of Marquee Tags:  Navigating the vast landscape of HTML, the Marquee tag in HTML stands out as a dynamic element capable of infusing life into static web pages. To harness its potential effectively, understanding the common Marquee tag attributes is crucial.  Behavior Attribute:  One of the fundamental <marquee tag attributes is ‘behavior,’ dictating the direction of the Marquee’s movement. Set as either “scroll,” “slide,” or “alternate,” this attribute controls how content moves within the Marquee, creating diverse visual effects. In my experience, experimenting with different behaviors has provided unique and eye-catching outcomes, giving a personalized touch to web projects.  Direction Attribute:  The ‘direction’ attribute defines the flow of the marquee, whether horizontally with “left” or “right,” or vertically with “up” or “down.” By manipulating this attribute, developers can craft scrolling banners, sliding text, or captivating vertical displays, depending on the desired user experience.  Scrollamount and Scrolldelay Attributes:  Fine-tuning the speed of the Marquee is achieved through the ‘scrollamount’ attribute, allowing developers to control the scrolling speed. Simultaneously, the ‘scrolldelay’ attribute introduces a pause between each movement iteration. This dynamic duo facilitates precise adjustments, ensuring the content flows seamlessly and captures the audience’s attention effectively.  Width and Height Attributes:  Customization is key, and the ‘width’ and ‘height’ attributes enable developers to specify the size of the Marquee, tailoring it to fit seamlessly within the overall design. These attributes provide flexibility, ensuring the Marquee aligns harmoniously with other page elements.  Incorporating these attributes into the Marquee tag offers a rich array of possibilities for dynamic content display. Through my own projects and exploration, I’ve found that a nuanced understanding of these Marquee tag attributes empowers developers to create visually stunning and engaging web content that captivates users and enhances the overall user experience.   Directional Attributes of Marquee Tags  As we continue our exploration of the Marquee tag in HTML, let’s dive into its directional attributes, unleashing the power to control the movement of content in various ways. With the ability to scroll left, right, up, or down, coupled with the capability to adjust scrolling speed, the Marquee tag becomes a versatile tool for dynamic content presentation in web development.  Scroll Left:  The ‘direction’ attribute set to “left” initiates a leftward scroll, making content within the Marquee move from right to left. Below is a code snippet illustrating this:  <marquee direction="left">Scrolling Left: Dynamic Content</marquee>  Scroll Right:  Conversely, setting the ‘direction’ attribute to “right” prompts a rightward scroll, creating a visually distinct effect. Consider the following example:  <marquee direction="right">Scrolling Right: Engaging Web Content</marquee>  Scroll Up:  For a vertical display, the ‘direction’ attribute set to “up” induces an upward scroll. This is particularly useful for showcasing information in a more compact space. Here’s an example:  <marquee direction="up">Scrolling Up: A Vertical Showcase</marquee>  Scroll Down:  Similarly, switching the ‘direction’ attribute to “down” imparts a downward scroll, offering a unique way to present content on the web page. Explore this code snippet:  <marquee direction="down">Scrolling Down: Dynamic Visual Elements</marquee>  Scrolling Speed:  Fine-tuning the speed of the marquee adds an extra layer of customization to enhance user experience. The ‘scrollamount’ attribute determines the speed, with higher values indicating faster scrolling. Below is an example adjusting the scrolling speed:  <marquee direction="left" scrollamount="5">Custom Speed: Dynamic and Controlled</marquee>  Incorporating these directional attributes into your Marquee tag opens up a realm of possibilities for creating engaging and visually dynamic content. Through my own experiences with web development, experimenting with these attributes has allowed me to craft unique and captivating displays that elevate the overall user experience on websites.  Join Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU, Learn in-demand skills and grow your Software Development career with a Master’s from Liverpool John Moores University, a globally recognized university   Content and Formatting Marquee Tags  The Marquee tag in HTML extends beyond mere motion, offering additional attributes for content manipulation and formatting. As an adept web developer, leveraging these features enhances the presentation and visual appeal of dynamic content.  Content:  The ‘contenteditable’ attribute transforms the Marquee into an editable field, allowing users to interact with and modify the displayed content directly. This is especially handy for applications requiring user-generated dynamic text.  <marquee contenteditable="true">Click to edit: Customizable Content</marquee>  Formatting:  Embracing the ‘style’ attribute within the Marquee tag in HTML facilitates precise formatting, permitting developers to apply CSS styles for color, font size, and more. This ensures seamless integration with the overall design aesthetic of the webpage.  <marquee style="color: blue; font-size: 18px;">Styled Marquee: Eye-catching and Customized</marquee>  These attributes offer a nuanced approach to content manipulation and formatting within the Marquee tag in HTML. Through my own experiences, integrating these features has elevated the user experience, allowing for dynamic and aesthetically pleasing content that captivates and engages visitors.  Examples of Marquee Tags Implementation  Now, let’s explore practical implementations of the Marquee tag in HTML in various scenarios, showcasing its versatility in creating dynamic and engaging content on web pages.  Featured Products Carousel:  Enhance an e-commerce homepage by creating a horizontal carousel showcasing featured products. The ‘Scroll Left’ attribute provides an animated display, attracting users’ attention to the highlighted items.     <marquee direction="left">        <img src="product1.jpg" alt="Product 1" />        <img src="product2.jpg" alt="Product 2" />        <img src="product3.jpg" alt="Product 3" />    </marquee>  News Headlines Ticker:  Implement a dynamic news ticker at the top of a news website to display breaking headlines. The ‘Scroll Right’ attribute ensures a continuous flow of information, keeping users informed and engaged.      <marquee direction="right">        Breaking News: [Headline 1] | Another Breaking Story: [Headline 2] | [Headline 3]    </marquee>  Event Countdown Timer:  Build excitement for an upcoming event by incorporating a countdown timer. The ‘Scroll Up’ attribute creates an animated countdown that scrolls upward, providing a visually appealing and informative element.       <marquee direction="up">        Countdown: 5 days left until [Event Name]! | 4 days left | 3 days left | 2 days left | 1 day left    </marquee>  Interactive Quotes Display:  Engage users with a dynamic display of inspirational quotes. The ‘contenteditable’ attribute allows users to interact with the content, customizing the quotes as they wish.    <marquee contenteditable="true">        “The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt    </marquee>    Weather Forecast Scroller:  Implement a concise weather forecast scroller using the ‘Scroll Down’ attribute. Users can quickly view upcoming weather conditions in a visually appealing manner.      <marquee direction="down">        Monday: Sunny, 25°C | Tuesday: Partly Cloudy, 22°C | Wednesday: Rainy, 18°C    </marquee>  These examples demonstrate the practical applications of the Marquee tag in HTML, offering developers a range of possibilities to create interactive, dynamic, and visually captivating content tailored to specific website needs.  Common use cases & Applications of Marquee Tag in HTML The Marquee tag in HTML, despite being considered somewhat old-fashioned, finds relevance in certain scenarios where dynamic and animated content is essential. Here are common use cases and applications that highlight the versatility of the Marquee tag showcasing various Marquee tag in HTML example: Announcements and Alerts: The Marquee tag in HTML is perfect for displaying important announcements or alerts on websites. Whether it’s notifying users about system updates, promotions, or urgent messages, the scrolling text ensures visibility and grabs immediate attention.    <marquee direction="left">Important Update: New Features Added! | Limited Time Offer: 20% Off!</marquee>  Ticker Tape Displays: Financial websites often utilize the Marquee tag in HTML to create ticker tape displays, scrolling stock prices, or other real-time data horizontally. This dynamic presentation keeps users informed without overwhelming the interface.  <marquee direction="left">AAPL: $150.20 | GOOGL: $2800.45 | TSLA: $800.10</marquee>  Event Countdowns: For event websites or landing pages, the Marquee tag in HTML can be employed to showcase countdowns dynamically. This adds an element of excitement and anticipation, especially when combined with the ‘scrollamount’ attribute for varied scrolling speeds.   <marquee direction="up">Countdown: 5 days left until [Event Name]! | 4 days left | 3 days left | 2 days left | 1 day left</marquee> Breaking News Tickers: News websites use the Marquee tag in HTML to create dynamic tickers for breaking news headlines. The ‘Scroll Right’ attribute is commonly employed for continuous horizontal movement, ensuring users stay updated on the latest developments.  <marquee direction="right">Breaking News: [Headline 1] | Another Breaking Story: [Headline 2] | [Headline 3]</marquee>  Interactive Text or Quotes: Incorporating the ‘contenteditable’ attribute allows developers to turn the Marquee tag into an interactive element, enabling users to edit or customize displayed text. This can be creatively applied for interactive quotes, messages, or user-generated content.       <marquee contenteditable="true">Your Thoughts Here...</marquee>  While the Marquee tag in HTML may not be suitable for every modern web design, it still serves as a valuable tool in specific scenarios where animated and dynamic content enhances user engagement and interaction. By understanding its applications, developers can leverage the Marquee tag effectively for targeted purposes.   Alternatives for Marquee Tag in HTML While the Marquee tag in HTML has been a classic choice for creating scrolling and animated content, modern web development leans towards more versatile and CSS-based alternative to Marquee tag. Here are a few alternatives that provide greater control and flexibility:  CSS Animations:   Utilizing CSS animations allows developers to create intricate and customized scrolling effects with precise control over timing, easing functions, and keyframes. This approach provides a more modern and responsive solution compared to the Marquee tag in HTML.  JavaScript/jQuery Scrollers:   Implementing scrolling functionalities through JavaScript or jQuery offers extensive customization possibilities. Libraries like ScrollMagic or custom scripts provide developers with the ability to create dynamic, interactive, and responsive scrolling elements.  CSS Scroll Snap:   CSS Scroll Snap is a feature that enables precise scrolling positions for elements, creating a more controlled and user-friendly scrolling experience. It’s particularly useful for creating image carousels or sections with distinct scroll points.  CSS Marquee Module:   The CSS Marquee Module offers a modern replacement for the traditional Marquee tag. It provides a standardized way to create scrolling effects with CSS, enhancing consistency and compatibility across different browsers.  External Libraries (e.g., GSAP):   External animation libraries like the GreenSock Animation Platform (GSAP) offer advanced animation capabilities, including scrolling effects. GSAP, in particular, provides smooth and performant animations with cross-browser support.  While the Marquee tag in HTML has its place, these alternatives offer more control, better performance, and improved compatibility with modern web development standards. Depending on the specific requirements of a project, developers can choose the method that best aligns with contemporary practices and offers a superior user experience.   Conclusion:  While the Marquee tag in HTML remains a nostalgic element in web development, its applications are limited in the era of modern design and user experience standards. Alternatives like CSS animations, JavaScript/jQuery scrollers, CSS Scroll Snap, CSS Marquee Module, and external libraries provide developers with more control and flexibility. Understanding these alternatives enables the creation of dynamic and engaging content that aligns with contemporary web development practices.   As we navigate the evolving landscape of the internet, embracing these alternatives ensures a seamless and visually appealing user experience, leaving behind the limitations of the traditional Marquee tag.   Become indispensable at work as a Full Stack Development specialist. Upskill with a Full Stack Development course by IIITB: India’s best technical university (private). 

Introduction  The word “coding” has moved beyond its technical definition in today’s digital age and is now considered an essential ability in many different businesses. Coding is basically the way we talk to computers to create websites, apps, and software that we use every day. As a software engineer, my journey into coding has been both exciting and tough, but it’s opened up a world of endless ideas and opportunities.    In the rapidly evolving tech industry, computer coding salary for professionals are competitive with median annual earnings often exceeding $70,000, reflecting the high demand for their skills in creating software, websites, and digital solutions.    In this blog, we’ll talk about coding basics and how they’re super important in software engineering. Coding helps us turn cool ideas into real things and gives instructions to machines. Plus, we’ll check out how it’s shaping our future!    Elevate your tech career with a Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU, where cutting-edge research meets practical application, preparing you to lead in the ever-evolving digital landscape.  What Is Coding?     Coding in its simplest form is using a programming language to get a computer to behave how you want it to every line of code tells the computer to perform a specific task and a document full of lines of code is called a script. Scripts can range from the simplest commands in batch files to complex software applications.    As a software engineer coding is my bread and butter, it’s the tool that allows me to translate abstract ideas into tangible working software. At the heart of coding is problem solving. Each code snippet is a solution to a small problem. When these snippets are combined, they form a complete program that solves a larger issue. Coding isn’t just about writing, it’s about thinking logically, breaking down complex problems into manageable parts and then systematically addressing each part with precision. The languages used for coding such as Python, Java, C and many others are diverse each with its syntax applications and areas of strength.   Python, for example, is renowned for its simplicity and readability, making it an excellent choice for beginners. It is a powerful tool for developing machine learning models and data analysis. On the other hand, Java is celebrated for its portability across platforms making it ideal for developing android apps and enterprise software.    For beginners eager to dive into the world of technology, there are numerous coding programs for beginners available, ranging from online courses and boot camps to university modules. These programs are designed to teach the fundamentals of programming in languages like Python, JavaScript, and HTML, catering to all learning styles and schedules. Coding meaning in computer refers to the process of writing instructions for computers using programming languages.   The Role of a Coder  The work of a software engineer is more than just about writing code. A coder is an architect of the digital world, drawing up blueprints for software that runs the modern world. From native applications and desktop user-interface software through to the cloud infrastructure and embedded machines, our specialty is a mixture of craft, critical thinking, creativity and strategic thinking; writing code in such a way that every line produces an enjoyable, stable and functional product.   The coder’s job is multi­faceted. Take the first bullet point, for example: ‘Translate functional requirements into executable code’. That by itself is such a big responsibility. Understanding not only the problem but also familiarity with how to solve it – which programming language to use, what algorithm, how to break the problem into a solution that’s efficient, scalable and maintainable.   Moreover, coders do a lot of testing and debugging, checking software line by line to catch and remove errors. This is an important part of the job, since the code must be stable enough to make any service usable.   Collaboration is also very important, since software development is usually a team effort. We are rarely left on our own to create code for its own sake, but we must work with other coders, designers, product managers and other stakeholders to match up technical solutions with business objectives and user requirements. Often this will involve code review, a process whereby coders check each other’s code, providing advice and suggestions to improve the final output.   The work of a coder involves much more than just programming: technical skill alone won’t help you overcome additional challenges of creativity and collaboration. Ultimately, it is our job to create brilliant software – but to do that, we must be part engineer, part artist, and part team player. We are software engineers, the people whose job it is to drive the future of technology. “Dive into the digital world with our Software Development Courses, featuring a ‘What is Coding course’ that demystifies programming, equipping you with the skills to create, innovate, and excel.”  Uses of Coding in Software Engineering   Source: (https://www.codecademy.com/resources/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/What-jobs-can-you-get-with-coding-skills–1-2048×952.png)  1. Creating Software Applications  Coding becoomes the heart of the software application development: any idea getting conceived has a chance to become real. We solve problems, automate tasks, improve efficiencies in almost every industry, be it finance, healthcare, education, or entertainment. Software applications are designed and developed through several stages of planning, designing, implementing, testing, and maintaining. All these need coding to change the user requirement into a functional software application.   It is the kind of system, for example, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), which carries out insight of business processes, needs of users, and data management. Since every individual part of an organization is considered, it is possible to develop a system via coding in a manner that optimizes customer interactions, manages data effectively, and culminates in a significant amount of insight regarding the behaviors of the customers. Hence, improving business processes in a big way. This example not only shows how much a coder it is but goes on to demonstrate that coding is not just about putting lines of code together but more about understanding problems and coming up with solutions that are practical, scalable, and with impact. Transform your career with IIITB’s Full Stack Development Course, a comprehensive program designed to make you a tech maestro in creating end-to-end software solutions.  2. Web Development  The other most important arena where coders plays a good role is the development of websites. It ranges from simple static web pages to complex web applications and services. Front-end web development is the development of the interface and looks of a website by using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while back-end applies languages like Python, Ruby, or PHP for database and application logic interaction.   A good website is certainly an inseparable component for any business in the digital age, which is essentially a digital shop front. The coding enables one to develop responsive, dynamic sites, engaging users with great experiences, improving accessibility and, at the end of the day, turning impressions into profits. For example, in an e-commerce site, coding is applied for the control of inventory, transactions processing, and even personalization of the shopping experience.  3. Mobile App Development  The rise of smartphones has made mobile app development a key focus for software engineers. Coding in the development of mobile apps is done either using platform-specific languages and frameworks (such as Swift for iOS and Kotlin for Android) or using cross-platform tools (such as Flutter, React Native) for developing the applications to be in compliance with more than one kind of platform.   Mobile applications have changed and literally revolutionized the ways through which we communicate, shop, and perceive information, offering a sense of convenience and personalization that was never previously conceived. Consider an app that covers navigation: it must not just support location tracking but also feed the interface to users, integrate with services for traffic updates, points of interest, and optimize routes. This is a great example of the various ways in which different coding skills play into each other in the complex web of mobile app development.  4. Game Development  The most thrilling and creative spheres of coding are found in game development. It consists of art, storytelling, and a program to bring all that into one great experience. A game development code may do anything from physics simulations to drawing graphics, from AI to creating user interfaces designs. The programming languages in this area are usually C++, C#, and Python, with game engines like Unity and Unreal Engine.   For example, a puzzle platformer has game mechanics regarding level design, game mechanics to be implemented, and a layout of a path that will be traveled by the player to make that game. Through the process undertaken, this indeed make a powerful statement on the ability of the coder to put differing elements into one interactive and exciting game.  5. Embedded Systems  Embedded systems are computing systems that carry out some given tasks in electrical or mechanical systems. Development for the embedded software requires one to be knowledgeable about different programming languages such as C and C++ that are used in the development of the software that interfaces directly with the hardware.   Systems are ubiquitous, from automotive control systems and home appliances to medical devices and industrial machines. For instance, coding in an embedded system, in charge of, let’s say, a smart thermostat, is about creating algorithms that are responsible for the monitoring and regulation of temperature based on user needs and situations. Therefore, it’s an epitome of how coding is structured with hardware to bring intelligent and responsive devices.   Why Should You Learn Coding?  Coding is no longer left for software engineers, but with the world running increasingly on technology, it has become crucial for anyone who is to make it in the 21st century.   Coding gives you the power to understand the technology that circulates around and into every bit of our daily lives, from applications that we use in daily routines to even the way businesses work and innovate. Learn to code, and you have superpowers to be able to create, innovate, and infinitely solve problems much more efficiently in any chosen career field.   Furthermore, coding gives one the chance to think logically and enhances problem-solving skills, while also offering a creative and imaginative solution in the design process. Whether you’re building a new application, automating tasks, or just creating your website, coding provides the tools that will help you actualize all your ideas. Learning to code is programming your future—it is not just learning how to program a computer but discovering and opening doors to the endless possibilities and opportunities it offers.   Careers in Coding  The wide range of career opportunities found within the coding field mirrors the vital role technology has found in the world today. With coding experience, opportunities lie broadly across industries and disciplines. The following are some of the most excellent career opportunities within the coding field:  – Core occupation—software developer: within the technology sector, software developers are one of the key professionals behind the design, testing, and development of applications and systems for use on computers and other related products. Software developers are inquisitive problem solvers who turn complex challenges into user-friendly products.  – Web Developer: A web developer specializes in site building and web applications from layout to underlying structure of coding which determines the way it works and kind of experience the users get.  – Mobile App Developer: With smartphones spreading wide, the demand for mobile app developers keeps growing. They work out applications for iOS and Android, specifying the user experience in concordance with the device restrictions and capabilities of mobile gadgets.  – Data Scientist: Coding in data science is no longer a luxury but a must, as it is analysis of large data sets to derive or uncover insights. Data scientists apply to process data, build models, and develop algorithms that can predict trends and patterns.  – Game Developer: A game developer uses creativity and coding together to develop games. They utilize the world of game engines and the programming language to give life to interactive, immersive, and engaging worlds.   – Cyber Security Analyst: Coding for assuring the safety of systems and networks from digital attacks. Writing scripts and tools that would help identify vulnerabilities and monitor by being able to respond to incidents.  These careers are just a fraction of what’s possible with coding skills. From this, whether you are the one who loves technology, creativity, or problem-solving, there is something to love for all in the world of coding. Each career path will require not only a good understanding of coding but will also have an influence on the future of technology.  Common Challenges in Software Coding   Software coding is sometimes rewarding and challenging at the same time, especially the latter part, as it may test even the most experienced developers. One of the major challenges is keeping pace with changes in technology. Languages, frameworks, and tools are constantly evolving, making it necessary for individuals to become lifelong learners to stay updated.   Another challenging aspect is debugging. Identifying and debugging code errors can be very time-consuming and potentially frustrating, especially in more complex systems or when working with unfamiliar code. Some bugs are elusive, leading developers to spend hours, and possibly even days, tracking down just a single error.   Moreover, the actualization of user requirements often proves easier said than done. Converting vague and changing client requirements into something functional requires clear communication, flexibility, and sometimes even creativity.   Furthermore, a common challenge in many organizations lies in managing technical debt. Pressures to release software on schedule, sometimes leading to the neglect of writing maintainable and scalable code, can result in short-term fixes that hinder future development efforts.   Finally, working in teams brings its own set of challenges, including integrating code seamlessly with other contributions and ensuring consistent coding standards and practices among a diverse set of developers. These interpersonal dynamics require not only technical knowledge but also patience, communication, and collaboration.   Best Practices for Effective Coding  Effective coding is not just about writing code; it involves the creation of clear, maintainable, and efficient code that will stand the test of time. Best practices ensure that efforts in your coding activities bear fruit.   Clearly Understanding the Requirements: Don’t write a single line of code unless you have got clear understanding of what requirements have been set for the actual product. Proper understanding of requirements will save futile revisions and also provide assurance that a software product will be developed according to a user’s needs. Plan before you code: Think through your approach. This will be in terms of which algorithms, data structures, design patterns fit the problem in hand down to the very specifics. A good plan can save countless hours of coding and debugging. Code Readable and Clean: Use meaningful names in both your variables and functions. Adapt consistent style of coding. This will help in reading, understanding, and maintaining code for you in the present, and by whoever else may work on it in the future. Begin implementing version control: Tools like Git come in handy for managing changes to your code base so that one can record progress, work with other people, and move back to a previous state in case something has gone wrong. Test Early and Often: Implementing unit tests and integration tests can catch bugs early in the development process. Automated tests save time in the long run and ensure that your code behaves as expected. Feel free to come back and refactor and optimize your code. This will create better code, where performance is better and complexity is lower, hence more efficient. Continuous Learning: Since technology is changing rapidly, stay abreast of recent programming trends, languages, and frameworks. Continuous learning will help you improve your skills and will make you adapt to changes more easily. Simply following practices such as these could produce significant improvements in your coding projects, helping them to be even more successful in the long run.  Conclusion  In conclusion, coding is an essential skill in today’s technology-driven world, offering a foundation for numerous career opportunities and enabling innovations that shape our future. Whether you’re a software engineer developing cutting-edge applications, a web developer crafting dynamic websites, or simply a technology enthusiast eager to understand the digital world, coding opens the door to endless possibilities.    However, it comes with its challenges, from keeping up with rapid technological changes to debugging complex issues. By adopting best practices for effective coding, you can overcome these hurdles, enhance your skills, and create software that is not only functional but also impactful. Embrace coding as a journey of continuous learning and discovery, where each line of code is a step towards building a better digital tomorrow.  

The operating system (OS) stands as a crucial component that facilitates the interaction between software and hardware in computer systems. It serves as a mediator, managing system resources and providing a user-friendly interface. In this article, I’ll dive into the functions of operating systems (OS), such as memory management, processor management, device management, etc., showing why they matter. We’ll look at features that make using them easy and the security they provide. Understanding the functions of an OS along with its features, uses, and operating systems is essential for comprehending the backbone of modern computing.  Come let’s dive in to understand the backbone of modern computing. By the end, you’ll realize the important role the OS plays in ensuring everything runs smoothly in your digital world.   What is an Operating System?    An operating system is software that controls the hardware of a computer. Furthermore, it serves as a foundation for application programs and a bridge between computer hardware and users. Allocating resources and services, including memory, devices, processors, and information, are the main functions of the operating system. To be able to handle these resources, the operating system also comes with programs, including file systems, schedulers, memory management modules, traffic controllers, and I/O programs. All that the operating system does is create a framework for other applications to operate in. You can further elevate your skills in Full Stack Development with IIITB’s top-notch course.  Why is an Operating System Required?  There are various reasons why an operating system (OS) is necessary. Some of them are:  Resource Arbitration: The OS acts as a mediator, resolving conflicts over resource usage among different applications and users. It ensures fair and efficient allocation of resources to maximize system performance.  Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): By abstracting hardware details, the OS shields applications from hardware variations, allowing software to remain compatible across different hardware configurations. This abstraction simplifies software development and maintenance. Check out this Software Development Courses Online to understand it better.  Platform for Application Development: Operating systems provide a platform on which software developers can create and run applications. They offer development frameworks, libraries, and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that simplify application development and enable cross-platform compatibility.  Task Scheduling and Prioritization: The OS employs scheduling algorithms to determine the order in which processes are executed. It prioritizes critical tasks and ensures timely processing of time-sensitive operations, such as real-time computing and multimedia playback.  Power Management: Modern operating systems include power management features to optimize energy usage and extend battery life in portable devices. These features include sleep modes, CPU throttling, and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling.  System Monitoring and Performance Optimization: Operating systems provide tools for system monitoring, performance analysis, and optimization. Administrators can monitor system resource usage, identify performance bottlenecks, and optimize system configurations to improve overall efficiency.  Inter-Process Communication (IPC): The OS facilitates communication and data exchange between processes through IPC mechanisms such as pipes, sockets, and shared memory. This enables collaboration between different software components and supports distributed computing.  System Configuration and Administration: Operating systems provide utilities and tools for system configuration, administration, and maintenance. Administrators can manage user accounts, configure system settings, install software updates, and troubleshoot system issues.  Fault Tolerance and Disaster Recovery: Some operating systems incorporate fault-tolerant features to minimize system downtime and data loss in the event of hardware failures or system crashes. These features include redundant hardware configurations, data mirroring, and automatic failover mechanisms.  Customization and Personalization: Operating systems offer customization options and personalization features that allow users to tailor their computing experience to their preferences. Users can customize desktop layouts, themes, and settings to create a personalized computing environment.  What are the Features of an Operating System?    The characteristics of an operating system include:  Concurrency: The ability to execute multiple processes or threads simultaneously, allowing for efficient utilization of system resources.  Multiprogramming: Supporting the execution of multiple programs at the same time, with the operating system managing the switching between them.  Hardware Abstraction: Providing a uniform interface to hardware resources, shielding applications from the complexities of specific hardware implementations.  Virtualization: Allowing multiple instances of operating systems or virtual machines to run concurrently on a single physical machine, providing isolation and flexibility.  Protection and Security: Implementing mechanisms to protect system resources from unauthorized access, ensuring data integrity and user privacy.  Fault Tolerance: Providing mechanisms to detect, recover from, and handle errors or failures in hardware or software components, ensuring system reliability.  Memory Management: Efficiently managing system memory, including allocation, deallocation, and virtual memory techniques to maximize available memory.  File System Management: Organizing and managing files and directories on storage devices, providing mechanisms for file operations and ensuring data integrity.  User Interface: Providing interfaces, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or command-line interfaces (CLIs), for users to interact with the operating system and applications.  Device Management: Controlling and managing input/output devices, including device drivers and communication protocols, to facilitate device interaction.  These characteristics collectively define the behavior and functionality of an operating system, enabling it to manage hardware resources, run applications, provide user interfaces, and ensure system reliability and security.  Functions of an Operating System  The basic functions of an operating system (OS) encompass a wide range of tasks that enable the management and coordination of various hardware and software components in a computer system. These functions of OS include:  Memory Management  Primary Memory, often known as Main Memory, is controlled by the operating system. Every word or byte in main memory has an address, and they are arranged in a big array. Direct CPU access to main memory allows for quick storage. An application needs to be loaded into the main memory before it can be run. An operating system controls how memory is allotted and reassigned to different processes, making sure that no process uses memory that has been set aside for another. The following tasks are carried out by an operating system for memory management:  It monitors primary memory, that is, the bytes of memory utilized by each user program. The memory addresses of the memory that hasn’t been used yet and the memory addresses that have already been allocated.  When using multiprogramming, the operating system determines which processes get memory access first and for how long.  When a process asks for memory, it allows it to it; when the process ends or is executing an I/O operation, it deallocates the memory.  Processor Management  The OS controls which programs have access to the CPU first and how much processing time each process takes when multiple programs are running simultaneously. We refer to this OS mechanism as Process Scheduling. The following tasks are carried out by an operating system for processor management.  An operating system assigns different tasks to the processor and makes sure that it has adequate time to complete each task before moving on to the next. Monitors the state of the processes. The application that carries out this function is called a traffic controller. Gives a process access to the CPU, or processor. Processors that are no longer needed are de-allocated.  Device Management  Using the appropriate drivers, an OS controls device connectivity. To manage devices, it carries out the following tasks.  Monitors every gadget linked to the system. identifies a software application that serves as the input/output controller for each device.   Choose the process that has access to a given device and its duration.  Distributes gadgets productively and effectively. Devices are dealt with when they are no longer needed.  Different input and output devices are available. These input-output devices are managed by an operating system.  It gets requests from various devices, completes a certain task, and replies to the requester process.  File Management   Directories are used to arrange a file system for convenient and effective usage. Additional files and folders might be contained in these directories. File management tasks are performed by an operating system. It monitors file status, user access settings, information storage locations, and much more. The file system is the collective name for these facilities. An operating system maintains organized records of data on the addition, removal, transfer, copying, and storing of files. By preventing unwanted access, it also preserves the integrity of the data kept in these files, including the file directory structure.  User Interface or Command Interpreter  Operating systems allow users to communicate with computers. Operating systems thus serve as an interface between the hardware and the user of computers. An array of commands or a graphical user interface (GUI) are used to provide this user interface. User interactions with the apps and hardware of the machine are made possible by this interface.  Booting the Computer  Booting is the process of turning on or off a computer. Cold booting is the process of turning on a computer after it has been fully turned off. Restarting a computer by using the operating system is known as “warm booting.”  Gain superior technical proficiency and job opportunities with Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU.   Security  The operating system uses comparable strategies, such as password protection, to safeguard user data. Additionally, it guards against illegal access to user data and programs. The operating system offers several methods to guarantee the security and integrity of user data. To safeguard user data, the following security precautions are taken:  Safeguard against unwanted entry via login.  Maintaining the firewall’s activity provides protection against intrusion.  Preventing unauthorized access to the system memory.  Putting up notifications about vulnerabilities in the system.  Conclusion     The effective administration and coordination of hardware and software resources in a computer system depends on the main functions of the operating system. An operating system is necessary for a system to function smoothly and dependably because it controls memory, file systems, devices, security, networking, error correction and recovery, resource scheduling and allocation, and user interface functionality. These functions of OS collectively enable the operating system to facilitate the execution of applications, provide a user-friendly interface, maintain system security, and optimize resource utilization. Understanding the key functions of the operating system is fundamental for grasping its significance in modern computing environments. 

Information technology includes every digital action that happens within an organization. Everything from running software on your system and organizing video conferencing to managing the company data falls under the IT spectrum. Now, as every organization requires these for smoother operations, you can understand this domain’s significance and its market demand. Companies hire IT professionals at a large scale to occupy various job roles and offer a competitive salary. As per a report by the financial express, the estimated annual growth of IT sector is 11-14%, and the overall value of this industry will be 350 billion by 2026. Hence, it is advisable for you to complete add-on software development courses and explore the job market with countless opportunities. In this article, I will discuss everything you need to know about IT and the future scope of this ever-evolving domain.  What Is Information Technology?   Data is a significant part of the company’s operations, and it contributes to its growth. Huge volumes of data are generated every day, and the actions performed over it come under information technology. The use of computer systems, networks, and other technologies to fetch, store, and manipulate data is called IT. Other tasks that fall into the horizon of IT are software and hardware updates, cybersecurity, database management, and the list is never-ending. IT finds its use in commercial as well as personal projects, as its primary goal is to ease the tasks and manage them in a sorted manner, eliminating the chances of human error. If you look around, you will see that IT is involved in our day-to-day life. Let us discuss how!  Example of Information Technology in our Daily Lives    There are multiple examples around us that explain how IT has become an integral part of our daily lives. A few examples are listed below.  Communication  Different modes of communication that you use every day have IT involved in them. Whether you choose an email, text message, instant messaging app, or social media platform for communication, IT is involved.  Banking  Online banking is popular and makes the life of an individual easier. The banking apps are powered by information technology. Using these apps, you can check your balance, transfer funds, pay bills, and perform many more activities.  Gaming  Entertainment has changed its definition these days, and IT has a significant role to play in it. Your gaming consoles and streaming platforms that provide movies, music, and videos on demand also work with the help of IT.  E-Commerce  It is utterly convenient to order groceries and get them delivered to your doorsteps within a few minutes or to shop for your fashion essentials online! This setup made by information technology solutions has made lives easy and has helped businesses grow!  Smart Home Appliances  Another example of information technology in your daily life is your smart home devices or appliances. It powers the access control devices that restrict the intruder entry or the automatic appliance operator that switches your AC on before you enter the home.    Education  IT has even entered the education sector and has given some remarkable results! Online education is the most renowned example of how IT has changed the education industry. Additionally, video learning or distance education is also possible through computer science intervention.  Everything happening around you has IT involved in one way or the other. So, if you ask about the importance of information technology, you only have to take a look at all the actions you perform day in and out.   Importance of Information Technology Today    The rapidly evolving world that we live in has the paramount significance of Information Technology (IT). There is no exaggeration in saying that it serves as the backbone of any organization, enabling communication, instant connectivity, and much more. IT offers tools and techniques for efficient operations and data analysis that contribute to effective decision-making.  Furthermore, it offers effective cybersecurity solutions, a crucial aspect of IT that helps safeguard sensitive information and ensures digital safety. You can also learn about the significance of IT from the increasing number of information technology jobs available in the market. Companies are rapidly hiring proficient experts with Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU or other reputed universities. It clearly states how promising and significant this industry has become.   What are the Types of Information Technology?    IT is an elaborate field with different types. Let me list a few types of IT for your reference.   Software Technology  Software technology typically involves the operating systems that you use to run different applications on your system. Additionally, the software you use for database management, graphic designing, and multiple other activities is this type.  Hardware Technology  Your personal laptop, iPad, or the systems you use at your workplace falls under the hardware technology category. It also includes routers, switches, and modems that bring wireless internet to you for personal or commercial use.  Computer Networks  Computer networks typically signify the connectivity of two systems at the same or different geographical locations. These systems use networks following a comprehensive set of rules, called protocols, that help transmit information over physical or wireless setups.  Data Synchronization  It is an IT setup through which two systems get automatically updated at the same time. After the updation, the data in both systems becomes identical, and two people working on these systems get the same information.  Content Management  There are standard software and technologies that help produce texts, images, videos, audio, and graphics that you can use for various purposes. Through this software setup, IT lets you create and manage your content.  Process Automation  Another category in which IT helps is ending repetitive tasks and automating them. It saves a lot of time, effort, and resources that go into repeating the same thing multiple times. IT provides applications that automate tasks that earlier required human effort.  Cloud Computing  Cloud is a remarkable intervention by IT, and it has changed how companies work. Every organization generates massive amounts of data and relies on cloud networks for smooth and sorted operations.  Cybersecurity  IT helps restrict intruder access to your software and hardware devices, keeping the entire network safe and secured. Effective cybersecurity solutions protect the data from cyber threats, and this enhanced safety is crucial for every organization.  Communication  Communication is a vital part of IT that includes multiple channels. Any device, like television, cellular phones, computer software, and satellite systems that help two people or two systems communicate comes under this category.  You will find multiple other IT types, like machine learning and remote device troubleshooting.  Key Components of Information Technology   Information Technology (IT) includes essential components that support digital infrastructures and help process efficient information. Hardware components, including computer systems, storage devices, and networking tools, form the physical foundations. On the other hand, Software components, including operating systems, applications, and database management systems, form the basis for diverse functionalities. Apart from these, emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain, are also integral IT components. It drives innovation and automation across industries, ensuring smoother operations.  Another significant IT component is cybersecurity tools. You must have come across firewalls, antiviruses, and encryption tools that safeguard the systems against unauthorized access and data breaches. Lastly, IT support and helpdesk setups that provide assistance and troubleshooting for different users are also key components of IT. It ensures smooth operations and helps keep customer satisfaction level as desired to increase the retention rate. All these components form the dynamic landscape of Information Technology. When you enroll in different information technology degrees, these are the components that you learn in an elaborate manner to be market-ready for IT jobs.    Information Technology (IT) Career Path and Future Scope  We have discussed what is information technology, its components, and everything you should know about this domain. Now, the question is how one can build a career in this domain and its future scope. Understand that the Information Technology (IT) industry offers a diverse and promising career path with excellent future scope. Technology continues to evolve and to manage this evolution, companies require IT professionals. These experts play crucial roles in developing, implementing, and maintaining cutting-edge solutions. Let me give you an overview of the information technology career path and future prospects.  Education and Entry-Level Roles  Any career would begin with the relevant education. Your academic qualification should comply with the IT job roles, and your understanding of concepts should be exceptional. A graduate degree in IT or post-graduation computer science is good for the start, and you can also go for add-on courses, like Full Stack Development Course by IIITB. It will open doors for entry-level roles that will give a promising start to your career. You can enter as an IT support specialist, junior developer, or technician.  Specialization  When you gain experience as a professional, your next step should be to get a specialization. It will help you aim for a particular domain towards which you have an inclination and you feel it would give your career the desired direction. Some of the popular specializations you can opt for are:  Network Administration: Average salary $7100  Database Administration: Average salary $8900  Cybersecurity: Average salary $8800  Web Development: Average salary $7600  System Administration: Average salary $7900  Cloud Computing: Average salary $5900  Leadership Roles  You have entry-level experience and have completed the specialization; the next step is to aim for leadership roles. As an experienced IT professional, you will be responsible for strategic planning, financial management, resource planning, and overseeing the IT operations. These are basically the leadership roles, and you can expect to get titles like an IT manager, Chief Information Officer, or director of IT. Notably, these leadership roles require an amalgamation of technical expertise and strong interpersonal skills.  Emerging Technologies  Information technology is ever evolving as technology will never stop upgrading! Hence, stay put with the emerging technologies for a fruitful career. You should explore and try to learn the emerging trends to offer what your employer is looking for. Some of the trends you should definitely explore are:  Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning  Internet of Things (IoT)  Blockchain  Data Science and Analytics  Remote and Flexible Work  Continuous Learning and Certifications  The next step of your IT career path is to keep learning! Always explore and find relevant add-on courses or certifications that can teach you new skills and push you a notch higher in your career. You can opt for CISSP, PMP, Amazon AWS, Gor CPCA, and the list is never-ending. Ensure you complete the certification courses from globally recognized and renowned institutes for better results.  Understand that IT has a lot to offer in terms of job security, salary packages, and opportunities if you plan everything well and have a zeal to learn to grow professionally.  Conclusion   IT is a promising industry, and there is no way an organization or a business can run without it. The level of involvement may vary, but you cannot eliminate IT completely and still run a business. It explains how significant this industry is in today’s times and that its demand will continue to grow for ages. Hence, it is fair to say that trying to build a career in IT is a fruitful decision as you can expect to get a secured job with an excellent salary package. Start by aligning your academics with a career in IT, and make sure you plan to complete a certification course to support your professional growth. Plan things well, and you will have countless opportunities to explore. 

In the vast landscape of technology, computer networks serve as the vital infrastructure that underpins modern connectivity.  Understanding the core principles and intricacies of computer networks is essential for every software role. It is an important subject in all Software Development Courses, as it enables us to comprehend the mechanisms driving communication and data exchange across various devices and systems.   In this article, we will discuss the top 50 computer networks interview questions, ranging from basic concepts to advanced topics. By dissecting these computer network interview questions and answers, our goal is to equip you with the insights and understanding needed to ace your technical interviews. Getting a post-graduation can immensely improve a candidate’s profile, check out the Full Stack Development Course by IIITB.  Basic Interview Questions:  These basic interview questions are the networking interview questions for freshers and experienced developers. A strong hold on these topics will make you stand out in any software interview.   1. How are Network types classified? Network types are classified based on their geographic scope and purpose. They are commonly categorized into three main types:   Personal Area Network (PAN):  It connects nearby devices, like wireless headphones or game consoles, and enables remote access to other networks via an uplink.  Local Area Network (LAN):  It connects computers within a limited area, such as a home or office. Enables fast data transfer and resource sharing among connected devices. This network can be wired or wireless.  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):  It connects several LANs in a city or region. Enables high-performance data transmission and communication among different establishments. This type of network is based on cable or radio technology.  Wide Area Network (WAN):  It connects LANs or MANs across large geographic areas, like countries or continents. Enables global information exchange and internet access. Utilizes various technologies and protocols for data transfer.  Global Area Network (GAN):  It connects WANs across the world. Enables international communication and collaboration among organizations or companies. Utilizes fiber optic or satellite infrastructure for data transfer.   2. What is the network topology? A network topology refers to the arrangement of nodes and connections within a network, encompassing both physical and logical aspects. Nodes, such as switches and routers, along with their interconnections, dictate how data flows throughout the network. A clear understanding of network topology helps in fault identification and troubleshooting, ultimately improving data transfer efficiency.   There are two primary components to network topology: physical and logical. Physical topology refers to the actual layout of devices and cables, while logical topology focuses on how data flows between nodes. Diagrams often depict devices as nodes and connections as lines, providing a visual representation of the network structure. The choice of network topology type depends on the specific needs and requirements of the organization, ensuring that the network architecture aligns with its goals and objectives.  3. Why is network topology important? Network topology is crucial as it determines the network’s performance, reliability, and cost. The right topology enhances data flow efficiency, reducing network congestion and improving speed. It also impacts the network’s fault tolerance. For instance, in a star topology, a single node failure doesn’t affect the rest of the network, ensuring reliability. Conversely, in a bus topology, a single cable failure can disrupt the entire network.   Topology also influences the network’s scalability and ease of management. A well-chosen topology can simplify network expansion and troubleshooting. Lastly, different topologies come with varying installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, understanding network topology helps in making informed decisions about network design, suiting specific needs and constraints, ultimately leading to an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective network.  4. Define different types of network topology. Network topology implies an arrangement of elements (devices or software) in a computer network. It’s categorized into physical (actual layout) and logical (data flow) topologies. Major types of network topology are   Bus: Devices connected to a single cable. Economical but a main cable failure disrupts the network.  Ring: Devices form a ring, passing information sequentially. Economical but a single failure can disrupt the network.  Star: Devices connect to a central hub. Easy to manage but a hub failure disrupts the network.  Tree: A combination of bus and star topologies. Allows network expansion.  Mesh: Devices connect to multiple others, providing redundant paths. Handles high traffic but is expensive to install and maintain.  Hybrid network: It refers to any combination of two or more topologies. Hybrid topologies typically provide exceptional flexibility, as they can accommodate several setups.    5. What is an IPv4 address? An IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) address is a 32-bit string of numbers separated by periods. It is used to uniquely identify a network interface in a device.   IPv4 addresses are written as a set of four numbers (between 0 and 255) in a decimal format, where each set in the string is separated by a dot. These sets are called an ‘octet’ because each set is composed of 8 bits.   There are two parts of an IPv4 address, namely the network part and the host part. The network part specifies the particular network to which the IPv4 address belongs. The host part uniquely identifies the device or the interface on your network. This addressing scheme provides efficient data routing and communication across networks. It enables seamless connectivity in the complex web of interconnected devices that constitute the modern digital landscape.   6. What are the different classes of IPv4? The IPv4 address defines five classes:   Class A:  It uses the first octet to identify the network portion, with the first bit always set to 0. Supports a large number of networks, each with a large number of hosts. It ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.   Class B:  It uses the first two octets to identify the network portion, with the first two bits always set to 10. Supports a moderate number of networks, each with a moderate number of hosts. It ranges from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255   Class C:  It uses the first three octets to identify the network portion, with the first three bits always set to 110. Supports a large number of networks, each with a small number of hosts. It ranges from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255   Class D:  Reserved for multicast addressing, used for multicasting data to multiple recipients. It ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255   Class E:  Reserved for experimental or future use, not commonly used in practice. It ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255   7. Describe the OSI Reference Model. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, based on ISO standards, serves as a conceptual framework for network architecture, facilitating communication between open systems. Comprising seven distinct layers, the OSI model standardizes communication system functions.   Guided by key principles, the OSI model ensures systematic protocol design:   Abstraction: Introduce a new layer for distinct abstractions. Functionality: Define clear functions for each layer. Standardization: Adopt internationally standardized protocols for layer functions. Isolation: Ensure layers communicate solely with adjacent layers to maintain independence and prevent cascading effects from changes. This layered approach enhances network design, promoting scalability, interoperability, and ease of troubleshooting. By compartmentalizing functionalities and adhering to standardized protocols, the OSI model facilitates efficient communication between interconnected systems while minimizing complexities and dependencies.   8. Define the different layers of the OSI Reference Model. The OSI model delineates the intricate functionalities of a network into seven structured layers, each with distinct responsibilities:   Physical Layer: At the lowest tier, it orchestrates the transmission of individual bits between nodes, managing bit synchronization, rate control, physical topologies, and transmission modes. Data Link Layer: Ensuring error-free data frame transfers over the physical layer, it consists of two sublayers—Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). Network Layer: Oversees device addressing, tracks device locations on the network, and determines optimal data routing paths. Transport Layer: Responsible for maintaining data flow control, it incorporates error checking and recovery mechanisms between devices. Session Layer: Managing connections between applications, it handles establishment, management, and termination of these connections. Presentation Layer: Bridging data representation differences, it translates between application and network formats, ensuring seamless communication. Application Layer: The pinnacle of the OSI model, providing application services for effective communication between networked application processes. Each layer interacts exclusively with its immediate neighbors, fostering a modular structure where changes in one layer do not disrupt others, enhancing overall system robustness and efficiency.  9. Describe the TCP/IP Reference Model. The TCP/IP Reference Model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, comprises four layers: Application, Transport, Network, and Data Link. The Application Layer packages data, while the Transport Layer ensures reliable delivery using TCP or UDP. The Network Layer, employing IP, forwards packets to destinations across networks, and the Data Link Layer identifies packet types and facilitates inter-device data transmission within a network. Named after its core protocols, TCP and IP, the model offers several benefits:  Flexible Architecture: Enables connection between devices with different architectures. End-Node Verification: Ensures secure data transmission by verifying source and destination nodes. Dynamic Routing: Facilitates packet routing along the shortest, safest path, enhancing data security through unpredictable routing.  These features make the TCP/IP model integral to the functioning and security of modern networks, including the Internet.  10. Define the 4 different layers of the TCP/IP Reference Model. The TCP/IP Reference Model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a conceptual framework governing communication protocols used on the Internet and similar networks. Comprising four layers, it delineates the functions necessary for successful communication:  Application Layer: Houses protocols facilitating user applications’ interaction with the network, such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS. Transport Layer: Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring data reliability, flow control, and error correction. Key protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Internet Layer: Handles packet routing across networks, including addressing, forwarding, and fragmentation. The Internet Protocol (IP) resides here, governing data packet transmission. Link Layer: Governs data transmission over the physical network medium, encompassing protocols for local network communication, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. The TCP/IP model’s modular design enables interoperability among diverse network technologies, facilitating global connectivity and robust communication on the Internet.  11. Differentiate the OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model. The OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Reference Model are prominent conceptual frameworks for understanding network protocols and communication. The basic differences between the two models are as follows:  Parameters  OSI  TCP/IP  Layers  Consists of seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.  Comprises four layers: Application, Transport, Network, and Link.    Protocol Suite  Offers a comprehensive suite of protocols, but not all layers are implemented in practical networking scenarios.  Represents a practical implementation of protocols used on the internet and similar networks.  Development  Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)  Evolved from the ARPANET project and was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense  Flexibility  Provides a more flexible and generic framework, suitable for various networking technologies.  Tailored specifically for the internet and similar networks, offering a more streamlined approach.  Visibility  Less adopted, it serves as a theoretical foundation for understanding network communication principles.  Widely adopted and implemented, serving as the de facto standard for internet communication.    12. What are the HTTP and the HTTPS protocols? HTTP, or HyperText Transfer Protocol, is a set of rules for transferring data such as text, images, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web. It is an application protocol that deals with distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP works at the application layer and its speed is faster than HTTPS due to the absence of encryption.  HTTPS, or HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure, is the secure variant of HTTP. It uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network. HTTPS uses the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol for establishing communication. The SSL connection is responsible for the encryption and decryption of the data that is being exchanged to ensure data safety. Despite being slower due to encryption overhead, HTTPS is paramount for websites handling sensitive information, safeguarding against unauthorized access and data tampering, making it an essential choice for protecting user privacy and security online.  13. What is the DNS? The Domain Name System (DNS) serves as a decentralized naming system for devices connected to the internet or a private network. It translates user-friendly domain names (like “example.com”) into numeric IP addresses (such as “192.0.2.1”), facilitating communication between devices.   DNS operates as a hierarchical and distributed database, with multiple servers worldwide responsible for storing and managing domain name records. This system enables users to access websites and services using human-readable domain names, abstracting the complexities of IP addresses.   It utilizes recursive and iterative queries between client resolvers, root nameservers, TLD nameservers, and authoritative nameservers to resolve domain names to IP addresses. DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) adds cryptographic signatures to prevent DNS spoofing and manipulation.  14. What is the use of a router and how is it different from a gateway? Both routers and gateways manage data flow in networks, but they serve distinct purposes. On one hand router connects multiple devices within the same network. Like a traffic cop, it routes data packets based on their destination IP addresses, ensuring they reach the correct device. Whereas Gateway connects different networks, often with dissimilar protocols. Acts as a translator and gatekeeper, regulating traffic flow and enforcing security policies.  Routers are simpler, focusing on routing based on IP addresses. Gateways are more complex, handling protocol conversion, security, and other advanced features.  Example: Your home Wi-Fi router connects your phone, laptop, and smart TV to the internet and each other. Whereas a company firewall acts as a gateway between the internal network and the public internet, filtering incoming and outgoing traffic for security.  15. What is the TCP protocol? The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core communication protocol used in computer networks, particularly in the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). TCP operates at the transport layer of the OSI model and facilitates reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data packets between devices on a network. It ensures that data transmitted over the internet or other networks arrives intact and in the correct order.  It establishes a connection between two devices before sending data, ensuring both sides are ready and prepared. It offers reliable data delivery by ensuring data arrives in the correct order and without errors. TCP uses mechanisms like sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions to achieve this. Regulates the data flow between the sender and receiver to avoid overwhelming the receiver’s buffer. Dynamically adjusts its sending rate based on network conditions to prevent congestion and ensure efficient data transfer.  16. What is the UDP protocol? The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless communication protocol used in computer networks, particularly in the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). UDP operates at the transport layer of the OSI model and provides a simple, low-overhead mechanism for transmitting datagrams between devices on a network.  Unlike TCP, UDP does not guarantee reliable, ordered delivery of data packets or provide mechanisms for error checking, retransmission of lost packets, or flow control. Instead, UDP offers a lightweight and fast way to send and receive data, making it suitable for applications where speed is prioritized over reliability, such as real-time multimedia streaming, online gaming, DNS (Domain Name System) queries, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) communications.  Due to its connectionless nature, UDP is faster than TCP. However, data loss and out-of-order delivery are possible. With no complex handshakes or error checking, UDP has lower overhead compared to TCP, making it efficient for small data bursts.  17. What is the ICMP protocol? ICMP, short for Internet Control Message Protocol, acts as the messenger boy of the internet! It’s not directly involved in data transfer but rather helps diagnose and manage network issues by carrying messages between devices.   When data packets can’t reach their destination, ICMP sends error messages like “destination unreachable” or “packet too large” back to the sender, helping identify network problems. ICMP also carries operational messages like “router advertisement” or “echo reply” (used in the ping command) to manage network connectivity and troubleshooting.  While ICMP is essential for network health, it can sometimes be misused in denial-of-service attacks where attackers flood victim devices with ICMP messages, overwhelming their resources. In such attacks, perpetrators inundate victim devices with ICMP messages, crippling their resources and disrupting their functionality.   18. What is the MAC address and how is it related to NIC? MAC address (stands for Media Access Control) is a unique identifier 12-digit identifier embedded and assigned to each network interface controller. It serves as a hardware address embedded in the NIC during manufacturing, allowing devices to be uniquely identified within a network.  The NIC, also known as a network adapter or network interface card, is a hardware component responsible for connecting a device to a network. It contains the MAC address, which acts as the device’s unique identifier on the local network segment. MAC addresses don’t change and function within a single network segment.  Unlike IP addresses, MAC addresses remain constant and function within a specific network segment. MAC addresses allow devices to communicate within the same network, enabling efficient data transmission and network connectivity. This standardized addressing scheme ensures seamless communication and facilitates the smooth operation of networked devices within a local network environment.  19. What is a subnet? A subnet, or subnetwork, serves as a logical partition within a broader IP network, providing network administrators with a means to divide a large network into smaller, more manageable segments. This segmentation serves multiple purposes, including optimizing network performance, bolstering security measures, and streamlining network administration tasks.  By establishing distinct boundaries, subnets enhance network security by confining access and controlling communication flow between disparate sections of the network. This segregation significantly mitigates the risk of unauthorized access and potential security breaches.  Moreover, subnets play a crucial role in alleviating network congestion. Breaking down extensive networks into smaller, more localized segments facilitates more efficient resource utilization and diminishes broadcast traffic. This optimization ultimately fosters smoother data transmission and enhances overall network reliability and performance.  20. What is a Ping? A ping is a network utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and measure the round-trip time for data packets sent from the source device to the destination device and back again.  When a user initiates a ping request from a computer or command prompt the request travels through the internet to the target device. If the target device is reachable, it sends a response message to your computer.  It is commonly used for,  Testing network connectivity, by verifying whether a remote host is reachable over the network. Diagnose network problems by identifying network connectivity issues, such as packet loss, latency, or high response times. Troubleshoot internet connectivity by diagnosing issues with internet connections by pinging various hosts, such as DNS servers or external websites. Measure network performance by providing insights into network performance by measuring round-trip times (latency) between devices. 21. What is the DHCP Protocol? DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which is a network management protocol used to dynamically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices connected to a network. DHCP operates at the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite and automates the process of IP address allocation, making it easier to manage large networks.  When a device connects to a network configured with DHCP, it sends a request for network configuration information to a DHCP server. The DHCP server then assigns the device an IP address from a pool of available addresses, along with other configuration parameters such as subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses.  22. What is the ARP protocol? The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for mapping an IP address to a corresponding MAC (Media Access Control) address in a local network. ARP operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and is essential for facilitating communication between devices within the same network segment.  When a device tries to communicate with other devices on the same network, it needs to know the MAC address of the target device. ARP enables this by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the IP address of the target device. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to create an ARP table entry mapping the IP address to the MAC address.  ARP tables, also known as ARP caches, are temporarily maintained by devices to store these mappings. This allows devices to communicate directly at the data link layer without needing to involve higher-layer protocols like IP.  23. What is the firewall? Firewalls are crucial security tools in the digital world. It monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks (e.g. Internet). It allows only authorized data to pass through while blocking malicious attempts or unwanted traffic.   Firewalls can be implemented as hardware appliances, software programs, or a combination of both. They examine packets of data passing through them and apply rules to either allow, block, or filter the traffic based on factors such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, and packet contents.  There are several types of firewalls, including packet-filtering firewalls, stateful inspection firewalls, proxy firewalls, and next-generation firewalls, each offering varying levels of security and functionality.  24. Compare the hub vs switch. Both hubs and switches connect devices on a network, but they do so in fundamentally different ways, impacting network performance and efficiency.   Parameter  Hub  Switch  Functionality  Operates at the physical layer of the OSI model and simply broadcasts data to all connected devices.  Operates at the data link layer of the OSI model, and intelligently forwards data only to the intended destination device based on MAC addresses.  Traffic Handling  Broadcasts incoming data packets to and from all devices, leading to network congestion and collisions.  It directs data packets only to the intended recipient, reducing network congestion and collisions.  Performance  Slower data transfer rates and lower network efficiency.  Faster data transfer rates and higher network efficiency.  Security  Minimal security as it broadcasts data packets to all devices, making it susceptible to eavesdropping and unauthorized access.  Improved security by isolating data traffic between devices and preventing unauthorized access to network data.  Application  Fewer applications because of performance limitations, making it only suitable for very simple networks with minimal traffic.  The preferred choice for modern networks of any size. Offers efficient, secure, and reliable data communication.    25. What are Routers? Routers are networking devices responsible for forwarding data packets between computer networks. They operate at the network layer of the OSI model and are essential for connecting multiple networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs). It enables communication between devices across different network segments.  It efficiently directs data packets between different networks based on destination IP addresses. Enable inter-network communication between devices by routing data packets between them.  Routers perform Network Address Translation (NAT) of private IP addresses to a single public IP address, allowing multiple devices to access the internet using one public IP. Many routers offer built-in firewall functionalities to protect networks from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. It has routing protocols (like OSPF or BGP) to determine the best path for data packets to travel.  Advanced Interview Questions:  In case you are looking for networking interview questions for experienced developers these advanced computer network interview questions and answers will further improve your understanding of advanced networking concepts.   26. What is a link? In networking, a link refers to a communication pathway or connection between two devices or nodes in a network. It can be physical, such as a cable or fiber optic line, or logical, such as a virtual connection established over a wireless network. Key characteristics of links include  Physical Medium: Links can be established using various physical media, including Ethernet cables, fiber optic cables, or wireless transmission.  Data Transmission: Links facilitate the transmission of data packets between devices, allowing for communication and data exchange.  Bandwidth: Links have a specific bandwidth or data transfer rate that determines the amount of data that can be transmitted over the link within a given time period.  Duplex Mode: Links can operate in half-duplex or full-duplex mode, determining whether data can be transmitted and received simultaneously or only one direction at a time.  Topology: Links contribute to the overall network topology, defining how devices are interconnected within the network, such as in a star, mesh, or bus topology.  27. What does a backbone network mean? A backbone network serves as the central infrastructure of a larger network, facilitating communication between different segments or subnetworks. Comprising high-capacity communication links like fiber optic cables and routing devices such as routers and switches, it ensures efficient data transmission across the network.  Key features of backbone networks include their high capacity to handle substantial traffic volumes and support rapid data transmission. They also prioritize redundancy measures to enhance reliability and minimize network downtime. Furthermore, backbone networks interconnect various subnetworks, enabling seamless data exchange.  Additionally, backbone networks are designed to be scalable, accommodate the growth of the network infrastructure, and implement traffic management mechanisms to optimize data flow. Overall, backbone networks play a crucial role in providing essential connectivity and routing capabilities, forming the backbone of the entire network infrastructure.  28. What is a Point-to-Point Network? A Point-to-Point (P2P) network is a type of network topology where two nodes are directly connected, forming a single communication path between them. In this arrangement, data travels directly from one node to another without passing through any intermediate devices or nodes.  Key characteristics of Point-to-Point networks include:  Direct Connection: P2P networks consist of a direct link between two nodes, creating a dedicated communication channel exclusively between them.  Simple Configuration: Setting up a Point-to-Point network is relatively straightforward, as it involves connecting two devices using a single communication link.  High Speed: Since data travels directly between the two nodes without any intermediate stops, Point-to-Point networks often offer high-speed data transmission.  Low Latency: With fewer devices involved in the communication path, Point-to-Point networks typically have lower latency compared to other network topologies.  Security: P2P networks can provide enhanced security since there are no intermediate devices where data can be intercepted or compromised.  29. Differentiate between TCP and UDP. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are two widely used transport layer protocols in computer networks, each with distinct characteristics suited for different applications.  Parameter  TCP  UDP  Connection  Connection-oriented protocol that establishes a reliable, bi-directional communication channel between sender and receiver before data exchange.  Connectionless protocol that does not establish a dedicated connection before data transmission, allows for faster communication but with no guarantee of delivery or order.  Reliability  Provides reliable data delivery, ensuring that data is received in the correct order and without errors. Uses acknowledgments and retransmissions to guarantee delivery.  Does not provide reliability mechanisms. Packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. Suitable for real-time applications where occasional packet loss is acceptable.  Packet Header Size  Larger header size due to additional control information for reliable delivery, including sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, and flow control mechanisms.  Smaller header size with minimal overhead, containing only basic information such as source and destination port numbers and packet length.  Usage  Applications requiring reliable and ordered data delivery, e.g. web browsing, email, FTP, and database transactions.  Applications prioritizing speed and efficiency over reliability, e.g. real-time multimedia streaming, online gaming, DNS, and Voice over IP communication.    30. What is the FTP protocol? The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server on a computer network. It operates on the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite and facilitates uploading, downloading, and managing files on remote servers.  FTP involves user authentication through a username and password and relies on a set of commands for communication between the client and server, including GET, PUT, LIST, and DELETE. It supports two modes of data transfer: ASCII mode for text files and binary mode for non-text files, ensuring proper handling of various file types.  FTP offers both passive and active modes for establishing data connections and supports encrypted connections for enhanced security. Despite its widespread use, security concerns related to plaintext authentication and data transmission have led to the adoption of secure alternatives like FTPS and SFTP for sensitive data transfer operations.  31. What is the meaning of a Network? A network refers to a combination of interconnected devices or nodes that can communicate and share resources with each other. These interconnected devices can be computers, servers, routers, switches, printers, or other hardware components.   Networks can be physical, such as wires and cables connecting devices, or they can be wireless, relying on radio waves for communication. They can be organized in various topologies, such as star, bus, ring, or mesh, depending on how devices are connected.   Fundamentally, the purpose of a network is to facilitate the exchange of data, resource sharing, and communication among connected devices, serving as a critical infrastructure in our digitally-driven world. Additionally, networks possess the inherent capability to scale in size and complexity, adapting to accommodate a burgeoning number of devices and users as technological landscapes evolve.  32. What do you mean by a Subnet Mask? A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used in Internet Protocol (IP) addressing to divide an IP address into network and host portions. Subnet masks are typically expressed in dotted-decimal notation, like IP addresses, with each byte separated by a period.  The subnet mask consists of a series of contiguous 1-bits followed by a series of contiguous 0-bits. When combined with an IP address, the subnet mask helps routers and other networking devices. It determines whether a destination IP address is on the same local network or if there is a need to be forwarded to another network.   When organizations need additional subnetworking, subnetting divides the host element of the IP address further into a subnet. The goal of subnet masks is to enable the subnetting process, the phrase “mask” is applied because the subnet mask essentially uses its 32-bit number to mask the IP address.  33. What is a UTP cable? A UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable is a type of networking cable commonly used for Ethernet connections in local area networks (LANs) and telecommunications. It comprises pairs of copper wires insulated and twisted together to minimize electromagnetic interference and crosstalk between neighboring pairs. This type of cable is extensively utilized for linking computers, routers, switches, and other network devices in a building or campus network.  UTP cables are popular due to their cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and ease of installation. They come in various categories (such as Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a) that determine their performance and bandwidth capabilities. They are terminated with RJ45 connectors, which are compatible with standard Ethernet ports found in most networking equipment.  34. What is NAT? NAT (Network Address Translation) is a process used in networking to translate private IP addresses within a local area network (LAN) into public IP addresses used on the internet, and vice versa. It enables multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address for internet access. NAT enhances network security by hiding the internal network structure and IP addresses from external networks.   Devices within your network have private IP addresses, not globally unique like public ones. When a device in your network wants to access the internet, NAT translates its private address to the single public IP address assigned to your network by your internet service provider (ISP). The internet sends responses back to the public address, and NAT routes them to the correct device based on the original private address.  35. Explain types of NAT There are several types of NAT, each serving different purposes:  Static NAT: Maps a specific private IP address to a specific public IP address, typically used for servers or devices that need to be accessed from the internet. It provides a consistent mapping between private and public IP addresses.  Dynamic NAT: Maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses from a pool of available addresses dynamically as needed. It allows multiple devices within a network to share a smaller pool of public IP addresses.  Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as NAT overload: Maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address by using unique port numbers to distinguish between different connections. It conserves public IP addresses and enables many devices to access the internet simultaneously.  NAT64: Translates IPv6 addresses to IPv4 addresses and vice versa. It allows communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks by translating the addresses as necessary.  36. What is OSPF? OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First, which is a routing protocol used in computer networks, particularly within large enterprise networks and the internet. It is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) designed to efficiently distribute routing information within a single autonomous system (AS).  It gathers information about the entire network topology from neighboring routers by sharing link state advertisements (LSAs). This creates a complete picture of all connected devices and available paths. Then it calculates the shortest path between any two points in the network based on various factors like link cost, bandwidth, and congestion.  OSPF guarantees loop-free routes by facilitating the exchange and synchronization of routing information among neighboring routers, thereby optimizing the transmission of data to its intended destination.  37. What happens when you enter google.com in the web browser? Entering “google.com” in your web browser fetches you the desired search results after triggering a series of steps:  Step 1. DNS Lookup: The web browser sends a DNS (Domain Name System) query to a DNS server to translate the human-readable domain name “google.com” into its corresponding IP address.  Step 2. Connection Establishment: Once the IP address is retrieved, your browser initiates a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connection with a Google server. TCP ensures reliable data transfer by checking for errors and resending lost packets.  Step 3. HTTP Request:  Then the browser sends an HTTP request over the established connection to the Google server located at the obtained IP address.  Step 4. Server Response: The Google server receives the HTTP request processes it and returns a relevant response containing the requested webpage data (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and other resources like images and videos.  Step 5. Rendering: The response is then received by the browser which parses various response data and starts rendering the webpage displaying text, images, links, and other elements according to the instructions provided in the HTML code.  38. What is an encoder? An encoder is a device or software that transforms data from one format or representation into another. In digital contexts, it commonly converts analog or human-readable data into digital or machine-readable formats. Key characteristics include  Signal Conversion: Encoders change input signals or data into different formats, such as converting analog audio to digital.  Compression: Some encoders compress data, reducing its size while maintaining crucial information, often used in digital media encoding.  Encoding Standards: Encoders adhere to specific encoding standards or algorithms for compatibility; for instance, video encoders may use standards like H.264 or H.265.  Encoding Parameters: Users can adjust encoding parameters like bitrate and resolution to customize the process for their needs. Encoders facilitate various applications, including digital media processing, telecommunications, and sensor data processing, by enabling flexible data conversion and manipulation.  39. Tell me something about VPN (Virtual Private Network) A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that establishes a secure and encrypted connection over an insecure network, usually the internet, enabling users to transmit data securely as if they were on a private network. Here are the major features of a VPN:  Secure Communication: VPNs employ encryption to safeguard data, ensuring confidentiality and thwarting unauthorized access.  Anonymity and Privacy: By masking users’ IP addresses, VPNs uphold anonymity and privacy online, shielding identities from prying eyes.  Remote Access: VPNs provide secure access to corporate network resources from remote locations, enabling employees to work securely from anywhere.  Circumventing Restrictions: VPNs empower users to bypass geographical restrictions and censorship, accessing content and services not normally available in their location.  Business Applications: VPNs play a vital role in securing remote work setups, connecting branch offices securely, and facilitating confidential communication within organizations. They serve as a cornerstone for maintaining network integrity and data confidentiality in today’s interconnected world.  40. Types of IPv4 Addresses? IPv4 addresses are categorized into various types based on their functionality and usage:  Unicast Addresses: These are the most common type and represent a single network interface. Unicast addresses enable one-to-one communication between devices on a network.  Broadcast Addresses: Used for one-to-all communication, broadcast addresses send data packets to all devices within a network segment. They are utilized for network discovery and configuration tasks.  Multicast Addresses: Multicast addresses facilitate one-to-many communication, allowing data packets to be sent to multiple devices simultaneously. They are commonly employed in applications such as multimedia streaming and online gaming.  Loopback Address: A special address (127.0.0.1) used for self-testing and troubleshooting network applications. The loopback address enables a device to send data to itself without affecting other devices on the network.  41. Differentiate the MAC address with the IP address. MAC (Media Access Control) addresses and IP (Internet Protocol) addresses are both identifiers used in computer networking but serve different purposes and operate at different layers of the network stack  Parameter  MAC  IP  Layer  Operates at the data link layer of the OSI model, providing hardware-level addressing for devices within the same local network segment.  Operates at the network layer of the OSI model, providing logical addressing for devices across different networks, and facilitating internetwork communication.  Scope  Uniquely identifies a network interface card (NIC) or network adapter attached to a device, enabling communication within the same physical network segment or LAN.  Identifies a device within a network and enables communication across different networks or subnets, facilitating end-to-end communication over the internet.  Format  Expressed as a 12-digit hexadecimal number (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E), uniquely assigned by the manufacturer to each network interface.  Expressed as a 32-bit binary number (IPv4) or a 128-bit hexadecimal number (IPv6), assigned dynamically or statically to devices within a network.  Function  Used for local network communication, such as addressing frames within the same LAN and facilitating data link layer functions like Ethernet switching.  Used for internetwork communication, enabling devices to communicate across different networks or subnets, facilitating end-to-end data transmission over the internet.   42. What is SLIP? SLIP, or Serial Line Internet Protocol, served as a fundamental protocol for transmitting IP packets over serial connections, such as modems and serial ports, during the early stages of networking. Its primary function was to facilitate communication between computers and the internet in nascent network setups. SLIP provided a straightforward method for encapsulating IP packets within serial data streams, catering to the prevalent low-speed serial connections of its era.  However, it lacked critical features like error detection, packet framing, and network layer addressing, leading to limitations in reliability and efficiency. Consequently, SLIP has largely been supplanted by more sophisticated protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which offer enhanced functionality and reliability to meet the demands of modern networking environments. 43. Explain LAN (Local Area Network) A Local Area Network (LAN) is a type of network in which computers and devices are connected within a limited geographic area, such as a home, office building, school, or campus. These networks zoom information around at high speeds, allowing devices to share resources like printers and files. It offers several benefits:  Printers, files, and more are readily available to all devices on the network.  LANs utilize high-speed communication technologies, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, to provide fast data transfer rates between connected devices.   One place to manage security, keeping your devices and data safe.  Easy to set up and manage, making them ideal for small to medium-sized environments.  Easily add more devices as your network needs to evolve.  44. What is Round Trip Time? Round Trip Time (RTT) refers to the duration it takes for a data packet to travel from its source to its destination and then back to the source. It serves as a crucial metric for evaluating the delay in data transmission over a network also known as Network Latency.   RTT is typically measured in milliseconds (ms) and is influenced by factors such as the physical distance between the communicating devices, network congestion, routing efficiency, and processing delays at intermediate network devices.   Higher RTT values indicate increased latency and slower response times, which can impact the performance of real-time applications negatively. Network administrators often monitor RTT to assess network performance, identify potential bottlenecks, and optimize routing paths to minimize latency and enhance overall network efficiency.  45. What do you mean by anonymous FTP? Anonymous FTP, or Anonymous File Transfer Protocol, serves as a means to download files from a server without the necessity of a specific username and password. It operates akin to entering a library where certain sections are accessible to the public without requiring a library card.   This method provides access to files intended for distribution, such as software updates, documentation, or media files. Users can download files to their local machine or, where permitted, upload files to the server. However, while convenient for accessing shared resources, anonymous FTP entails security risks if not configured correctly. Server administrators must implement suitable access controls and monitoring to forestall unauthorized access or misuse of server resources. Such precautions are essential for maintaining the integrity and security of the file-sharing process.  46. Explain what is NOS? A Network Operating System (NOS) is specialized software crafted to orchestrate and manage communication among devices within a computer network. Serving as the backbone of network infrastructure, it fulfills a multitude of functions critical for network operation. NOS equips administrators with tools for network management, empowering them to configure settings, monitor performance, and resolve issues efficiently.   Additionally, it supports a plethora of protocols and services essential for security and seamless data exchange, ensuring scalability to accommodate network expansion and technological advancements. However, NOS presents its own set of challenges, including reliance on centralized operations, substantial server acquisition costs, and the necessity for regular updates and maintenance.   Prominent examples of NOS include Microsoft Windows Server, UNIX/Linux, Artisoft’s LANtastic, and Banyan’s VINES. These systems serve as the backbone of modern network infrastructures, facilitating efficient communication and collaboration among interconnected devices.  47. Explain what is Denial of Service (DoS) Denial of Service (DoS) are malicious cyberattack aimed at disrupting the availability of a network, server, or website to legitimate users. Attackers overwhelm the targeted system with a flood of traffic, rendering it inaccessible or significantly slowing down its performance.  This flood of traffic may consist of large volumes of data packets, connection requests, or other network traffic, exhausting the system’s resources such as bandwidth, memory, or processing capacity. As a result, legitimate users are unable to access the targeted service or resource, leading to downtime, loss of productivity, and potential financial damages.  To mitigate the impact of DoS attacks, organizations implement various defense mechanisms, including network filtering, rate limiting, traffic analysis, and distributed denial of service (DDoS) protection services.  48. Differentiate between Domain and Workgroup. Domains and workgroups are two distinct networking models used in computer networks.  Parameter  Domain  Workgroup  Management  In a domain-based network, centralized management is employed, where a domain controller (server) controls access to network resources, user accounts, and security policies.   Workgroups utilize decentralized management, where each computer manages its own resources and user accounts independently.  Authentication  Supports single sign-on, allowing users to log in to any computer within the domain with a single set of credentials.  Relies on local authentication, requiring users to have separate credentials for each computer they wish to access.  Scalability  Ideal for large networks due to efficient management and scalability features, accommodating many users and resources.  More suitable for small networks with fewer users and resources, lacking centralized management capabilities for scalability.  Group Policies  Supports centralized group policies, enabling administrators to enforce consistent security and configuration settings across the network.  Does not support centralized group policies, making it challenging to enforce uniform security and configuration settings across multiple computers.  49. What is piggybacking? Piggybacking is a technique that combines an acknowledgment with the outgoing data packet. Instead of immediately sending an acknowledgment upon receiving a data frame, the receiver strategically waits until its network layer has a data packet to transmit. The acknowledgment is then appended to this outgoing data frame, reducing the need for separate acknowledgment frames.  It optimizes the use of available channel bandwidth, reduces cost, and improves data transfer latency. It also enhances network efficiency by utilizing full-duplex transmission, a two-way communication that can transmit in both directions.  It allows a computer with no Internet connection to use the connection of another computer that has an Internet connection. It doesn’t come under malicious hacking. Piggybacking is a legal activity that allows devices to share the same connection.  50. What is sneakernet? Sneakernet refers to a method of transferring data between computers or devices by physically carrying storage media, such as USB drives, external hard drives, or optical discs, from one location to another. This term originated in the early days of computing when networks were slow or nonexistent, and transferring data over physical media was faster and more practical than using network connections.   While sneakernet may seem outdated in today’s era of high-speed internet and cloud storage, it still has practical applications in certain situations. It finds practical utility in securely transferring sensitive data or in remote locations characterized by limited connectivity, where the simplicity and security of physically transporting storage media outweigh the challenges of digital alternatives.  Conclusion  These computer networks interview questions can be a part of any software engineering role like Frontend Web Developer, Backend Developer, Android Developer, Network engineer, Database Administrator, etc. The knowledge of Networking is the most crucial requirement for every interview. Often, these questions seem easy, but turn up to be confusing when you go on to answer them.   It is best to use this article and all the computer networks interview questions discussed here as a refresher or revision material. This should not stop you from diving deeper into all the topics in greater detail from the standard course books from courses like Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU.  Additionally, solve network problems and scenarios to sharpen your troubleshooting skills. Familiarize yourself with network security principles, such as encryption and firewalls. Stay updated on emerging technologies like SDN and cloud networking. With thorough preparation, practical experience, and effective communication, you’ll be well-equipped to ace your network interview and answer all the computer networks interview questions.  Explain what is NOS?