Kechit Goyal

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Summary: In this article, you will learn about data preprocessing in Machine Learning: 7 easy steps to follow. Acquire the dataset Import all the crucial libraries Import the dataset Identifying and handling the missing values Encoding the categorical data Splitting the dataset Feature scaling Read more to know each in detail. Data preprocessing in Machine Learning is a crucial step that helps enhance the quality of data to promote the extraction of meaningful insights from the data. Data preprocessing in Machine Learning refers to the technique of preparing (cleaning and organizing) the raw data to make it suitable for a building and training Machine Learning models. In simple words, data preprocessing in Machine Learning is a data mining technique that transforms raw data into an understandable and readable format.  Data Preprocessing In Machine Learning: What Is It? Data preprocessing steps are a part of the data analysis and mining process responsible for converting raw data into a format understandable by the ML algorithms.  Text, photos, video, and other types of unprocessed, real-world data are disorganized. It may not only be inaccurate and inconsistent, but it is frequently lacking and doesn’t have a regular, consistent design. Machines prefer to process neat and orderly information; they read data as binary – 1s and 0s.  So, it is simple to calculate structured data like whole numbers and percentages. But before analysis, unstructured data, such as text and photos, must be prepped and formatted with the help of data preprocessing in Machine Learning.  Now that you know what is data preprocessing in machine learning, explore the major tasks in data preprocessing.  Data Preprocessing Steps In Machine Learning: Major Tasks Involved Data cleaning, Data transformation, Data reduction, and Data integration are the major steps in data preprocessing.  Data Cleaning Data cleaning, one of the major preprocessing steps in machine learning, locates and fixes errors or discrepancies in the data. From duplicates and outliers to missing numbers, it fixes them all. Methods like transformation, removal, and imputation help ML professionals perform data cleaning seamlessly.  Data Integration Data integration is among the major responsibilities of data preprocessing in machine learning. This process integrates (merges) information extracted from multiple sources to outline and create a single dataset. The fact that you need to handle data in multiple forms, formats, and semantics makes data integration a challenging task for many ML developers.  Data Transformation  ML programmers must pay close attention to data transformation when it comes to data preprocessing steps. This process entails putting the data in a format that will allow for analysis. Normalization, standardization, and discretisation are common data transformation procedures. While standardization transforms data to have a zero mean and unit variance, normalization scales data to a common range. Continuous data is discretized into discrete categories using this technique.  Data Reduction  Data reduction is the process of lowering the dataset’s size while maintaining crucial information. Through the use of feature selection and feature extraction algorithms, data reduction can be accomplished. While feature extraction entails translating the data into a lower-dimensional space while keeping the crucial information, feature selection requires choosing a subset of pertinent characteristics from the dataset.  Why Data Preprocessing in Machine Learning? When it comes to creating a Machine Learning model, data preprocessing is the first step marking the initiation of the process. Typically, real-world data is incomplete, inconsistent, inaccurate (contains errors or outliers), and often lacks specific attribute values/trends. This is where data preprocessing enters the scenario – it helps to clean, format, and organize the raw data, thereby making it ready-to-go for Machine Learning models. Let’s explore various steps of data preprocessing in machine learning.  Join Artificial Intelligence Course online from the World’s top Universities – Masters, Executive Post Graduate Programs, and Advanced Certificate Program in ML & AI to fast-track your career. Steps in Data Preprocessing in Machine Learning  There are seven significant steps in data preprocessing in Machine Learning:  1. Acquire the dataset Acquiring the dataset is the first step in data preprocessing in machine learning. To build and develop Machine Learning models, you must first acquire the relevant dataset. This dataset will be comprised of data gathered from multiple and disparate sources which are then combined in a proper format to form a dataset. Dataset formats differ according to use cases. For instance, a business dataset will be entirely different from a medical dataset. While a business dataset will contain relevant industry and business data, a medical dataset will include healthcare-related data. There are several online sources from where you can download datasets like https://www.kaggle.com/uciml/datasets and https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/index.php. You can also create a dataset by collecting data via different Python APIs. Once the dataset is ready, you must put it in CSV, or HTML, or XLSX file formats. 2. Import all the crucial libraries Since Python is the most extensively used and also the most preferred library by Data Scientists around the world, we’ll show you how to import Python libraries for data preprocessing in Machine Learning. Read more about Python libraries for Data Science here. The predefined Python libraries can perform specific data preprocessing jobs. Importing all the crucial libraries is the second step in data preprocessing in machine learning. The three core Python libraries used for this data preprocessing in Machine Learning are: NumPy – NumPy is the fundamental package for scientific calculation in Python. Hence, it is used for inserting any type of mathematical operation in the code. Using NumPy, you can also add large multidimensional arrays and matrices in your code.  Pandas – Pandas is an excellent open-source Python library for data manipulation and analysis. It is extensively used for importing and managing the datasets. It packs in high-performance, easy-to-use data structures and data analysis tools for Python. Matplotlib – Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library that is used to plot any type of charts in Python. It can deliver publication-quality figures in numerous hard copy formats and interactive environments across platforms (IPython shells, Jupyter notebook, web application servers, etc.).  Read: Machine Learning Project Ideas for Beginners 3. Import the dataset In this step, you need to import the dataset/s that you have gathered for the ML project at hand. Importing the dataset is one of the important steps in data preprocessing in machine learning. However, before you can import the dataset/s, you must set the current directory as the working directory. You can set the working directory in Spyder IDE in three simple steps: Save your Python file in the directory containing the dataset. Go to File Explorer option in Spyder IDE and choose the required directory. Now, click on the F5 button or Run option to execute the file. Source This is how the working directory should look.  Once you’ve set the working directory containing the relevant dataset, you can import the dataset using the “read_csv()” function of the Pandas library. This function can read a CSV file (either locally or through a URL) and also perform various operations on it. The read_csv() is written as: data_set= pd.read_csv(‘Dataset.csv’) In this line of code, “data_set” denotes the name of the variable wherein you stored the dataset. The function contains the name of the dataset as well. Once you execute this code, the dataset will be successfully imported.  During the dataset importing process, there’s another essential thing you must do – extracting dependent and independent variables. For every Machine Learning model, it is necessary to separate the independent variables (matrix of features) and dependent variables in a dataset.  Consider this dataset: Source This dataset contains three independent variables – country, age, and salary, and one dependent variable – purchased.   Check out upGrad’s free courses on AI. How to extract the independent variables? To extract the independent variables, you can use “iloc[ ]” function of the Pandas library. This function can extract selected rows and columns from the dataset. x= data_set.iloc[:,:-1].values   In the line of code above, the first colon(:) considers all the rows and the second colon(:) considers all the columns. The code contains “:-1” since you have to leave out the last column containing the dependent variable. By executing this code, you will obtain the matrix of features, like this –  [[‘India’ 38.0 68000.0]    [‘France’ 43.0 45000.0]    [‘Germany’ 30.0 54000.0]    [‘France’ 48.0 65000.0]    [‘Germany’ 40.0 nan]    [‘India’ 35.0 58000.0]    [‘Germany’ nan 53000.0]    [‘France’ 49.0 79000.0]    [‘India’ 50.0 88000.0]    [‘France’ 37.0 77000.0]]  Must Read: Free deep learning course! How to extract the dependent variable? You can use the “iloc[ ]” function to extract the dependent variable as well. Here’s how you write it: y= data_set.iloc[:,3].values   This line of code considers all the rows with the last column only. By executing the above code, you will get the array of dependent variables, like so –  array([‘No’, ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘No’, ‘Yes’, ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘Yes’],       dtype=object) Best Machine Learning and AI Courses Online Master of Science in Machine Learning & AI from LJMU Executive Post Graduate Programme in Machine Learning & AI from IIITB Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & NLP from IIITB Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & Deep Learning from IIITB Executive Post Graduate Program in Data Science & Machine Learning from University of Maryland To Explore all our courses, visit our page below. Machine Learning Courses 4. Identifying and handling the missing values In data preprocessing, it is pivotal to identify and correctly handle the missing values, failing to do this, you might draw inaccurate and faulty conclusions and inferences from the data. Needless to say, this will hamper your ML project.  Basically, there are two ways to handle missing data: Deleting a particular row – In this method, you remove a specific row that has a null value for a feature or a particular column where more than 75% of the values are missing. However, this method is not 100% efficient, and it is recommended that you use it only when the dataset has adequate samples. You must ensure that after deleting the data, there remains no addition of bias.  Calculating the mean – This method is useful for features having numeric data like age, salary, year, etc. Here, you can calculate the mean, median, or mode of a particular feature or column or row that contains a missing value and replace the result for the missing value. This method can add variance to the dataset, and any loss of data can be efficiently negated. Hence, it yields better results compared to the first method (omission of rows/columns). Another way of approximation is through the deviation of neighbouring values. However, this works best for linear data. Read: Applications of Machine Learning Applications Using Cloud 5. Encoding the categorical data Categorical data refers to the information that has specific categories within the dataset. In the dataset cited above, there are two categorical variables – country and purchased. Machine Learning models are primarily based on mathematical equations. Thus, you can intuitively understand that keeping the categorical data in the equation will cause certain issues since you would only need numbers in the equations. How to encode the country variable? As seen in our dataset example, the country column will cause problems, so you must convert it into numerical values. To do so, you can use the LabelEncoder() class from the sci-kit learn library. The code will be as follows – #Catgorical data   #for Country Variable   from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder   label_encoder_x= LabelEncoder()   x[:, 0]= label_encoder_x.fit_transform(x[:, 0])   And the output will be –   Out[15]:    array([[2, 38.0, 68000.0],             [0, 43.0, 45000.0],          [1, 30.0, 54000.0],          [0, 48.0, 65000.0],          [1, 40.0, 65222.22222222222],          [2, 35.0, 58000.0],          [1, 41.111111111111114, 53000.0],          [0, 49.0, 79000.0],          [2, 50.0, 88000.0],         [0, 37.0, 77000.0]], dtype=object)  Here we can see that the LabelEncoder class has successfully encoded the variables into digits. However, there are country variables that are encoded as 0, 1, and 2 in the output shown above. So, the ML model may assume that there is come some correlation between the three variables, thereby producing faulty output. To eliminate this issue, we will now use Dummy Encoding. Dummy variables are those that take the values 0 or 1 to indicate the absence or presence of a specific categorical effect that can shift the outcome. In this case, the value 1 indicates the presence of that variable in a particular column while the other variables become of value 0. In dummy encoding, the number of columns equals the number of categories. Since our dataset has three categories, it will produce three columns having the values 0 and 1. For Dummy Encoding, we will use OneHotEncoder class of the scikit-learn library. The input code will be as follows –  #for Country Variable   from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder, OneHotEncoder   label_encoder_x= LabelEncoder()   x[:, 0]= label_encoder_x.fit_transform(x[:, 0])   #Encoding for dummy variables   onehot_encoder= OneHotEncoder(categorical_features= [0])     x= onehot_encoder.fit_transform(x).toarray()  On execution of this code, you will get the following output –  array([[0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 3.80000000e+01,         6.80000000e+04],        [1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.30000000e+01,         4.50000000e+04],        [0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 3.00000000e+01,         5.40000000e+04],        [1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.80000000e+01,         6.50000000e+04],        [0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.00000000e+01,         6.52222222e+04],        [0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 3.50000000e+01,         5.80000000e+04],        [0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.11111111e+01,         5.30000000e+04],        [1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 4.90000000e+01,         7.90000000e+04],        [0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, 5.00000000e+01,         8.80000000e+04],        [1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 3.70000000e+01,         7.70000000e+04]])  In the output shown above, all the variables are divided into three columns and encoded into the values 0 and 1. How to encode the purchased variable? For the second categorical variable, that is, purchased, you can use the “labelencoder” object of the LableEncoder class. We are not using the OneHotEncoder class since the purchased variable only has two categories yes or no, both of which are encoded into 0 and 1. The input code for this variable will be –  labelencoder_y= LabelEncoder()   y= labelencoder_y.fit_transform(y)  The output will be –  Out[17]: array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]) In-demand Machine Learning Skills Artificial Intelligence Courses Tableau Courses NLP Courses Deep Learning Courses 6. Handling Outliers in Data Preprocessing Outliers are data points that significantly deviate from the rest of the dataset. These anomalies can skew the results of machine learning models, leading to inaccurate predictions. In the context of data preprocessing, identifying and handling outliers is crucial. Outliers can arise due to measurement errors, data corruption, or genuinely unusual observations. Detecting outliers often involves using statistical methods such as the Z-score, which measures how many standard deviations a data point is away from the mean. Another method is the Interquartile Range (IQR), which identifies data points outside a certain range around the median. Once outliers are detected, there are several ways to handle them: Removal Outliers can be removed from the dataset if erroneous or irrelevant. However, this should be done cautiously, as removing outliers can impact the representativeness of the data. Transformation Transforming the data using techniques like log transformation or winsorization can reduce the impact of outliers without completely discarding them. Imputation Outliers can be replaced with more typical values through mean, median, or regression-based imputation methods. Binning or Discretization Binning involves dividing the range of values into a set of intervals or bins and then assigning the outlier values to the nearest bin. This technique can help mitigate the effect of extreme values by grouping them with nearby values. 7. Splitting the dataset Splitting the dataset is the next step in data preprocessing in machine learning. Every dataset for Machine Learning model must be split into two separate sets – training set and test set.  Source Training set denotes the subset of a dataset that is used for training the machine learning model. Here, you are already aware of the output. A test set, on the other hand, is the subset of the dataset that is used for testing the machine learning model. The ML model uses the test set to predict outcomes.  Usually, the dataset is split into 70:30 ratio or 80:20 ratio. This means that you either take 70% or 80% of the data for training the model while leaving out the rest 30% or 20%. The splitting process varies according to the shape and size of the dataset in question.   To split the dataset, you have to write the following line of code –   from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split   x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test= train_test_split(x, y, test_size= 0.2, random_state=0)   Here, the first line splits the arrays of the dataset into random train and test subsets. The second line of code includes four variables: x_train – features for the training data x_test – features for the test data y_train – dependent variables for training data y_test – independent variable for testing data Thus, the train_test_split() function includes four parameters, the first two of which are for arrays of data. The test_size function specifies the size of the test set. The test_size maybe .5, .3, or .2 – this specifies the dividing ratio between the training and test sets. The last parameter, “random_state” sets seed for a random generator so that the output is always the same.  8. Dealing with Imbalanced Datasets in Machine Learning In many real-world scenarios, datasets are imbalanced, meaning that one class has significantly fewer examples than another. Imbalanced datasets can lead to biased models that perform well on the majority class but struggle with the minority class. Dealing with imbalanced datasets involves various strategies: Resampling Oversampling the minority class (creating duplicates) or undersampling the majority class (removing instances) can balance the class distribution. However, these methods come with potential risks like overfitting (oversampling) or loss of information (undersampling). Synthetic Data Generation Some of the ways like Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique generate synthetic samples by interpolating between existing instances of the outvoted class. Cost-Sensitive Learning It is all about allocating varied misclassification costs to various classes during model training that can uplift the complete model to center on correctly classifying the minority class. Ensemble Methods Ensemble techniques like Random Forest or Gradient Boosting can handle imbalanced data by combining multiple models to perform better on both classes. 9. Feature scaling Feature scaling marks the end of the data preprocessing in Machine Learning. It is a method to standardize the independent variables of a dataset within a specific range. In other words, feature scaling limits the range of variables so that you can compare them on common grounds. Consider this dataset for example –  Source In the dataset, you can notice that the age and salary columns do not have the same scale. In such a scenario, if you compute any two values from the age and salary columns, the salary values will dominate the age values and deliver incorrect results. Thus, you must remove this issue by performing feature scaling for Machine Learning. Most ML models are based on Euclidean Distance, which is represented as: Source You can perform feature scaling in Machine Learning in two ways: Standardization Source  Normalization Source  For our dataset, we will use the standardization method. To do so, we will import StandardScaler class of the sci-kit-learn library using the following line of code: from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler   The next step will be to create the object of StandardScaler class for independent variables. After this, you can fit and transform the training dataset using the following code: st_x= StandardScaler()   x_train= st_x.fit_transform(x_train)  For the test dataset, you can directly apply transform() function (you need not use the fit_transform() function because it is already done in training set). The code will be as follows –  x_test= st_x.transform(x_test)  The output for the test dataset will show the scaled values for x_train and x_test as: Source Source All the variables in the output are scaled between the values -1 and 1. Now, to combine all the steps we’ve performed so far, you get:    # importing libraries   import numpy as nm   import matplotlib.pyplot as mtp   import pandas as pd      #importing datasets   data_set= pd.read_csv(‘Dataset.csv’)      #Extracting Independent Variable   x= data_set.iloc[:, :-1].values      #Extracting Dependent variable   y= data_set.iloc[:, 3].values      #handling missing data(Replacing missing data with the mean value)   from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer   imputer= Imputer(missing_values =’NaN’, strategy=’mean’, axis = 0)      #Fitting imputer object to the independent varibles x.    imputerimputer= imputer.fit(x[:, 1:3])      #Replacing missing data with the calculated mean value   x[:, 1:3]= imputer.transform(x[:, 1:3])      #for Country Variable   from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder, OneHotEncoder   label_encoder_x= LabelEncoder()   x[:, 0]= label_encoder_x.fit_transform(x[:, 0])      #Encoding for dummy variables   onehot_encoder= OneHotEncoder(categorical_features= [0])     x= onehot_encoder.fit_transform(x).toarray()      #encoding for purchased variable   labelencoder_y= LabelEncoder()   y= labelencoder_y.fit_transform(y)      # Splitting the dataset into training and test set.   from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split   x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test= train_test_split(x, y, test_size= 0.2, random_state=0)      #Feature Scaling of datasets   from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler   st_x= StandardScaler()   x_train= st_x.fit_transform(x_train)   x_test= st_x.transform(x_test)   10. Feature Engineering for Improved Model Performance Feature engineering involves creating new features from existing ones to improve the performance of machine learning models. It aims to enhance the predictive power of models by providing them with more relevant and informative input variables. Common techniques in feature engineering include: Feature Scaling: Scaling features to a similar range can improve the convergence and performance of algorithms sensitive to input variables’ scale. Feature Extraction: Techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can reduce the dimensionality of datasets while retaining most of the original information. One-Hot Encoding: Converting categorical variables into binary indicators (0s and 1s) to ensure compatibility with algorithms that require numerical input. Polynomial Features: Generating higher-degree polynomial features can capture non-linear relationships between variables. Domain-Specific Features: Incorporating domain knowledge to create more relevant features to the problem at hand. Effective feature engineering requires a deep understanding of the dataset and the problem domain and iterative experimentation to identify which engineered features lead to improved model performance. Best Practices For Data Preprocessing In Machine Learning An overview of the best data preprocessing practices are outlined here:  Knowing your data is among the initial steps in data preprocessing.  You can get a sense of what needs to be your main emphasis by simply glancing through your dataset.  Run a data quality assessment to determine the number of duplicates, the proportion of missing values, and outliers in the data.  Utilise statistical techniques or ready-made tools to assist you in visualising the dataset and provide a clear representation of how your data appears with reference to class distribution.  Eliminate any fields you believe will not be used in the modelling or closely related to other attributes.  Dimensionality reduction is a crucial component of data preprocessing. Remove the fields that don’t make intuitive sense. Reduce the dimension by using dimension reduction and feature selection techniques.  Do some feature engineering to determine which characteristics affect model training most. So, that’s data processing in Machine Learning in a nutshell! Popular AI and ML Blogs & Free Courses IoT: History, Present & Future Machine Learning Tutorial: Learn ML What is Algorithm? Simple & Easy Robotics Engineer Salary in India : All Roles A Day in the Life of a Machine Learning Engineer: What do they do? 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These days, the minute you indulge in any technology-oriented discussion, interview questions on cloud computing come up in some form or the other. This brings us to the question: what is cloud computing? In the older days, people would merely speculate that the world population is separated from each other through a six degrees of separation. With the advent of information technology and advanced communications, that has become a lived reality. Today you can jump into a video conference with anyone from any nook and corner of the world. Compare this to the days of those cumbersome telegrams and trunk calls. Remember eagerly waiting for MTV or Channel V to play your favourite music and then waiting again for hours to hear it one more time? Cut to 2020, every other house has this otherwise unimpressive gadget on their tabletops. Looks are deceptive because any nondescript or tiny these gadgets may be, they have single-handedly transformed the lives of their owners. Yes, you guessed it right. These are the contemporary virtual assistants which will play your favourite song at any point of time without requiring you to even press a button. All you need to do is simply voice out your instructions and let the likes of Siri, Alexa or Google Home do the needful. The wonders don’t simply stop there. From dimming the lights to turning on your TV, these virtual assistants will follow your command instantly as soon as you spell your commands aloud. What would seem like a distant dream a few years back is indeed an everyday phenomenon now. And, we have cloud computing to thank for transforming our lives for the better.  The internet of things has a lot many applications and is regarded as one of the fastest-growing industries in today’s times. One of the applications of the IoT is the smart wearables, like smartwatches, they do more than just tell the time, from tracking the fitness ratio to the music, texts, emails, etc. It is the technology that helps there. Another application of IoT would be a smart city, smart home, etc.  Cloud computing is having various application which has enabled regular devices to expand their functionality and bandwidth and perform intuitive tasks without any human intervention. At the crux of this cloud computing lies the IoT software.  IoT stands for the Internet of Things which is essentially an advanced form of technology that extends connectivity from devices like computers and mobile phones to other appliances like television, air conditions and even a toaster. With the help of IoT, internet bandwidth can be extended to a wide array of gadgets and facilitate interaction between these devices. The end result is usually a time, energy and performance efficient technology which runs with minimal human intervention. The predominance of the IoT technology in every aspect of our lives has brewed an intense demand for professionals who are adept at devising and handling IoT devices. There are various benefits of using Internet of Things devices in today’s times, first of all, they have made the living smart, trackable, measurable, and data-centric. The activities can be tracked effectively from smart watches to traffic tracking. Another benefit of using IoT devices is that it has optimised the security level, these devices tend to keep the data of the users secure to bring more adaptability. Another most important benefit is better customer experience and the production of customer-centric devices that are created. This also answers the internet questions of why IoT is seeing more adaptability in today’s times. Must Read: Free deep learning course! So if you’re preparing for a software development role, it will help to familiarise yourself with some of the key IoT concepts and get on the top of the commonly asked interview questions on IoT.  Top IoT Interview Questions and Answers Let’s learn all about internet of things interview questions or IoT interview questions for freshers:  1. What is IoT interview questions(Internet of Things)? The Internet of Things is a complete network of hooked physical devices, mechanism, structure, and various other objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to collect and exchange data over the Internet. These devices can communicate with each other and centralized systems, often without direct human interaction. The main idea behind IoT is to create a seamless environment where objects or “things” can be monitored, controlled, and optimized remotely, leading to improved efficiency, convenience, and even new opportunities for innovation. IoT devices starts from simple devices like smart thermostats and fitness trackers to more complex systems in the form of industrial machinery and smart city infrastructure. 2. What are the different layers of the IoT protocol stack? The IoT protocol stack consists of multiple layers, each responsible for specific functionalities and communication aspects of IoT devices and systems. These layers help ensure interoperability and smooth communication between various components in the IoT ecosystem. The commonly recognized layers of the IoT protocol stack are as follows: Physical Layer This is the lowest layer of the stack and deals with the actual transmission of data over the physical medium. It includes hardware components like sensors, actuators, transceivers, and the methods by which data is modulated and transmitted (e.g., radio frequencies, wired connections). Link Layer Also known as the Data Link Layer, this layer manages the communication link between two directly connected devices. It includes protocols that ensure reliable and error-free data transmission over the physical medium. Examples include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth. Network Layer The Network Layer is responsible for routing data packets between devices on different networks. It handles addressing, routing, and packet forwarding. Internet Protocol (IP) is a crucial protocol at this layer, allowing devices to communicate across different networks. Transport Layer This layer manages end-to-end communication and ensures data reliability and integrity. It handles data segmentation, reassembly, flow control, and error detection. Protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are commonly used in this layer. Session Layer The Session Layer establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions between devices. It manages session synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery. Presentation Layer This layer deals with data formatting, encryption, and compression to ensure that data exchanged between devices is in a format both parties can understand. It’s responsible for translating between different data formats and ensuring data security. Application Layer The top layer of the stack, the Application Layer, directly interacts with end-user applications. It defines the protocols and formats applications use to exchange data. Common IoT protocols like MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) operate at this layer. 3. What do you mean by the smart city in IoT? In the context of IoT, a smart city refers to an urban area that utilizes advanced technologies and data-driven solutions to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and the overall quality of life for its residents. Integrating various IoT-enabled devices, sensors, and data analytics creates a more connected and intelligent urban environment. Here’s a concise explanation in points: IoT Integration Smart cities leverage the Internet of Things (IoT) to connect and manage diverse elements, including infrastructure, transportation, utilities, and public services. Data-Driven Insights Sensors and devices collect real-time data on traffic patterns, energy consumption, waste management, and more. This data is analyzed to optimize city operations and resource allocation. Efficient Services IoT-enabled solutions enhance public services such as smart traffic management, waste management, and energy distribution, reducing congestion and improving efficiency. Sustainability Smart cities prioritize sustainable practices by monitoring environmental factors, optimizing energy consumption, and promoting eco-friendly transport options. Improved Quality of Life IoT applications improve citizen experiences by offering convenient services like smart parking, responsive street lighting, and enhanced public safety measures. Urban Planning Data-driven insights aid city planners in making informed decisions about infrastructure development, zoning, and resource allocation. Real-Time Monitoring IoT allows city officials to monitor critical systems and respond quickly to emergencies like natural disasters or accidents. Citizen Engagement Smart city initiatives involve citizens in decision-making through digital platforms, enabling them to provide feedback and actively participate in urban governance. 4. How does the Internet of Things (IoT) affect our everyday lives? What we know as “smart devices” in our everyday lives, are actually devices embedded in IoT technology which are able to manifest greater quantum of automation than those available before. IoT creates a greater network that enables different devices to interact freely with each other. Consequently, their bandwidth to perform tasks are expanded and are able to create a collaborative environment to automate different aspects of human lives. From sensor driven home appliances like refrigerators that automatically turn off when not in use to virtual assistants which can regulate most of your devices from your lights to your television, from your air conditioning to playing your favourite music, IoT’s utility in our everyday lives is all-pervasive. IoT is simply not limited to our gadgets. Even our wearables have evolved to keep pace with IoT. Be it smartwatches or sunglasses which double up as earphones, you name it and you’ll have the mark of IoT. Even on a large-scale application, the transportation industry, the government infrastructure or educational initiatives are other domains where there is a huge scope of involving IoT technology. According to a report by Garter, by 2020, approximately 20.6 billion devices will have IoT elements that connect them to each other.  Internet of Things is very well impacting our day-to-day lives, not only the leisure lifestyle but the healthcare aspect of our lives as well. Some examples of how the IoT has made an entry into the healthcare lifestyle such as hearing aid, heart rate calculator, blood pressure sensors, etc. Another reason how the IoT is making an entry is through the connected car, transportation, etc. Also, making smart homes effective is another way of how IoT is applicable and impacts lives daily. The IoT is reducing the cost and labour of everyday lives. The devices which are IoT driven are cheaper and save energy. It not only is cost-effective but also environmentally friendly. From the remote door locks, remote AC navigation, smart lights, and smart homes the IoT is driving the lifestyles as well and providing a quality of life. 5. How does IOT work? IoT devices are built on the concept of artificial intelligence. Since the mainstay of the IoT technology is enhanced communication, paired with intuitive performance, it incorporates sensor devices and unique data processing mechanisms. In many ways, IoT devices are an amalgamation of several advanced technologies. IoT benefits of artificial intelligence When it comes to classifying different components of IoT, we can divide them into the sensors, cloud components, data processing software and finally cutting-edge user interface. So as the sensors collect data, the cloud facilitates the network connection between the devices, the software processes and stores the data collected and finally the user interface programs the device to respond to its environmental stimuli. The end result is a highly reactive and intuitive device which greatly increments the existing levels of automation.  Internet of Things (IoT) is guided by sensors, and software, and is driven by technology. The devices are connected and exchanged the data and systems. The IoT devices give result on a real-time basis, that is effective, accurate and data-driven. It is not constricted to a few things but is also applicable to various things, such as manufacturing, agriculture, medical and healthcare, transportation, navigation, armed forces, etc.   Read: IoT Developers Salary in India 6. Describe the different components of IOT An IoT device typically comprises four major components.  Sensors – Much of IoT involves environment adaptability and the major factor contributing to it are the sensors in the IoT devices. Sensors are devices which enable the IoT devices to gather data from its surroundings. Effectively, they may be perceived as instruments which sense the environment and perform multiple tasks. Senors make the IoT devices capable of real world integration. It can be of varied types. From a simple GPS in your phones to the live video feature on a social media platform. The question of “What is IoT?” can be very well answered with reference to the sensors. There are various kinds of sensors that work in the IoT devices. Such as temperature sensors, humidity sensors, proximity sensors, etc. These sensors respond to the changes happening in the environment and they react and adapt accordingly. These sensors gain insights, track and alert of the potential problems that may be caused. There is no one specific shape assigned to the sensors as they come in various shapes and sizes. Connectivity- With the advent of cloud computing, devices can be launched on a cloud platform and in the due course, devices can interact freely with each other at a cheaper and more transparent scale. For IoT devices, cloud computing facilitates freedom from exclusive network providers. Instead, small network connection mediums like mobile satellite networks, WAN, Bluetooth etc. are used. The data that is collected by the IoT sensors are connected to each other through the IoT gateway. The sent information is analysed and carried forward to the cloud by these devices from one place to another. Data Processing – As as soon as the environmental stimuli are gathered by the sensors and transmuted to the cloud, it is the job of the data processors to process the information collected and perform the required tasks. From adjusting the temperatures of the AC to facial recognition on mobile phones or biometric devices, data processing software are largely responsible for enhancing the automation in IoT devices.Edge computing is the technology behind the data processing. The data is transferred through the devices to the local edge computing system that stores and processes the data. Edge computing is nothing but the range of devices that are connected near the user. Edge computing is present all around us from the smart watches, to the smart lights. User Interface – The IoT introduced a new paradigm among the available devices for active interaction and engagement. This has transformed the user interface widely. Instead of one-way communication mechanisms of traditional devices, IoT enables cascading effects on end-user commands. This is precisely why IoT devices are all the more communicative and active. The user interface is the feature that the user interacts with. The user interface is the screen, buttons, pages, etc. The user interfaces that the users interact with shows the data that the IoT captures. 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You name an aspect of life, you’ll find IOT’s footprints, carbon footprints, albeit there. From watches that supplement time telling features with body parameters count and monitor your fitness routines to refrigerators which automatically switch off when not in use, IoTs have permeated every aspect of our everyday lives. Compare today’s trends of Alexa and Siri steered music listening patterns to the era of walkmans and CDROMs. You’d know what a boon IOTs really have been. Even at the macrocosmic level, governments, transportation and education sectors are implementing IOT technology to revolutionise their services. This has set the stage for the birth of smart cities. IoT has also transformed the healthcare industry. The devices has brought automation in the healthcare management. From measuring the hospital resources, optimising patient care, and managemet of the hospital assets such as tools, labs, pharmacy, bed count, patient count, etc. The Internet of devices has touched each and every aspect of the industry on a major scale. 8. How does IoT influence the development of smart cities? A smart city is a concept to create more developed cities in the country. These cities are technologically driven and manage the resources and communicate using electronic devices. The collected data through these devices use to better understand the gap areas and solve those using scientifically methods that help to operate the cities smoothly. The IoT can resourcefully use IoT devices and can optimise the data effectively in order to better the quality of life in the cities. The intuitive facets of IoT devices paired with enhanced network engagement enable IoT to promote versatility, transparency and efficiency in infrastructure planning. IOT also embeds energy-efficient projects to take off. Overall, with the whole array of advantages that IoT brings in, it is possible for the government to work towards building smart cities all across the globe.  With the help of IoT, clever energy grids, automated waste management systems, smart homes, better security systems, improved traffic management mechanisms, advanced security features, water conservation mechanisms and so much more is possible. The two pronged blessings of artificial intelligence and innovation, IoT has allowed public utilities and urban planning to be highly intuitive. These have triggered the birth of smart homes and smart cities.  9. How does the community assist in the development of IoT? Internet of Things relies greatly on the network engagement for the appropriate functioning of the end-user goals. The cloud platforms enable active network interactions between several “smart devices” which in turn scale up the functionalities of numerous active gadgets with IoT properties.  Net of entirety is often the term used to refer to the electromagnetic spectrum that cloud platforms provide for IoT to be deployed. IoTs require both certified and unlicensed platforms to operate. To know more about IoT one must be aware of the IoT Real world application in 2020. Extra effort is also required to utilise the benefits of IoT in socially neglected areas in order to uplift them. Proper device installation and maintenance becomes of paramount importance here, where the IoT can be utilised in order to better the quality of education, healthcare and transportation facilities. This allows the state to save costs and bring society to par. 10. What is the difference between business IOT and IIOT? While the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the consumer-oriented gadgets which perform tasks that provide consumer utilities like smartphones, thermostats etc., business IoT or IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things) are large-scale structures or systems that are usually used at the industrial levels. For instance, fire alarms etc. Since the major difference lies in the scale of impact, a failure in IIOT is likely to affect a wider range of populations.  In-demand Machine Learning Skills Artificial Intelligence Courses Tableau Courses NLP Courses Deep Learning Courses 11. In what ways is IoT energy efficient? One of the major advantages of IoT is that it makes gadgets environment-friendly and substantially reduces carbon emissions. By engaging in context-conscious automation, IoT gadgets are able to save energy. For instance, refrigerators which switch off when not in use or road light fixtures are able to save almost 40% of electricity.  The IoT measures the utlised energy by the devices and quantify the energy that is used. This allows the devices to eliminate the energy wastage that reduces the carbon footprint. This allows the device makers to understand the energy consumption and take control of the same in order for it to help the environment. Smart grids is another feature of the IoT that allows the manual switching between the renewable and traditional energy sources so to facilitate the saving of energy.  12. What are the economic impacts of the increased application of IoT? IoT is known to positively impact the economic standards of different industries. From facilitating better resource management to reducing response time and human interventions, IoTs can vastly reduce labour costs and energy costs. This in turn can boost supply chains of major industries, thus enabling product distribution at cheaper costs. This not only helps industries to earn greater profits but also is a great way to improve the available production infrastructure. Overall, scalability is great in IoT and hence, in the long run IoT applications prove to be cost-saving as well.  Along with that, the time taken to do work is also reduced with the aid of IoT. It is calculated that IoT has increased productivity by 0.2 % and is positively impacting businesses from manufacturing to transport, e-commerce, healthcare, etc. All of these benefit the production of the goods and bring less scope of manual error and more effective ways of doing a function. 13. What are the major impacts of IoT in the Healthcare Industry? IoT has transformed healthcare services and diagnostic practises to a large extent. From attaining more precision in testing to making surgeries and implants prompt and efficient, IoT devices in the healthcare industries have largely contributed towards making medical practices more efficient, transparent and affordable. Besides, fitness parameters can be easily tracked these days with fitness bands and smartwatches. This has enhanced the scope of fitness monitoring and we have IoT to thank for it.  Some of the other impacts of the IoT in the healthcare sector would be the cost reduction, disease diagnosis,  remote monitoring, better accuracy of the results, resoure management and automation of the tasks. All of these are the recent improvements in the healthcare industry which are allowing the benefit of better healthcare management. These resources are not restricted to the Tier 1 cities but with proper government interventions and contribution from the citizens are reaching and helping the remote areas as well. Learn more about machine learning applications in healthcare industry. 14. What are the types of data that can be communicated between IoT devices? At present, it would not be far-fetched to state that when it comes to IoT, the sky’s the limit for the type of data, the IoT objects can process and store. Since the crux of IOT’s functionality is intercommunication between network devices, pretty much any data that can be launched on the cloud can be communicated from one IoT device to the other. The type of information that an IoT object can gather and respond to depends on its environment and its sensor settings. For example, a thermometer can communicate the weather statistics intuitively but it will take a clinical sensor to be able to provide information about health parameters like body temperature, pulse, pressure etc.  Best Machine Learning Course online from the World’s top Universities – Masters, Executive Post Graduate Programs, and Advanced Certificate Program in ML & AI to fast-track your career. 15. What are the challenges to the widespread use of IoT? While the boons of IoT are manifold and the economy seems to be rapidly moving towards an IoT oriented environment, there are a few disadvantages to the use of IoT.  Firstly, security remains a predominant threat of the use of IoT. This is because by forging connection between multiple devices within a cloud network, control over system authentication gets diluted. Anyone can access any information from a wide network of connected devices now.  Secondly, related to security, the privacy of data is another major challenge. Within the network, a substantial amount of user data gets released and the users often lose control over their own data.  Moreover, while the overall usage of IoT is resource efficient, the deployment process entails layers of complexities and can be potentially expensive.  Finally, due to the complex connectivity features, compliance to regulations are often offset. IoT can go against the norm of usage on several occasions. Another disadvantages of the IoT is to keep pace with the customer’s demands. With the fast evolving society, the demand of the users are also changing and the IoT has to cater to the changed demands that is keeping the original and primary feature along with the new additions. And sometimes less matured technologies fail to impress the users. Popular AI and ML Blogs & Free Courses IoT: History, Present & Future Machine Learning Tutorial: Learn ML What is Algorithm? 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What is IoT (Internet of Things) Permutation vs Combination: Difference between Permutation and Combination Top 7 Trends in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Machine Learning with R: Everything You Need to Know AI & ML Free Courses Introduction to NLP Fundamentals of Deep Learning of Neural Networks Linear Regression: Step by Step Guide Artificial Intelligence in the Real World Introduction to Tableau Case Study using Python, SQL and Tableau Wrapping Up If you are interested to know more about IoT, deep learning and artificial intelligence, check out our Executive PG Programme in Machine Learning & AI program which is designed for working professionals and provide 30+ case studies & assignments, 25+ industry mentorship sessions, 5+ practical hands-on capstone projects, more than 450 hours of rigorous training & job placement assistance with top firms.

Considering how the global cloud services market is expected to grow by 17% by the end of 2023, the demand for cloud engineers has increased manifolds. According to a report published by Fortune Business Insights, the global cloud computing market is estimated to grow by 17.9% by the years 2022-2028. This is good for all you cloud engineering aspirants out there! According to ZipRecruiter, you can expect your salary as a cloud engineer in India to range between $140k and $250k. The market is booming, and it’s time for you to upskill yourself for the industry needs. Let’s now take a look at cloud computing salary trends to get a better insight into what you can expect in the coming years. What is cloud computing? Cloud computing refers to internet-oriented computing that grants access to shared computer processing capabilities and information to devices on request. This method involves storing, retrieving, and overseeing data and software online rather than solely on your local machine. Cloud services present a more effective and economical approach to managing your IT infrastructure. By exclusively paying for the resources you consume, you can maintain low operational costs until you decide to expand in tandem with the growth of your business. Those in this field are expected to get a good cloud computing salary in India. What is a cloud engineer? A cloud engineer is responsible for formulating, crafting, and maintaining cloud-centric resolutions tailored to enterprises. They collaborate closely with clients to grasp their requirements and devise personalised remedies to enhance business functions. Proficiency in technical understanding and adeptness in project coordination and client interaction is imperative for cloud engineers to excel in their roles.  What Does a Cloud Engineer Do? An adept Cloud Engineer takes charge of technology-related tasks, encompassing the conception, execution, and administration of cloud infrastructure and services. Their focus revolves around managing the technical aspects of cloud computing and constructing and sustaining the foundation built upon cloud technology. Within the capacity of a Cloud Engineer, the role encompasses the identification and fusion of both private and public cloud computing services to ensure the organisation’s operations remain secure and free of errors. Furthermore, deploying applications, monitoring continuous performance, and optimising cloud environments fall within their purview. Through collaboration with interdisciplinary teams, they are entrusted with resolving challenges, implementing optimal practices for cloud security and cost-efficiency, and staying abreast of the latest progressions within cloud technologies. The ongoing enhancement of the cloud infrastructure to align with organisational requisites also falls squarely under their responsibilities. Outlined below are several day-to-day activities undertaken by cloud engineers, and they also get a decent cloud computing salary in india: Transitioning an organisation’s computer system data or infrastructure to their designated cloud systems. Systematising constituent elements of cloud infrastructure, including networking and security services. Crafting applications and databases that are tailored for operation within the cloud environment. Vigilantly overseeing cloud management and data storage services. Assuring the safety and security of the data housed within the cloud framework. Enrolling, supervising, and delivering customer services in instances of cloud-related predicaments. Types of Cloud Engineering Roles and Responsibilities Let’s delve further into the detailed job descriptions for each role that offer a decent cloud computing salary in india. Cloud Developer As the title implies, a cloud developer is tasked with coding and formulating applications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of cloud architecture. Their responsibilities encompass the entire application development lifecycle, from crafting applications to deploying and resolving issues in cloud-based apps. Cloud developers are proficient in writing, rectifying, and troubleshooting code modules. System Operating Engineers SysOps Engineers anticipate potential issues that may emerge during the operation of applications. They strategise backup plans to address unforeseen situations and implement precise access controls to uphold the integrity of the organisation’s data. Following application development, they take on the role of system administrators. A prerequisite for this role is a solid system monitoring and auditing foundation. The Growing Demand for Cloud Engineers  Enterprises driving cloud initiatives undoubtedly require the right talent to execute their plans successfully. Sourcing such individuals can be a formidable task, often resulting in skill gaps. This scarcity of proficient experts consequently intensifies the demand for cloud-related skills as companies vie for a limited talent pool. Forecasts predict this demand will persist, with Gartner estimating that most enterprise IT expenditure in key markets will transition to cloud services by 2025. This notable trajectory underscores that the cloud has evolved beyond a passing trend to become a prized technology in which major players are heavily investing. Encouragingly, embarking on a ‘cloud computing’ career path doesn’t necessarily entail abandoning your current skill set and commencing anew. In reality, many of your skills and knowledge can be applied. For instance, if you currently function as a system manager overseeing Linux servers, your role might pivot to encompass managing Linux systems within a cloud environment rather than on-premises. Similarly, if you’re responsible for procuring physical servers for your data centre, your expertise would extend to selecting the suitable CPU capacity, instance type, and scaling alternatives to meet your requirements. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Featured Program for you: Advanced Certification in Cloud Computing Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Cloud Computing Salary Trends 2023 A report by International Data Corporation (IDC) states that the expenditure on public cloud services and infrastructure will go twice as much as it today by the end of 2023. The study also indicated that by the end of the year 2023, public cloud spending is expected to reach around $500 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 22.3%.The number is huge! No wonder the average salary of cloud engineers is expected to increase! Here are some salary trends that will give you a clear idea of the future of cloud engineers: In a report by Gartner, in 2018, the average salary of cloud engineers was $146,530, while only two years ago (in 2016), this number was at a mere $124,300. That is a jump of a little over $22,000! By 2023, 83% of enterprise workloads will be stored in the cloud. Featured Program for you: Advanced Certification in Cyber Security So, what are the reasons for this increase in cloud adoption in the IT industry? Resource utilization flexibility Perhaps one of the biggest benefits that this platform offers is the great flexibility for all businesses. When data is being stored in the cloud, it makes access much easier for all company departments. Furthermore, companies can now also pay only for the space they need without bearing any additional expenses. This is especially beneficial for those companies that witness rapid growth frequently. Cost-effectiveness of the cloud Running a business is undoubtedly a tedious job since it involves various kinds of tasks, like collecting employee details, payment processing, storing company data, and much more. With the help of cloud computing services, all these tasks can be carried out easily and efficiently, without having to hire more employees. This, in turn, helps companies reduce their businesses’ overall costs. Furthermore, as the business grows, the capacity of the cloud can also be increased accordingly without the need to pay more. Lower risk Yet another problem faced by most companies is the risk of breaches or hacks in their laptops and devices, which can potentially lose all the data that has been stored. With the help of cloud services, all the lost data can be recovered quite easily. Also, cloud services offer companies the ability to store their data at multiple locations as backups.  Data security Most cloud service providers, like AWS, and Microsoft Azure, constantly update their platforms with the latest security patches. This ensures that the essential data is fully protected without the fear of security breaches or threats.  Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Easy collaboration Cloud services help to boost business expansion. They provide business owners with various tools, with the help of which employees can work together on documents or other data types that are stored outside the company firewall. Some of the best examples of the same might include, Dropbox, Yammer, and Google Apps.  Performance and Support Unlike most other services offered by onsite IT infrastructure, which can be quite complicated at times, cloud platforms provide a wide range of explicit services that increases the performance, and reliability of any business. Furthermore, business owners also enjoy 24*7 hours of assistance with the help of cloud computing platforms.  Environment-Friendly Switching to cloud computing can decrease the carbon footprint of an organisation, since they no longer have to invest in large equipment that consume more energy.  Competitive Advantage With each passing year, the adoption rate of cloud computing services is increasing. Businesses who have already adopted this technology are not only enjoying the benefits of the same but are also able to stay one step ahead of their competitors.  These are the reasons that companies are inclining towards adopting cloud technologies to store and operate their data. Learn Software Engineering Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Now let’s look at…. Average Salary for Cloud Engineers in India As per Indeed’s report of January 2020, the average cloud engineer salary in India is Rs 7,51,756 per annum. According to the report published by Payscale, the average salary of a cloud solutions engineer in India is estimated to be Rs. 838,450 per year. This data was calculated by analyzing 228 salaries submitted to Indeed in the last three years.  This is likely to increase significantly in the coming years considering the exponentially increasing demand for cloud engineers and the lack of supply. But this, again, is quite subjective. The right way to know what you’re capable of is to see cloud engineer salaries in India according to job titles. The average Google cloud engineer salary in India ranges from Rs17.1 lakhs to 21.9 lakhs per year. Source Cloud Engineer Salaries in India: Based on Job Role In cloud-related fields, there are several trending job profiles – Solutions Architect, SysOps Engineer, and DevOps Engineer. These titles are given to cloud engineers who have a validated certification from cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and GCP. Each certification takes care of different areas of cloud computing. It’s basically a specialization after becoming a cloud engineer. Now let’s look at the average salaries of each of these cloud engineers. Job Role Average Salary Solutions Architect ₹6,46,077 DevOps Engineer ₹7,13,797 SysOps Engineer ₹8,35,000 While this gives you a clear idea about the average salaries of cloud engineers as per specific job profiles, this still lacks some information. Source As you know, in India, salaries are also quite dependent on the location of the job. So, let’s look at…. Cloud Engineer Salaries in India: Based on Location Karnataka, Mumbai, Bangalore and Tamil Nadu are considered the IT hubs in India. The current cloud engineer salary Bangalore stands at a total amount of  Rs 6,25,017 lakhs per year. The reason for varying salaries for cloud engineers in different locations is that the demand might vary with location.  So let’s see how much cloud engineers make when they work in these IT hubs. Other than the cloud engineer salary Bangalore, the following list includes Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu as well.  Job Location (State) Average Salary Karnataka ₹9,14687 Maharashtra ₹7,19,119 Tamil Nadu ₹4,27,000 If this doesn’t satisfy you, you would be delighted to see that some of the major cloud engineer recruiters offer amazing salaries to outstanding candidates. Source In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   Average Cloud Engineer Salaries Offered by Top IT Companies Depending upon the organization you go to, average cloud engineer salaries vary largely. So if you are wondering what is Google cloud engineer salary in India, or Microsoft cloud engineer salary, you should definitely take a look at the following salaries offered by top companies in India.  Company Average Salary Nivio Technologies ₹18,53,084 HCL Technologies ₹7,00,000 Microsoft ₹14,00,000 Adobe ₹7,60,000 Microland ₹13,45,871   Source Now, what if you gain some experience and become a highly skilled cloud engineer? Cloud Engineer Salaries in India: Based on Experience As you climb the ladder, your salary increases as a cloud engineer. The better the organization you work in, the more are the chances of getting an excellent salary hike. So you might be wondering what is the cloud security engineer salary in India. Don’t worry, we are here to answer your question. The mentioned below list highlights the cloud computing salary for the post of a cloud security engineer salary in India based on experience. Let’s look at the average cloud security engineer salary in India based on experience. Experience Average Salary 0-3 years ₹12,41,000 4-6 years ₹17,44,817 – ₹19,00,369 It looks crazy, doesn’t it? In only four years, you can expect your salary to go thrice as much as you would be earning as a fresher. That said, not everything in life comes easy. You need to hone your skills and be updated with the latest technologies in the field. Source So, let’s see what all cloud skills are in demand for 2023. Also read: Data Scientist Salary in India Required Cloud Engineering Skills in 2023 While the demand for cloud engineers is on the rise, it doesn’t mean that you can get through without being well-versed in certain areas. So, if you really want to make good money as a cloud engineer, here are a few must-have skills for 2023. Cloud Security Certification With time, organizations have become less and less skeptical of hosting their data in the cloud, given to the significant improvement in cloud security. To ensure that the data in the cloud is safe and secure, organizations look for cloud engineers with specialized cloud security skills. It’s best to get a certification in cloud security and become a Certified Cloud Security Professional (CCSP) to gain an edge in the market. Knowledge of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) In 2023, the scope of ML and AI in cloud computing is huge, so much so that the market is forecasted to grow from $1.4B in 2017 to $8.8B by 2023. This is due to the birth of new technologies related to data integration, analysis, and aggregation, along with more scalable clouds. In such a market, it’s best to complete a course in Data Science, MCSA Machine Learning, or MCSE: Data Management and Analytics. You will then be able to incorporate your ML skills in the cloud. Cloud Migration and Deployment Numerous organizations are hoping to move different applications to the cloud. Cloud migration comes with risks and can be a challenging procedure, considering how there is a good chance of data loss.  Inappropriate migration regularly leads to business downtime and data vulnerability. To add to the difficulties, organizations overall keep on battling with the absence of gifted assets to help achieve these exercises. So, in the event that you are a cloud engineer, or somebody hoping to get into cloud computing, you will need to consider learning how different cloud platforms, particularly AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud operate.  Serverless Architecture  The basic cloud server foundation must be overseen by cloud engineers inside a server-based design. Be that as it may, the clouds today comprise industry-standard innovations and programming languages that help in moving serverless applications from one cloud vendor onto the next.  There are numerous courses in serverless application development that you can take up and become a proficient cloud engineer with serverless architecture skills. Enhancing Database Skills Learning database languages – SQL, MySQL, MongoDB, and File system like Hadoop – can be of great benefit if you want to get into cloud computing. These will help you understand how to store, manage, and access the data stored in the cloud. Learning Modern Programming Languages PHP, Java, and .NET have become obsolete today in the presence of Perl, Python, and Ruby. So, if you want to up your game and get a job that pays you decent money, you need to learn any of these modern languages. Mastering these skills will give you a much better chance of landing a job that pays well in the organization of your dreams. DevOps DevOps is one of the most popular frameworks for cloud engineering. Therefore, having a basic understanding of DevOps practices is a must-have skill for all employees. AWS in particular is one of the most sought-after skills by cloud providers and can significantly affect the cloud computing salary.  Web Services And APIs All budding cloud engineers are expected to have knowledge of open standards such as WSDL, UDDI, XML, and SOAP. Furthermore, they also should have a basic understanding of how application programming interfaces are engineered. These skills directly influence cloud security salary in India. Leveraging most of these will ensure you only receive lucrative career opportunities as a cloud computing professional.   Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Conclusion In this blog post, we saw that the cloud industry offers outstanding career opportunities to cloud computing aspirants. And learning how to integrate analytics and visualization skills in the cloud will act as a cherry on the top in your resume. The above-mentioned article contains all the answers to your queries regarding the cloud security salary in India.  Surely, cloud engineers have a bright future ahead. With years passing by, the demand for cloud engineers is only going to increase. So, brush up your knowledge of the cloud and take up our course in cloud computing to add certification to your profile! At upGrad, we offer the Executive PG Program in Software Development Specialisation in Cloud Computing program. It lasts only for 13 months and is completely online so you can complete it without interrupting your job. Our course will teach you the basic and advanced concepts of cloud computing along with the applications of these concepts. You will learn from industry experts through videos, live lectures, and assignments. Moreover, you’ll get access to upGrad’s exclusive career preparation, resume feedback, and many other advantages. Be sure to check it out. If you know someone interested in learning about cloud technologies, do share this article with them.

What is a Django Project? Django projects with source code are a collection of configurations and files that help with the development of website applications from the Django web framework. It serves as a host for the entire application and hosts the settings, URL patterns, etc. Django projects with source codes can help the developers in creating and managing individual applications that can manage particular functionalities. Django projects for beginners can be reused in various projects like promoting modularity and code reusability. A typical Django example project structure facilitates a well-maintained framework for developers to build and organize web applications with a high level of efficiency. Django projects for beginners also help with rapid development and ensure scalability as a typical Django example project grows. Getting Started with Django Project Ideas Django projects open up a world of possibilities for beginners. Whether you are exploring Django python questions or whether you are looking for python project ideas, Django provides a reliable base for developers to create web applications. You can begin with a simple and a straightforward to-do list application. You can even choose Django as a personal blogging platform to understand the basics of Django and explore its features. Once you start getting the hang of it, you can even build complex websites like websites for e-commerce activities, weather forecast applications, social media sharing platforms, etc. Gaining practical knowledge of Django would not only enhance your resume but will make you a valuable asset for any company. As a developer, you will gain confidence to take up complex tasks and projects. Why Choose Django for Beginner Projects Django is the most sought-after choice for beginners because of its simple and easy to understand user interface and built-in features. Django follows the MVC pattern of coding. This pattern is transparent and organizes codes efficiently. Most beginners rely on Django to kickstart their journey of web application using Django. Setting up Your Django Development Environment Django development environment is as crucial to build website applications with accuracy and efficacy in the following steps:  Step 1: First and foremost, you must install Python on your system.  Step 2: Use pip, the Python package manager and install Django. You can create a virtual environment to ensure that the project dependencies are isolated.  Step 3: Once you have activated Django, start a new project with the command “Django-admin start project”. Step 4: Once the above 3 steps are done, navigate to the project directory and create an application by using “python manage.py startapp”. Step 5: In this step you need to configure your project settings and include database connections along with static files (if any). Step 6: To ensure that the application is running smoothly, you must test this setup by running the development server with the command “python manage.py runserver”. Your Django development environment is now ready! Dive in and give life to all your ideas. Django Project Ideas You’ve learned Python, you know how to write code, and have mastered Django. But now you want to test your skills. Because the more practically strong you are, the better your salary would be. You want to see how you can use your knowledge of Django for creating products. But you have no idea where to start. Don’t worry, because, in this article, we’ll be discussing some interesting Django project ideas you can work on and the ideal django projects for resume. We, here at upGrad, believe in a practical approach as theoretical knowledge alone won’t be of help in a real-time work environment. In this article, we will be exploring some interesting Django project ideas which beginners can work on to put their Django knowledge to test. In this article, you will find 25 top Django project ideas for beginners to get hands-on experience on Django. Check out our free courses related to software development. Working on these project ideas will help you test your skills and realize where you lag. Projects are also great for improving your portfolio and resume. Completed projects are proof of your skill level.  The more you experiment with different Django project ideas, the more knowledge you gain. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Check out Full Stack Development Bootcamp – Job Guaranteed from upGrad How to Come Up with Project Ideas? You don’t always have to rely on external sources to come up with project ideas. You can come up with your ideas. Here are some tips on how to do so: 1. Reflect on your Experiences Take a look at your day-to-day life and think of the problems you face. Now, figure out which questions you can solve using Django. The more django project ideas you work on, the more experience and knowledge you gain. Featured Program for you: Advanced Certification in Cyber Security 2. Take Inspiration from GitHub GitHub is a great place to find inspiration. It’s filled with developers and their projects; you might end up encountering a great open-source project there.  Our learners also read: Learn java online free! 3. Go to Hackathons Hackathons to get project ideas. You’ll get to meet many professionals who are brimming with ideas. It’s a great way to network and expand your knowledge too. Check out the latest django applications which are transforming the industry. So, here are a few Django Project ideas which beginners can work on: 25 Best Django Project Ideas & Topics for Beginners This list of Django project ideas for students is suited for beginners, and those just starting out with Django. These Django project ideas will get you going with all the practicalities you need to succeed in your career. Further, if you’re looking for Django project ideas for final year, this list should get you going. So, without further ado, let’s jump straight into some Django project ideas that will strengthen your base and allow you to climb up the ladder. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Doing Django projects can help you considerably. You get practical experience and get to apply your knowledge of the framework. You’ll get to use a variety of functions while working on a project. Apart from that, completed projects are great for your portfolio as well. Completed python Django projects show your skill level and help a recruiter see your expertise. Even though Django is a very versatile framework, coming up with its project ideas can be a little tricky, especially for beginners. That’s why we’ve assorted a list of Django project ideas that vary from beginner level to intermediate. Try out these project ideas and test your skills.  Get Software Engineering degrees from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. 1. Email Sender Just getting into our first Django Project Ideas. With Django, you can create an email Automator which sends emails to a specific group of recipients automatically. You’d have the option of modifying the message of the email and select the recipients of the same. It’s a simple, fun, and exciting project.  2. Text-to-HTML Converter A quick and useful project is building a Text to HTML converter. Your tool should be able to convert the selected text into HTML code. While the tool is quite easy to develop, you can use it for rapid development and documentation of your other projects. It’s a win-win.  3. Chat Application This is one of the excellent Django project ideas for beginners. Chatting apps are in high demand. WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Telegram, are just a few of the most prominent chat apps out there. Building one of these will surely make your portfolio look more advanced. Creating a chat app with Django isn’t much difficult. You wouldn’t have much storage space so you can follow the route of Snapchat, i.e., delete older chats and save only the recent ones. Keep the interface exciting and add the option of sending voice messages, too, if you can.  In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   4. A Safe for Passwords You can build a website that saves your passwords for your various accounts on different platforms. To make sure your passwords remain safe on this website, you’ll have to use an encryption algorithm, which will encode them. This way, you won’t store those passwords directly on the site. Password safes are quite useful, and there are multiple tools available from which you can take inspiration to work on this project.  Even though this falls under the Django basic projects category, with the increasing use of the internet and various platforms that require login through password, this project plays an important role. 5. Tweets Automator Create a tool that automates tweets. In this tool, the user can write some tweets in advance, and the tool will post them on the set schedule. The user has the option of setting the program for posting these tweets as well. You’ll have to use Twitter API for this project, and with the help of some other APIs, you can customize the tweets and automate it completely.  This is a Django project that is suitable for beginners to intermediate level, yet with the increase in digital marketing, especially social media marketing, this will be a great Django project for resume. 6. Dictionary Application This is one of the interesting Django project ideas. You can use a variety of APIs from the internet and create a web app that acts as a dictionary. The user would enter a word, and your app will show its meaning. You can enhance the capability of your web app by adding antonyms and synonyms to the results.  7. Notes Application You will have to create an interface that allows the user to create a new note and access the stored notes. Notes applications are quite simple to make, and it wouldn’t take you much time to finish this project. You can make the app more interesting by adding multiple features such as adding images or having the option of customizing the notes later on. This simple project will test your knowledge of Django and its capabilities considerably.  8. Django Blog Blogs are spread everywhere on the internet. In this project, you’ll create a blog, which enables people to read your articles, and allows the team members to add more blogs to the site.  You’ll have to create a unique and simple interface that makes the blog accessible. To make your blog more interactive, you can add a comment section as well where people add their comments on the blogs they read. You’ll need to develop a theme for the blog to make sure it looks seamless.  9. Ecommerce Store Ecommerce stores are quite famous and require a nice interface. You can develop one by using Django. The web app would display products, and when a user would click on a product, it would direct them to its page. You’ll get work with a lot of data, which you’ll need for product descriptions. Apart from that, you’ll have to add a transaction method to the site, too, for processing payments. This project requires a little effort, but it’s worth it.  10. Video Calling App This is one of the trending django project ideas.  You can create a web app that lets you chat through video calls. You can connect to a friend or someone else through the web app and talk. While the project is fun to work with, developing it will help you in understanding how video is transmitted through a connection. With the high popularity of video streaming apps, having an understanding of video calling through Django will help you considerably in showcasing your skills.  11. Social Networking App You can use Django to create a social media app where people can connect, share their opinions, and make new friends. You can enable the platform to transfer texts, images, audios, and videos. Take inspiration from any significant social media platform out there, like Facebook, and develop a small social networking application of your own.  You’ll have to work a little harder in this project because you’ll need to keep your users’ data secure and private. You wouldn’t want any breach of privacy to happen on your platform. It’s an advanced-level project, but it will be quite interesting to work with.  12. Interactive Maps Do you use Google Maps for navigation? You can create your version of Google Maps, as in an interactive map by using Django. A simple map will only give the location of the user, but by adding a few animations, you can make it more interactive and exciting. The map can change its graphics according to the user’s location and options. It can be a pretty useful solution. Moreover, you’ll get valuable experience out of it.  This project idea also fits perfectly in the category of advanced Django projects as it showcases a fine amalgamation of implementing data and animation. As the graphics are dynamic and change based on the priorities of the user, designing the interface also shows a great amount of credibility. 13. Django CMS Use Django to create a content management system. There are plenty of CMS platforms present on the internet; the most popular one is WordPress. You can take inspiration from other CMS tools available and add more features to your product accordingly. It will give you a lot of experience in working with content management systems and their functionality.  Developing intricate features will help you in trying out different skills as well. This is an intermediate level project idea, so work on it after you’ve completed a few projects before.  14. News App You can use Django to create a news aggregator application. This web app uses web crawlers and websites to show a collection of news from various sources. You’ll get to aggregate data from multiple sites to create this tool. Data aggregation can be quite a useful skill, and completing this project will help you learn the same.  15. Photo-centric App (like Pinterest) Create a web app that displays photos, portraits, and artworks. You can add the feature of ‘liking’ a post and its creator. You can give the users the functionality of following a specific account as well. You can take inspiration from Pinterest for this project. It’s also an intermediate-level project, so you should work on it after you’ve had experience with a few projects before. 16. Login System Every aspiring Django Developer must know how to build a login system. Login systems are a crucial element of all types of commercial Web and mobile projects, and hence, this is an excellent project for beginners.  To build a login system, you can start by implementing a basic template of a login system, incorporate some changes in the template and use it to develop your web app’s login system. When you develop a login system using Django, you will not only hone your development skills but also learn the functioning of login systems from a Developer’s point of view.  17. To-Do App  A to-do app is a software application that lets you make a list of tasks that you need to complete. You can make daily or weekly lists of tasks in a to-do app. Once you complete a task, you can mark it “completed” and update your to-do list. It is a convenient app that lets you keep track of your chores. It is one of the most beginner-friendly Django projects examples. To build a to-do app, you need not be a proficient Django developer – you only need to have good knowledge of Django basics. You can create a simple to-do app using tools like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, and then host your app on the localhost server by using Django/Flask framework. 18. Weather App This is an exciting project to work on. Almost everyone uses a weather app to check the local weather status and even the weather conditions of locations around the globe. An efficient weather app shows several important weather details, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and so on.   You can use Django APIs to build a weather app like the REST framework. For those who don’t know, an API stands for application programming interface that includes a suite of communication protocols, subroutine definitions, and tools used for developing software applications. This project will teach you how to work with APIs and how to integrate them into your projects. 19. Calorie Counter A calorie counter app lets you track and monitor your calorie intake and also how much calories you burn each day. Since this is a very simple project, it is ideal for beginners. You will create a calorie counter app with Django, where users can enter the details of all the food they consume in a day, and the app will calculate the calories and display the results to them. You can also add advanced functions to allow users to add their daily workout sessions and activities that will show how much calories they burn daily. 20. Video Subscription App Video subscription apps like Netflix and Hotstar are hot assets in the market right now. These platforms allow you to subscribe and stream video content by paying a specific amount. You can use Django to create a video subscription app like Netflix from scratch.  By working on this project, you will learn how to integrate and implement various aspects of a video streaming platform, such as data handling, building checkout pages, payment gateway, dashboards, configuring payment periods, processing payments, handling subscription cancellations, and much more. Overall, this will be a fun Django project for you. 21. Online School System This is one of the interesting Django project ideas. This Django project involves designing an online school system that teachers can use to create assignments for students. Even students can use this online portal to submit their assignments and view the results.  In this project, you will build a multiple-user system by using React and Django’s REST framework. Naturally, you will gain in-depth knowledge of how the React and REST framework function. It will also improve your frontend and backend web development skills. 22. Library Management System To build this library management system using Django, you need to make a CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) app. For this project, you must possess the basic knowledge of working with servers and databases.  This is a great beginner-friendly Django project example as it will also help you test the depths of your basic knowledge and identify the gaps. The main goal of this library management system is to keeps a record of all the books in the library, books issued/returned by students, and even calculate fines. It manages all the information related to the library members, students, books, addresses. This management system will reduce the manual work of the librarian and other library staff. 23. Railway Enquiry System The main idea behind creating this project is to develop a railway enquiry web app using the API sourced from railapi.com. The app can track the details of all the trains, their timetables, and routes.  This app will provide users with all kinds of information related to the railway, including train timetables, PNR numbers, train routes, station details, available seats in different trains, etc. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? 24. Quiz App Quiz apps are a fun way to expand your knowledge base. An ideal quiz app is one that is user-friendly but with the right features. In this project, you will design a quiz app using Django. It will include standard features like timed questions, quiz history, scoreboard, and so on.  The quiz app should be configurable so that users can personalize it to suit their interests. For instance, it should allow users to add their favorite topics, customize the question modules, add players, and also challenge friends. 25. Web Crawler This is one of the excellent Django project ideas for beginners. A web crawler is a useful tool that browses the Web to index the content of websites so that relevant sites can rank in the SERPs (search engine results pages). In this project, you will build a web crawler that can collect the most relevant and trending stories on the internet.  The web crawler will efficiently track what people are talking about at the moment so that you never miss out on important or interesting topics that interest you. The crawler will also let you archive stories so that you can check which stories were trending on a particular date.  Apart from these Django basic projects, you may also need to add some advanced Django projects to your resume to increase credibility. Finding Django projects for final year can be both time and energy-consuming. Below are some Django project examples that you can use as impactful Django projects for final year. These django projects for resume can significantly boost your chances of getting hired! 1. Online Clothing Store Clothing e-store applications are now present on everyone’s mobile and systems, especially after the pandemic, people have shifted their preferences more towards online shopping. Therefore, building a web or mobile application for online clothing stores can be an interesting yet useful Django project idea. This project idea will help improve both the experience of the seller and buyers. Due to the fact that it is an advanced level Django project idea, to execute this, you need to have knowledge of Python along with a clear understanding of Django frameworks. The technology that is used in this project is the Django framework and SQLite database. The project will comprise two interfaces, one for the users and one for the admin. The user interface may contain elements like a product list with pricing, changing quantity, shopping cart, checking out, and placing orders. Whereas the admin interface may have admin login, adding and removing items from the website, modifying the items, etc. 2. WebSocket Programming in Python  Websockets are pieces of technology that help build interactive communication between a browser and the server they are using. This technology helps the browsers send messages to a server and receive responsive answers without the hassle of long-polling, meaning not having to check the server’s response constantly. The unread msg notification that pops up on various websites is due to WebSockets. There is a vast range of WebSockets applications, from chatting apps to online multiplayer games. Therefore, having this Django project on your resume can be very fruitful. To execute this project, you need to have a thorough understanding of Channels and pipenv install Django. Depending on your knowledge and interest, you can either build usual chatting apps or include full-duplex communication in a gaming app from Django projects examples. It will definitely be an impactful Django project for resume. 3. Blood Bank Management System  Another advanced level Django project idea will be to build a blood bank management system that can help improve the operations of the organization. The objective of the system is to provide a platform that can help patients or families of patients to find blood donors in their hour of need easily. In this system, all users will be able to see the list of donors based on various blood groups and also a list that will include the details of required blood groups at that moment. From the site, donors and patients can contact each other. To execute this project, you need to be familiar with a hand full of programming languages, especially, HTML, Bootstrap, Python, Django Framework, and CSS. as you will be showing your expertise in multiple programming languages, it can be a great Django project example for your final year. 4. Insurance Management System It is an online management system project in Python Django that focuses mainly on various insurance policies. The management system displays all the available policies in a categorized manner along with displaying their complementary policies. Apart from that, to ease the admin, the management system also keeps a record of the customers. This management system is also divided into two sections. One is for the customers and the other for the admin. Customers can log in, see available insurance policies, register for the ones they want, and start using them with the help of this management system. On the other hand, admins will have full control over the system, where they will be able to manage the flow of the system, approve or decline a customer’s policy request, etc. The programming language that will be required to build is a management system in Python with the Django framework. Knowledge of SQLite will also be needed as it will be the database type for the system. Due to the fact that not many programming languages are used for the project, and it contains all the important features of a Django project, it can be good for both beginners to advanced level students to attempt. 5. Thumbnail Generator with Django With the help of this generator system, you can auto-generate thumbnails for images in your model just by saving the image field. This is a great option of the website you built has a lot of pictures, and there you can utilise the feature of auto-generating thumbnails. This will definitely add to the user experience. To execute this project, you would be required to have knowledge of sorl-thumbnail. You will also need to know about various engines and plugins that go along with sorl-thumbnail. This system will command auto-generating missing thumbnails so that the website users do not have to wait to stare at a blank page while it is loading. Conclusion In this article, we have covered 25 Django project ideas. We started with some beginner projects which you can solve with ease. Once you finish with these simple projects, I suggest you go back, learn a few more concepts and then try the intermediate projects. When you feel confident, you can then tackle the advanced projects. If you wish to improve your Django skills, you need to get your hands on these Django project ideas. Creating Django projects is a great way to develop your skills and show your expertise. We hope the above ideas helped you in figuring out what you can do with your knowledge of this popular framework.  If you’re interested to learn more about Django and other full stack developer languages and tools, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialisation in Full Stack Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

Splunk is one of the top load management and analysis solutions in the field of IT Operations. The tool is one of the top devops tools in the market always in high demand, and so are Splunk experts. And knowledge of splunk is one of the important requirement to become a devops engineer. Naturally, when it comes to Splunk jobs in the IT sector, the competition is pretty tough and challenging. So, if you wish to bag a niche job in Splunk, you must be ready to ace the Splunk interview. Worry not, for we’ve created a detailed post with the top Splunk interview questions that will not only help to sharpen your Splunk knowledge but also bag that job you’ve been eying! Keep these interview questions and Splunk answers in mind to excel in your interview rounds. Your Splunk answers must offer an in-depth insight into the technicalities, so make sure to read up on the technical aspects to prepare thoroughly for the interview! Splunk Fundamentals: Key Concepts and Architecture It is crucial to have a solid understanding of Splunk’s fundamental concepts and architecture to excel in the interview. Let’s explore the essential elements of Splunk and its underlying architecture. Data Ingestion: Understanding how Splunk ingests & indexes data is fundamental. Explain data ingestion, the different data sources Splunk can handle, and the best practices for optimizing data input. Indexing and Search: Delve into Splunk’s indexing mechanism, including data parsing, indexing, and storing in buckets. Discuss the role of various index files and the search head in querying indexed data efficiently. Search Language: Splunk’s search language, SPL (Splunk Processing Language), is a powerful tool for querying and analyzing data. Discuss the basics of SPL, including search commands, functions, and how to construct effective searches. Splunk Data Models: Data models provide a way to accelerate data analysis. Explain the building of data models, their benefits, and how they facilitate faster searching and reporting. Splunk Apps and Add-ons: Explore the concept of Splunk apps and add-ons and their significance in extending Splunk’s functionalities for specific use cases. Discuss popular Splunk apps that the industry is using widely. Advanced Splunk Techniques and Real-World Use Cases Beyond the fundamentals, interviewers often seek candidates with expertise in advanced Splunk techniques and real-world implementation experiences. Let’s delve into some of the advanced topics and practical use cases. Complex Queries and Transformations: Demonstrate proficiency in constructing complex queries involving multiple commands, sub-searches, and transactions. Discuss how to use the eval command for field transformations and calculations. Splunk Data Onboarding: Share insights into handling large-scale data onboarding scenarios, including best practices for parsing and handling high-volume data streams. Splunk Enterprise Security: Discuss the Splunk Enterprise Security (ES) app and the app’s role in Security Information and Event Management (SIEM). Explain how ES assists in threat detection, incident response, and security monitoring. Machine Learning Toolkit: Showcase your knowledge of the Splunk Machine Learning Toolkit (MLTK) and its applications in anomaly detection, predictive modeling, and trend analysis. Splunk Dashboard and Reporting: Elaborate on creating visually appealing and insightful dashboards using Splunk’s dashboarding features. Discuss best practices for dashboard design and how to present data effectively. Real-World Use Cases: Provide examples of how Splunk has solved real-world challenges in various industries. Highlight specific use cases such as IT operations, cybersecurity, application monitoring, and business analytics. Best Practices and Performance Optimization: Offer insights into optimizing Splunk performance, including strategies for managing index size, search time, and resource allocation. Discuss best practices for maintaining a healthy and efficient Splunk environment. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Learners receive an average Salary hike of 58% with the highest being up to 400%. Without further ado, let’s get cracking on the top 33 Splunk interview questions! Top Splunk Interview Questions & Answers  1. Define Splunk Splunk is a software platform that allows users to analyze machine-generated data (from hardware devices, networks, servers, IoT devices, etc.). Splunk is widely used for searching, visualizing, monitoring, and reporting enterprise data. It processes and analyzes machine data and converts it into powerful operational intelligence by offering real-time insights into the data through accurate visualizations. Splunk is used for analyzing machine data because: It offers business insights – Splunk understands the patterns hidden within the data and turns it into real-time business insights that can be used to make informed business decisions. It provides operational visibility – Splunk leverages machine data to get end-to-end visibility into company operations and then breaks it down across the infrastructure. It facilitates proactive monitoring – Splunk uses machine data to monitor systems in real-time to identify system issues and vulnerabilities (external/internal breaches and attacks). Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain 2. Name the common port numbers used by Splunk. The common port numbers for Splunk are: Splunk Web Port: 8000 Splunk Management Port: 8089 Splunk Network port: 514 Splunk Index Replication Port: 8080 Splunk Indexing Port: 9997 KV store: 8191 3. Name the components of Splunk architecture. The Splunk architecture is made of the following components: Search Head – It provides GUI for searching Indexer – It indexes the machine data Forwarder – It forwards logs to the Indexer Deployment server – It manages the Splunk components in a distributed environment and distributes configuration apps. 4. What are the different types of Splunk dashboards? There are three different kinds of Splunk dashboards: Real-time dashboards Dynamic form-based dashboards Dashboards for scheduled reports Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp 5. Name the types of search modes supported in Splunk. Splunk supports three types of dashboards, namely: Fast mode Smart mode Verbose mode 6. Name the different kinds of Splunk Forwarders. There are two types of Splunk Forwarders: Universal Forwarder (UF) – It is a lightweight Splunk agent installed on a non-Splunk system to gather data locally. UF cannot parse or index data. Heavyweight Forwarder (HWF) – It is a heavyweight Splunk agent with advanced functionalities, including parsing and indexing capabilities. It is used for filtering data. 7. What are the benefits of feeding data into a Splunk instance through Splunk Forwarders? If you feed the data into a Splunk instance via Splunk Forwarders, you can reap three significant benefits – TCP connection, bandwidth throttling, and an encrypted SSL connection to transfer data from a Forwarder to an Indexer. Splunk’s architecture is such that the data forwarded to the Indexer is load-balanced by default. So, even if one Indexer goes down due to some reason, the data can re-route itself via another Indexer instance quickly. Furthermore, Splunk Forwarders cache the events locally before forwarding it, thereby creating a temporary backup of the data. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   8. What is the “Summary Index” in Splunk? In Splunk, the Summary Index refers to the default Splunk index that stores data resulting from scheduled searches over time. Essentially, it is the index that Splunk Enterprise uses if a user does not specify or indicate another one. The most significant advantage of the Summary Index is that it allows you to retain the analytics and reports even after your data has aged. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript 9. What is the purpose of Splunk DB Connect? Splunk DB Connect is a generic SQL database plugin designed for Splunk. It enables users to integrate database information with Splunk queries and reports seamlessly. 10. What is the function of the Splunk Indexer? As the name suggests, the Splunk Indexer creates and manages indexes. It has two core functions – to index raw data into an index and to search and manage the indexed data. 11. Name a few important Splunk search commands. Some of the important search commands in Splunk are: Abstract Erex Addtotals Accum Filldown Typer Rename Anomalies Also read: Splunk v Elk: Which one should you choose? 12. What are some of the most important configuration files in Splunk? The most crucial configuration files in Splunk are: props.conf indexes.conf inputs.conf transforms.conf server.conf 13. What is the importance of the License Master in Splunk? What happens if the License Master is unreachable?  In Splunk, the License Master ensures that the right amount of data gets indexed. Since the Splunk license is based on the data volume that reaches the platform within a 24hr-window, the License Master ensures that your Splunk environment stays within the constraints of the purchased volume. If ever the License Master is unreachable, a user cannot search the data. However, this will not affect the data flowing into the Indexer – data will continue to flow in the Splunk deployment, and the Indexers will index the data. But the top of the Search Head will display a warning message that the user has exceeded the indexing volume. In this case, they must either reduce the amount of data flowing in or must purchase additional capacity of the Splunk license. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses 14. Explain ‘license violation’ in the Splunk perspective. Anytime you exceed the data limit, the ‘license violation’ error will show on the dashboard. This warning will remain for 14 days. For a commercial Splunk license, users can have five warnings in a 30-day window before which Indexer’s search results and reports will not trigger. However, for the free version, users get only three warning counts. 15. What is the general expression for extracting IP address from logs? Although you can extract the IP address from logs in many ways, the regular experssion for it would be: rex field=_raw “(?<ip_address>\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)” OR rex field=_raw “(?<ip_address>([0-9]{1,3}[\.]){3}[0-9]{1,3})” 16. How can you troubleshoot Splunk performance issues? To troubleshoot Splunk performance issues, perform the following steps: Check splunkd.log to find any errors Check server performance issues (CPU/memory usage, disk i/o, etc.) Check the number of saved searches that are running at present and also their system resources consumption. Install the SOS (Splunk on Splunk) app and see if the dashboard displays any warning or errors. Install Firebug (a Firefox extension) and enable it in your system. After that, you have to log into Splunk using Firefox, open Firebug’s panels, and go to the ‘Net’ panel to enable it). The Net panel displays the HTTP requests and responses, along with the time spent in each. This will allow you to see which requests are slowing down Splunk and affecting the overall performance. 17. What are Buckets? Explain Splunk Bucket Lifecycle. Buckets are directories that store the indexed data in Splunk. So, it is a physical directory that chronicles the events of a specific period. A bucket undergoes several stages of transformation over time. They are: Hot – A hot bucket comprises of the newly indexed data, and hence, it is open for writing and new additions. An index can have one or more hot buckets.  Warm – A warm bucket contains the data that is rolled out from a hot bucket.  Cold – A cold bucket has data that is rolled out from a warm bucket.  Frozen – A frozen bucket contains the data rolled out from a cold bucket. The Splunk Indexer deletes the frozen data by default. However, there’s an option to archive it. An important thing to remember here is that frozen data is not searchable. 18. What purpose does the Time Zone property serve in Splunk? In Splunk, Time Zone is crucial for searching for events from a security or fraud perspective. Splunk sets the default Time Zone for you from your browser settings. The browser further picks up the current Time Zone from the machine you are using. So, if you search for any event with the wrong Time Zone, you will not find anything relevant for that search. The Time Zone becomes extremely important when you are searching and correlating data pouring in from different and multiple sources.  19. Define Sourcetype in Splunk. In Splunk, Sourcetype refers to the default field that is used to identify the data structure of an incoming event. Sourcetype should be set at the forwarder level for indexer extraction to help identify different data formats. It determines how Splunk Enterprise formats the data during the indexing process. This being the case, you must ensure to assign the correct Sourcetype to your data. To make data searching even easier, you should provide accurate timestamps, and event breaks to the indexed data (the event data).  20. Explain the difference between Stats and Eventstats commands. In Splunk, the Stats command is used to generate the summary statistics of all the existing fields in the search results and save them as values in newly created fields. Although the Eventstats command is pretty similar to the Stats command, it adds the aggregation results inline to each event (if only the aggregation is pertinent to that particular event). So, while both the commands compute the requested statistics, the Eventstats command aggregates the statistics into the original raw data. 21. Differentiate between Splunk App and Add-on. Splunk Apps refer to the complete collection of reports, dashboards, alerts, field extractions, and lookups. However, Splunk Add-ons only contain built-in configurations – they do not have dashboards or reports. 22. What is the command to stop and start Splunk service? The command to start Splunk service is: ./splunk start The command to stop Splunk service is: ./splunk stop 23. How can you clear the Splunk search history? To clear the Splunk search history, you need to delete the following file from Splunk server: $splunk_home/var/log/splunk/searches.log 24. What is Btool in Splunk? Btool in Splunk is a command-line tool that is used for troubleshooting configuration file issues. It also helps check what values are being used by a user’s Splunk Enterprise installation in the existing environment. 25. What is the need for Splunk Alert? Specify the type of options you get while setting up Splunk Alerts. Splunk Alerts help notify users of any erroneous condition in their systems. For instance, a user can set up Alerts for email notification to be sent to the admin in case there are more than three failed login attempts within 24 hours. The different options you get while setting up Alerts include: You can create a webhook. This will allow you to write to HipChat or GitHub – you can write an email to a group of machines containing your subject, priorities, and the body of your email. You can add results in CSV or pdf formats or inline with the body of the message to help the recipient understand the location and conditions of the alert that has been triggered and what actions have been taken for the same. You can create tickets and throttle alerts based on specific conditions such as the machine name or IP address. These alerts can be controlled from the alert window. 26. What is a Fishbucket and what is the Index for it? Fishbucket is an index directory resting at the default location, that is: /opt/splunk/var/lib/splunk Fishbucket includes seek pointers and CRCs for the indexed files. To access the Fishbucket, you can use the GUI for searching: index=_thefishbucket 27. How to know when Splunk has completed indexing a log file? You can figure out whether or not Splunk has completed indexing a log file in two ways: By monitoring the data from Splunk’s metrics log in real-time:  index=”_internal” source=”*metrics.log” group=”per_sourcetype_thruput” series=”&lt;your_sourcetype_here&gt;” | eval MB=kb/1024 | chart sum(MB) By monitoring all the metrics split by source type: index=”_internal” source=”*metrics.log” group=”per_sourcetype_thruput” | eval MB=kb/1024 | chart sum(MB) avg(eps) over series 28. What is the Dispatch Directory? The Dispatch Directory includes a directory for individual searches that are either running or have completed. The configuration for the Dispatch Directory is as follows: $SPLUNK_HOME/var/run/splunk/dispatch Let’s assume, there is a directory named 1434308943.358. This directory will contain a CSV file of all the search results, a search.log containing the details about the search execution, and other relevant information. By using the default configuration, you can delete this directory within 10 minutes after the search completes. If you save the search results, they will be deleted after seven days. 29. How can you add folder access logs from a Windows machine to Splunk? To add folder access logs from a Windows machines to Splunk, you must follow the steps listed below: Go to Group Policy and enable Object Access Audit on the Windows machine where the folder is located. Now you have to enable auditing on the specific folder for which you want to monitor access logs. Install Splunk Universal Forwarder on the Windows machine. Configure the Universal Forwarder to send security logs to the Splunk Indexer. 30. How does Splunk avoid duplicate indexing of logs? Among many, one of the common Splunk interview questions and answers is this. The Splunk Indexer keeps track of all the indexed events in a directory – the Fishbuckets directory that contains seek pointers and CRCs for all the files being indexed presently. So, if there’s any seek pointer or CRC that has been already read, splunkd will point it out. 31. What is the configuration files precedence in Splunk? The precedence of configuration files in Splunk is as follows: System Local Directory (highest priority) App Local Directories App Default Directories System Default Directory (lowest priority) 32. Define “Search Factor” and “Replication Factor.” Both Search Factor (SF) and Replication Factor (RF) are clustering terminologies in Splunk. While the SF (with a default value of 2) determines the number of searchable copies of data maintained by the Indexer cluster, the RF represents the number of copies of data maintained by the Indexer cluster. An important thing to remember is that SF must always be less than or equal to the replication factor. Also, the Search Head cluster only has a Search Factor, whereas an Indexer cluster has both SF and RF.  33. Why is the lookup command used? Differentiate between inputlookup & outputlookup commands. In Splunk, lookup commands are used when you want to receive specific fields from an external file (for example, a Python-based script, or a CSV file) to obtain a value of an event. It helps narrow the search results by referencing the fields in an external CSV file that matches fields in the event data. The inputlookup command is used when you want to take an input. For instance, the command can take the product price or product name as input and then match it with an internal field such as a product ID. On the contrary, the outputlookup command is used to produce an output from an existing field list. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? 34. Differentiate between Splunk SDK and Splunk Framework. Splunk SDKs are primarily designed to help users develop applications from scratch. They do not require Splunk Web or any other component from the Splunk App Framework to function. Splunk SDKs are separately licensed from Splunk. As opposed to this, the Splunk App Framework rests within the Splunk Web Server. It allows users to customize the Splunk Web UI that accompanies the product. Although it lets you develop Splunk apps, you have to do so by using the Splunk Web Server.  Learn Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. 35. What are the pros of getting data into a Splunk instance using forwarders? The benefits of using forwarders to enter data into Splunk include secure SSL connections, bandwidth throttling, and TCP connections for sending valuable data from a forwarder to an indexer. 36. In which form does Splunk stores its data? When asked In which form does Splunk stores its data, you can answer by mentioning Splunk stores data in a flat-file format. Based on the amount and age of the data, Splunk stores all data in an index and in hot, warm, and cold buckets. 37. Explain the map-reduce algorithm? To speed up data searches, Splunk employs the map-reduce method. It takes its cues from two functional programming constructs: 1) reduce () 2) map (). Here, the reduce () function is connected to a Reducer class, while the map () function is connected to a Mapper class. 38. Explain various types of data inputs in Splunk? The following list includes various Splunk data inputs: Using files and directories as sources Setting up network ports to start receiving inputs Include Windows inputs. There are four different kinds of windows inputs: the active directory monitor, printer monitor, network monitor, and registry inputs monitor. What are Pivot and Data Models? Pivots are used to build the front views of your output and choose the proper filter for a better view of this output. When processing enormous amounts of unstructured data in Splunk, data models are utilized to build a hierarchical model without running complicated search queries on the data. Data models are frequently used to build authentication structures for multiple applications, add access levels, and create sales reports. On the contrary, Pivots allow you to design numerous views and view the outcomes as you see fit. Even managers of stakeholders with no technical background can construct views and learn more about their departments with pivots. 40. What are Workflow Actions? One of the commonly asked Splunk interview questions and answers is this. In Splunk, “workflow actions” are knowledge objects with a high degree of configuration that let you interact with other areas and websites. Splunk workflow actions can be used to construct HTML links and utilize them to search field values, send HTTP post requests to particular URLs, and carry out secondary searches on particular events. 41. Which component of a bucket stores raw event data?  ‘Which component of a bucket stores raw event data?’ can most likely be asked by interviewers to test your in-depth knowledge. You can answer this in the following manner. Each bucket has a compressed journal in time-series index files. Splunk stores our unprocessed event data in the journal. It is made up of numerous smaller compressed slices, each measuring roughly 128kB. The index keys to our journal file are the time-series index files or TSIDX files. 42. Specify the command that is used for the “Filtering results” category. The following commands are used for the “filtering results” category: “where,” “Sort,” “rex,” and “search.” 43. List the various Splunk licensing types. Splunk licenses come in the following types:         Free license         Beta license         Search head license         Cluster member license         Forwarder license         Enterprise license Who are the largest competitors to Splunk? The largest competitors of Splunk are logstash, Loggly, LogLogic, sumo logic, etc. 45. What do Splunk licenses specify? They specify how much data you can index per calendar day. 46. How does Splunk determine 1 day from the licensing point of view? Splunk determines the time from Midnight to midnight on the clock of the license master. 47. How are forwarder licenses purchased? You need not purchase forwarder licenses separately, as they are included with Splunk. 48. What is the command to restart only the Splunk web server? The command is – Splunk start Splunk web. 49. What is the command to restart only the Splunk daemon? The command is – Splunk start Splunk. 50. What are the three Splunk versions? There are three different versions of Splunk available. Splunk enterprise, Splunk light, and Splunk cloud are the three available versions. Splunk Enterprise: Many IT firms utilize the Splunk Enterprise edition. You can use it to examine data from numerous applications and websites. Splunk Cloud: Splunk Cloud is a SaaS (Software as a Service) that includes features like APIs, SDKs, and apps that are similar to those of the business edition. Splunk lite: Splunk light is a free version that lets you search, edit, and create reports using your log data. Splunk Light has limited features as compared to its other versions. Conclusion We hope these Splunk interview questions help you get into the flow and prepare for your Splunk interview! If you are curious to know more about splunk and other DevOps tools, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Program in Full Stack Software Development Program.  

Cloud Computing Interview Questions and Answers In today’s world, communications have evolved by leaps and bounds so much so that we can speak to one another, sitting in different corners of the world within a matter of few seconds. The wealth of information is no longer limited to voluminous books and libraries. Irrespective of the topic or theme of concern, detailed information is available at your fingertips. The World Wide Web paved the path for such access to information. However, in contemporary times, even more, is few. So a static web server might give you access to certain information, but that may not suffice always. The advent of cloud computing has extensively resolved this limitation. Cloud computing has enabled users to access a wide range of servers. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Understanding Cloud Computing? Cloud computing refers to the virtual space that helps deliver hosted sources over the Internet. This includes databases, analytics, servers, networking as well as intelligence. All this is done keeping flexibility, innovation, and cost-effectiveness in mind. This has come to be of great help for businesses, both mid-size and small. Cloud computing makes use of machine learning, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. It goes without saying that with cloud computing, there have been many revolutions in the way data and documents are handled, making it an exceptional addition to the computing world. Consequently, the applications of cloud computing have become extremely widespread and almost unavoidable. For any digital and software oriented career, interview questions on cloud computing have become a frequent occurrence. We have discussed some of the fundamental cloud computing interview questions here.  Enroll for Advanced Certification in Cloud Computing Cloud Computing—Its History In the simplest sense of the term, the process of renting a computing resource is “cloud computing.” The idea first came about around the 1950s. The top phases that have shaped cloud computing in its current avatar are- Idea: The period lasted during the 1960s and came to be with an introduction of the concepts of utility as well as grid computing. These were relevant until pre-internet times. Pre-phase: This phase ranged between 1999 and 2006. For all applications used as a service at this time, the internet was the main mechanism for delivery. Cloud: The phase of cloud actually began in 2007 with the formalization of SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS. Since then, leading organizations in the web and computer domains have come up with amazing breakthroughs in cloud computing. Enroll for Advanced Certification in Cyber Security Interview performance helps the interviewer to decide the salary of a cloud engineer in India. So, how you perform in the interview directly affects your CTC. We have a list of basic cloud computing interview questions for freshers and experienced people to help them prepare for their big day with the right information. These basic cloud computing interview questions are not exhaustive but will familiarise you with the basic concepts of cloud technology and help you to prepare for any interview questions on cloud computing if you’re venturing into this field. Practicing cloud analyst interview questions beforehand will offer you an edge over other candidates who may or may not have prepared in depth for the position. Learn Software Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Here are the top cloud computing interview questions and answers that will prepare you to deal with complex cloud computing questions extended by employers. These interview questions on cloud computing also work as excellent cloud computing interview questions for freshers or simply as basic cloud basic interview questions to excel in an interview. Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Top Cloud Computing Interview Questions Having an idea about the most popular cloud computing interview questions or cloud computing questions can help you prepare better for related interviews. 1. What are the advantages of Cloud Computing? This cloud computing question must be answered with all the examples relevant to this time. Extending an outdated answer might lead recruiters to think your knowledge is limited to books. Here’s how you can approach this cloud computing question. Cloud Computing technology helps the users avail of a more extensive network of global web servers. This directly boosts the productivity and performance of the web platform and makes development efficient in terms of cost and time. Cloud computing also increments the data storage and data backup capacities of the web servers. Due to the boosted interaction between different web servers, the server capabilities are made much more powerful.  2. Describe the different cloud service models? There are predominantly three models of cloud service. Each come with their own sets of advantages and are at variance with each other with regards to one or the other features. Before opting for one of them, let’s understand their characteristics and gauge how they fit within our individual requirements.  IaaS- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) consists of highly automated compute resources. Businesses can avail of on-demand hardware resources through IaaS without having to make any upfront hardware purchase. IaaS is highly scalable and can assist in quickly accessing and monitoring computers, database storage, and other networking services.  PaaS-Platform as a Service (PaaS) is helpful in customizing applications that require cloud components. PaaS helps in streamlining the workflow in the situations which involve more than one developer. While developers can manage the applications, businesses get to use the network and storage.  SaaS- Software as a Service (SaaS) refers to the service model where applications are delivered to the user using cloud platforms, and the third party can then manage the applications. They are incredibly convenient to use since they do not require any additional installations.  3. What are some of the popularly used cloud computing services? Cloud computing has come to be used widely across industries. Some of the top players, in this case, are Windows Azure, Amazon Web Services, and iCloud, which is exclusively for the iOs users. These are the broadly used cloud platforms. However, there are emerging cloud services available in the market. Other popularly used cloud computing services include Google Cloud, Alibaba Cloud, IBM Cloud, and Oracle. 4. What are the main differences between public, private, and hybrid clouds? Cloud deployment models vary, and understanding their suitability for different scenarios is essential.  Public Cloud: Owned and managed by third-party providers, the public cloud allows multiple organizations to share computing resources over the Internet. It offers scalability, cost-effectiveness, and offloading infrastructure management. However, data security concerns and limited customization might be drawbacks. Private Cloud: Solely dedicated to one organization, the private cloud can be on-premises or hosted by a third party. It provides increased control, security, and customization, which is ideal for businesses with strict data privacy needs and specialized workloads. But it may involve higher initial costs and require in-house management expertise. Hybrid Cloud: Combining public and private clouds, the hybrid cloud allows seamless integration and data portability. Businesses can enjoy scalability and cost savings for non-sensitive data in the public cloud while keeping critical applications and data secure in the private cloud. Proper integration and data synchronization are crucial in this approach. 5. How does cloud security work, and what are the primary concerns? Cloud security encompasses a comprehensive array of measures and protocols to safeguard data, applications, and infrastructure within cloud environments. To achieve this, various methods are employed:  Data Encryption: Cloud service providers use encryption techniques to protect data during storage and transmission, ensuring that unauthorized access cannot compromise sensitive information.  Access Controls: Cloud platforms implement robust access control mechanisms to manage user permissions effectively, preventing unauthorized entry to critical resources.  Identity and Access Management (IAM): IAM solutions manage user identities, authentication, and authorization, allowing only authorized users to access specific resources.  Firewalls: Cloud providers utilize firewalls to monitor and control network traffic, creating a protective barrier against unauthorized access and potential threats.  Major concerns in cloud security include  Data Breaches: Unauthorized access to sensitive data is a significant concern, emphasizing the need for robust security measures to prevent data breaches and safeguard confidential information.  Insider Threats: Individuals with legitimate access to cloud resources, such as employees, can unintentionally or maliciously jeopardize data and systems. Insecure APIs: Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) can be entry points for attackers. Ensuring robust API security is crucial to prevent vulnerabilities.  Data Loss: Data loss may occur due to accidental deletion or hardware failure, making robust data backup and recovery mechanisms essential.  Compliance and Regulatory Issues: Cloud providers must adhere to data protection and privacy regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, or PCI DSS, as non-compliance can lead to severe legal and financial consequences.  Shared Tenancy: In multi-tenant cloud environments, multiple users share resources, necessitating sufficient isolation and security measures to prevent data leakage and unauthorized access.  Misconfigurations: Improperly configured cloud resources can expose sensitive data or create entry points for attackers. Regular monitoring and adherence to best practices are crucial to prevent misconfigurations. By addressing these concerns with diligence, cloud security can be bolstered and data integrity maintained. In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4   6. Define Hybrid Cloud Hybrid cloud integrates private and public cloud services to support parallel, integrated, or complementary tasks. 7. What is the difference between the Hybrid Cloud and Hybrid IT? The hybrid cloud term is supposed to be integrating public and private clouds. Hybrid IT is what results when hybrid cloud efforts in organizations become more of advanced virtualization and automation environments with various features. And there haven’t been a lot of success stories of organizations being able to really build and maintain real hybrid clouds. They’ve done some things with OpenStack, but, for the most part, private cloud-inspired environments powered by VMware dominate. Therefore, a substitute term — hybrid IT — actually better describes the bulk of hybrid scenarios. This does not, however, change the need for clarity in terminology. The hybrid cloud must involve some combination of cloud styles (private, public, community), but physical location is not a definitive aspect of the style. The bottom line is that most users of the hybrid cloud term have really meant hybrid IT thus far. 8. What is The Packaging of Hybrid Cloud? What are the two main types of packaged hybrid cloud?  Packaged hybrid means you have a vendor-provided private cloud offering that is packaged and connected to a public cloud in a tethered way. Azure Stack from Microsoft is an excellent example of this packaging, but there is another approach as well. We call these two main approaches “like-for-like” hybrid and “layered technology” hybrid (spanning different technology bases). Azure and Azure Stack typify the like-for-like hybrid approach. Azure Stack is not exactly the same as Azure in the public cloud, but they try to approximate it. AWS Outposts, as announced, can be used in a private cloud model (where no other companies have access). If so, it represents an example of the like-for-like approach. However, the broader strategy represented by AWS Outposts would encourage a more distributed model where each Outpost is opened to near neighbours. Oracle Cloud at Customer (one of the original attempts at this) is also another example of this approach, but it is evolving toward a new style of cloud computing we call distributed cloud (see the Distributed Cloud section). Like-for-like solutions provide the “full-stack” but not necessarily the hardware, all managed by a single vendor. The layered hybrid approach is based on integration across different underlying technology — a portability layer of sorts. This is where Google and IBM have focused. Google, with its recently announced Anthos (formerly its cloud services platform) and IBM with its cloud private as well as the direction it is headed in with the pending acquisition of Red Hat and Openshift, which also fits into this model. There are many challenges regarding this approach’s ability to fulfill on the vision of distributed cloud 9. What is a Distributed Cloud? The distributed cloud may be defined as the distribution of public cloud services to different physical locations. They are specifically used to meet various kinds of compliance needs and performance requirements.  In contrast, operation, governance, updates, and the evolution of the services are the responsibility of the originating public cloud provider. Distributed cloud computing is a style of cloud computing where the location of the cloud services is a critical component of the model. Historically, the location has not been relevant to cloud computing definitions, although issues related to it are essential in many situations. While many people claim that a private cloud or hybrid cloud requires on-premises computing, this is a misconception. A private cloud can be done in a hosted data center or, more often, in virtual individual cloud instances, which are not on-premises. Likewise, the hybrid cloud does not require that the individual components of the hybrid are in any specific location. However, with the advent of distributed cloud, location formally enters the definition of a style of cloud services. Distributed cloud supports the tethered and untethered operation of like-for-like cloud services from the public cloud “distributed” out to specific and varied physical locations. This enables an essential characteristic of distributed cloud operation — low-latency compute where the to compute operations for the cloud services are closer to those who need the capabilities. This can result in major upgrades in performance and reduce the risk of global network-related outages.  Furthermore, distributed clouds also provide us with guaranteed quality of service (QoS), especially for mission-critical applications and mobile users.  Read: How to become a good cloud engineer? 10. Define what MultiCloud is? Multicloud computing may be defined as the deliberate use of the same type of cloud services from multiple public cloud providers. This term has been challenging because, while there are three main use cases, there are other uses of the term in common use as well. And one of them is the use of multiple cloud providers for different purposes. A prevalent situation is for an organization to use AWS for infrastructure and Office 365 for the cloud office. This is very clearly two various providers, but also clearly for two very different purposes. This is not a deliberate use of the two in any coordinated way, so that’s not really indicative of the primary intent of multi-cloud. There are also other multi cloud-oriented situations, such as relying on application providers to support multiple platforms underneath. But multi-cloud is really a deliberate strategy to deal with and leverage the potential benefits (for example portability and vendor independence) of multiple cloud providers for, in most cases, the same or similar types of scenarios or things Answering such cloud computing basics interview questions in-depth will enable recruiters to know your basics are polished, and you can easily take up the role knowing its foundation.  11. What is a multi-cloud strategy? The way most organizations adopt the cloud is that they typically start with one provider. They then continue down that path and eventually begin to get a little concerned about being too dependent on one vendor. So they will start entertaining the use of another provider or at least allowing people to use another provider. They may even use a functionality-based approach. For example, they may use Amazon as their primary cloud infrastructure provider, but they may decide to use Google for analytics, machine learning, and big data. So this type of multi-cloud strategy is driven by sourcing or procurement (and perhaps on specific capabilities), but it doesn’t focus on anything in terms of technology and architecture. Two of the major factors that drive the deployment of a multi-cloud strategy are redundancy and vendor lock-in concerns. Apart from these, other factors might also include the need for more price-competitive cloud services, speed, capacity, or the various other advantageous features that accompanies a particular cloud provider of a particular location.  The next step, as they mature, is toward what we call multi-cloud management or governance. This step comes after you have multiple providers, and you need to have some semblance of control over the resultant environment. It can be simple, a single pane of glass for monitoring and then progressing from there. There may also be a multi-cloud architecture where you actually have a desire to make the workloads portable, either as a possibility or in actuality. This leads to a focus on portability, similar in concept to Java. You could even go into very advanced environments like cloud bursting or dynamic figuring, which is the dynamic allocation of where you’re going to run workloads based on availability or spot pricing. Those things are pretty rare today. But with more and more advanced cloud use cases, these scenarios are becoming more real. In fact, with the advent of these new packaged hybrid types of environments, we may see more of that because it’ll be easier to do. There are instances when multi-cloud is not so much a strategy as it is a situation that must be dealt with. The result of a merger or acquisition can lead an organization this way, as can other situations best described as evolutionary. Much of what is described here is applicable, but it should be noted that there are exceptions 12. What is Cloud-Native Cloud native is a frequently discussed topic in the cloud computing basic interview questions. Let’s find out its basic definition to get started.  Cloud-native definition: Something is cloud-native if it is created to leverage cloud characteristics. Those cloud characteristics are part of the original definition of cloud computing. It’s all about capabilities delivered as a service that is scalable and elastic, metered by use, service-based, ubiquitous by means of internet technologies, and shared. Sometimes people will trade off one or more of these. For example, sharing can be problematic for some, and they may accept less elasticity as a result of not enabling sharing. 13. What is meant by Edge Computing, and how is it related to the cloud? Unlike cloud computing, edge computing is all about the physical location and issues related to latency. Cloud and edge are complementary concepts combining the strengths of a centralized system with the advantages of distributed operations at the physical location where things and people connect. Edge is very common in IoT scenarios and is very different from the cloud. Cloud has never been about location. In fact, it has always been about the independence of location. That’s why private, public hybrid and all these other terms exist There are many edge scenarios, but one of the more popular ones is where you have cloud and edge together, and the cloud provider (like Amazon with Greengrass) controls, runs and defines the architecture for what is out at the edge. Edge and cloud are complementary and both part of a broader concept — distributed cloud. While there has been some confusion around these terms, greater understanding is happening and the majority of those pursuing edge computing strategies are now viewing edge as part of their overall cloud strategy. 14. State some of the key features of Cloud Computing. This is one of the most popularly asked basic cloud computing interview questions for freshers, which exhibits your basic knowledge and promising skills in the cloud analyst interview questions. The following list contains some of the top features of cloud computing that you can extend in the interview to answer this question. Quality Of Service– Cloud computing provides its users with the best quality of service experience. Any compromise or irregularity in the said services can cause potential damage to the popularity of the company, and might result in loss of customers.  Flexibility–  In this dynamic competitive environment, scalability is one of the crucial elements for any company. However, scalability does not require companies to restart their servers since it can be done at any stage. Hosting in Cloud is one of the key features of cloud computing that enables its users to enjoy additional flexibility. Furthermore, cloud computing also provides flexibility in payment options, so companies no longer need to spend extra money on needless resources.  Easy Maintenance– Cloud Computing resources are regularly updated with various features that help to improve their capabilities. The servers can be maintained quite effortlessly, which means the downtime is very low, often equivalent to zero.  Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Cloud Computing- Top Advantages Besides understanding what the top interview questions on cloud computing, and cloud computing interview questions for freshers are, take a look at the top advantages of cloud computing. These are often a part of your cloud basics interview questions, so prepare well! Money Saving: When on Cloud, you can easily access all company data. This helps save time as well as money as you start on new projects. Cloud-computing-related services mostly follow a pay-as-you-go format to utilize the resources as per requirements. Security: A cloud’s host primarily monitors security, extending a similar way to manage, utilize and store data but making it even better and more efficient compared to traditional in-house systems. According to a RapidScale study, close to 94 percent of businesses felt that security had gotten better after shifting to Cloud systems.     Mobility: The cloud computing concept enables mobile access to all corporate data using smartphones and linked devices.     Flexibility: Cloud offers heightened flexibility for businesses over traditional hosting over local servers. Enhanced bandwidth also becomes an immediate possibility that doesn’t need costly or complicated IT upgrades.  Data backup and restoration: Once the data is in the Cloud, it is much easier to back it up and restore it using the Cloud.  Collaboration: Cloud applications improve collaboration by enabling groups of people to easily and quickly share information in the Cloud via shared storage.  Cost: Cloud computing saves businesses money on both hardware and software maintenance.  Storage space: The cloud provides an enormous amount of storage capacity for storing our important data, such as documents, images, audio, video, and so on, in one location. The vast number of jobs: There are a lot of jobs available related to cloud computing in India. On Naukri, as of date 17/06/2022, there are 112300+ jobs available. Sustainability– Cloud infrastructures enable companies to cut down on carbon footprint, paper waste, and commuter-related emissions and enhance energy efficiency simultaneously.  Competitive Edge– Implementing cloud-based solutions in businesses helps users stay one step ahead of their competitors in this highly competitive market. According to a study conducted by Verizon, 77% of the users of this technology have claimed that it has given them a competitive advantage over their competitors.  Conclusion Having a grasp on cloud basic interview questions can greatly influence your chances of getting your dream job, hence make sure you read through all the cloud computing basic interview questions and answers. We hope this cloud computing interview questions and answers guide will help you strengthen and expand your cloud computing knowledge base. Surely, cloud engineers have a bright future ahead. With years passing by, the demand for cloud engineers is only going to increase. So, brush up your knowledge of the cloud, practice cloud basic interview questions and take up our course in cloud computing to add certification to your profile! Our course will teach you the basic and advanced concepts of cloud computing along with the applications of these concepts. You will learn from industry experts through videos, live lectures, and assignments. Moreover, you’ll get access to upGrad’s exclusive career preparation, resume feedback, and many other advantages. Be sure to check it out. If you know someone interested in learning about cloud technologies and hope to practice cloud basics interview questions, do share this article on cloud basic interview questions with them.

What is a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Pi is a low-cost computer about the size of a credit card that can be connected to a display or TV and controlled using a keyboard and mouse. This little computer allows users of all ages to experiment with computers and learn to code in languages like Scratch and Python. Everything a desktop computer is expected to accomplish is possible on this one, from web surfing and HD video playback to spreadsheet creation, word processing, and gaming. Raspberry Pi is an inexpensive small computer you can use for a variety of tasks. From building a smart TV to creating Twitter bots, this simple device is capable of many things.  Whether you are a seasoned developer or a novice, this machine can help you try out your skills and new learn ones. It’s popular because of its versatility.  To understand it correctly, you should use it in projects. And to help you in that regard, we have created a list of the best Raspberry Pi projects you can work on. After going through this list, you’ll find out how amazing Raspberry Pi is, and you’ll also get some excellent project ideas you can work on.  Let’s get started. Raspberry Pi Uses Now that you know what Raspberry Pi is, you may investigate its many applications. Desktop  With just a Raspberry Pi, a microSD card, and some electricity, you can put together a basic desktop computer. You will also need an HDMI cable and a monitor or other appropriate display. A USB keyboard and mouse are also required. Robotics Controller Numerous robot-controller projects may be implemented using a Raspberry Pi. Pi has a dedicated robotics package that can communicate with and operate robots; it runs from the device’s battery. Printing By means of a Raspberry Pi Basically anything can be printed with a Raspberry Pi. A Raspberry Pi and print server software are all that’s required to set up a printing system in your house. To do this, first install the Samba file-sharing application, and then set up CUPS to use it. Printer drivers and a control panel are both part of the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS). Game Servers The Raspberry Pi’s base OS comes with a customized build of the popular video game Minecraft already loaded. The Raspberry Pi can host games with the right software. The server is excellent for playing Minecraft. Using a large number of Raspberry Pis, a fantastic gaming environment may be built. Gaming Machine In this respect, the Raspberry Pi is ideal. It’s one of the machine’s most lightweight parts. One model, the Raspberry Pi Zero, is ideal for usage in compact settings for DIY video game development. Many classic 16-bit video game consoles may be brought back to life with the help of a Raspberry Pi. Top Raspberry Pi Project Topics and Ideas for Beginners 1. Twitter Bot Twitter is one of the biggest social media platforms out there. And managing a Twitter account can be cumbersome. What if you could use a bot for sending automated Tweets? With a Raspberry Pi bot, it’s possible. You’ll need to sign up on Twitter and get the Twitter APIs for this project. Twitter has dedicated APIs that let you create such bots on Raspberry Pi. You’ll need to program your pi board with Python for the setup. For this purpose, you can use the Twython library. It’s undoubtedly one of the most exciting projects on Raspberry Pi.  2. Print Server Convert a simple printer into a wireless printer with a Raspberry Pi. You’ll be able to use that printer properly through any device you connect it to. It’s undoubtedly one of the best Raspberry Pi project ideas as it lets you try out your skills and understand the working of networking and servers.  You’ll need to use the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) for the print server. As you’ll need a wireless connection, you should get the latest version of Raspberry Pi, which is Raspberry Pi 3. With Samba, you can connect your print server with Windows devices (such as your PC).  Join Artificial intelligence Courses online from the World’s top Universities – Masters, Executive Post Graduate Programs, and Advanced Certificate Program in ML & AI to fast-track your career. 3. Smart TV Want to buy a new smart TV but don’t have the money? Well, you don’t need that much money to have a smart TV at your home. You can build one!  By using Raspberry Pi and a monitor, you can build an entire smart TV that performs all the functions any other smart TV performs. If you have an additional monitor lying around in your home, this is a great way to enhance your home entertainment system. You should use Kodi for this project.  4. Twitch Bot Twitch is a popular platform among gamers and hobbyists worldwide. It’s a live video streaming social media platform. Many professionals use it to broadcast their work, performances, and events. If you’ve ever heard of Fortnite, you must’ve heard of Twitch too.  You can turn your Raspberry Pi board into a Twitch streaming bot with a few modifications. You’ll have the option of live-streaming different gameplays by using your newly built bot. To create the bot, you’ll need to get the Twitch OAuth token from Twitch. Then you’ll use Python for programming your moderator and configure the Raspberry Pi for starting the bot.  FYI: Free nlp online course! 5. NAS File Server You can convert a storage device into a dedicated server through a Network Attached Storage server (NAS server). And you can use Raspberry Pi to create a NAS server. These servers enable you to transfer large amounts of files at a high pace.  If you look for a NAS file server in the market, you’ll see that they’re costly. So it’s undoubtedly a great project to test your skills and get a relatively inexpensive NAS file server. You’ll have to configure your pi board for using the SSH protocol and use Samba for setting the network. It’d be better if you format your storage drives with the NTFS format.  6. Distance Sensor Who says electrical engineers don’t use programming? If you take an interest in sensors, then you’ll love this project. You can use your Raspberry Pi board for building a distance sensor, just like the one you see in cars and other advanced systems. This project will surely add a significant achievement to your portfolio.  To create the distance sensor with your pi board, you’ll need an ultrasonic sensor first. You’ll need to control the GPIO pins of the board through the Rpi.GPO module. You’ll also need to use a voltage divider to keep the voltage at usable levels.  7. AI Assistant You can create an AI assistant by using a Raspberry Pi as well. For this project, you can use the Google Cloud SDK and Google Assistant. You’ll just have to sign up on Google Assistant and set up the audio for your account. Make sure that your pi board is authorized for this project. You can set up Google Assistant and start using this AI assistant. This is a great project for your portfolio and will give you experience in the basic functionalities of Raspberry Pi. It’s perfect for beginners.  8. Retro Game Remember when your parents used to gift you retro games? Many people used to spend hours mashing those buttons. You can recreate that joy by turning your Raspberry Pi board into a retro gaming console. If you were an avid gamer in the good ol’ days, then this project will suit you perfectly.  You’ll need to install RetroPie and configure it so you can control it through a USB controller. You can use your PS 3’s controller (or PS4’s). You can also use the Xbox 360’s controller.  9. Weather Station Out of all the Raspberry Pi projects we’ve discussed here, this one is the best one for beginners. You can configure your Raspberry Pi board to become an entire weather station. With this project, you get to learn about the capabilities of this technology and gain experience with its programming.  You can get the Oracle Raspberry Pi Weather Station for its APIs. It’s perfect for this project. You’ll need a BME280 sensor for analyzing temperature, pressure, and other indicators of weather.  10. Smart Home Do Amazon Alexa and Google Home fascinate you? Then this project would be perfect for you. You can automate multiple home appliances by using Raspberry Pi. It might seem a little challenging, but once you’ve completed the project, you’ll have something “super-cool” to show-off to your peers.  For building a home automation system, you should have ample experience in development. It’s a project for experienced developers. You can empower your order by modifying Raspberry Pi with an Arduino board. You’ll need to set up a Relay circuit and use thingspeak’s APIs for this project.  You can build Interesting machine learning projects by using raspberry pi. 11. Network Monitor When you use multiple servers, you have to use a network monitor for performing a variety of tasks such as tracking the status of your system, warnings of failures, etc. For systems with multiple servers, it’s a necessity. With Raspberry Pi, you can create a network monitoring tool that lets you perform all of these tasks with convenience.  There are many kinds of Raspberry Pi projects, but this one will give you experience in networking and network systems. You’ll get to use your knowledge of computer networks while working on it. In this project, you’ll have to connect a display, configure the monitoring settings of NagiosPi (a server monitoring distro).  12. Desktop Computer Raspberry Pi is a small computer, imagine building a complete Desktop computer out of it. PC building is an exciting hobby, and many enthusiasts build new PCs by using different components. You can make one too by using Raspberry Pi.  If you take an interest in computer systems and components, this is the best project for you. You’ll get to build a complete desktop PC from scratch. You’ll need an HDMI monitor, keyboard, and mouse as they are necessary for a desktop. You’ll need to add a cooler to avoid heating issues with your Raspberry Pi.  Also machine learning technology in these days is growing which can help to improvise the project building using raspberry pi . 13. Camera with Time Lapse Time Lapse images are stunning and fascinating. With your Raspberry Pi board, you can create a time-lapse camera for capturing such images. By using the Blinkt addon, you can build a time-lapse camera quickly. It’s undoubtedly one of the best projects on Raspberry Pi you can work on.  You can connect the camera to a wearable so you can see what the camera sees whenever you like. You can use a Pi Camera for this project and combine it with your Pi board. You’ll need to perform some Python programming for configuring the camera.  14. Security System (Motion Capture) You can build a motion-sensing security system by using your Raspberry Pi board. We aren’t talking about a simple detection system here. We’re discussing a complete HD surveillance system that can capture live events whenever it senses some movement. You can use a Pi camera (just like in the time-lapse project) and build an advanced security system for your home or room.  You can add the feature of live-streaming the feed to your mobile or browser at all times. You should use the Raspberry Pi Camera Module for this project. If you want to make this project more interesting (and challenging), you can add a feature that causes the camera to send you a notification whenever it senses any movement.  Popular AI and ML Blogs & Free Courses IoT: History, Present & Future Machine Learning Tutorial: Learn ML What is Algorithm? Simple & Easy Robotics Engineer Salary in India : All Roles A Day in the Life of a Machine Learning Engineer: What do they do? What is IoT (Internet of Things) Permutation vs Combination: Difference between Permutation and Combination Top 7 Trends in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Machine Learning with R: Everything You Need to Know AI & ML Free Courses Introduction to NLP Fundamentals of Deep Learning of Neural Networks Linear Regression: Step by Step Guide Artificial Intelligence in the Real World Introduction to Tableau Case Study using Python, SQL and Tableau Concluding Thoughts We’ve tried to keep it comprehensive and straightforward. We’ve also tried to include projects for all skill levels, i.e., from beginner level to expert. You can choose a project depending on your skills and interests.  You can find more of such detailed and informative articles on the upGrad blog.  If you’re interested to learn more about machine learning, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s  Executive PG Programme in Machine Learning & AI  which is designed for working professionals and offers 450+ hours of rigorous training, 30+ case studies & assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, 5+ practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

Introduction Software testers and developers cannot live without Selenium, an open-source automated testing tool. They get the ability to effectively automate web applications, which helps them save time and effort. This article will give you five inspiring project ideas if you’re a newbie eager to get started with Selenium projects. Are you attending an important interview and wondering what are all the Selenium interview questions you will go through? We have created this most-read Selenium interview questions and answers guide to help you understand the depth of the questions and face it with confidence. These days web apps are on the rise. With the growing need for web apps, there also is an inevitable requirement to test these web apps. That is where Selenium comes into action. Selenium is one of the commonly used automated testing tools which ensures the web app is working just right. If testing was to be done manually, it would utilize several man-hours and would increase the costing as well. Further, since they are manual, they are prone to errors. Manual testing does not help in the long run, and so, automated testing like Selenium is gaining demand in the industry. If you are pursuing your career in automated testing, and have an upcoming interview in Selenium, this blog is meant for you. In this blog, we shall discuss here the most common Selenium interview questions. These are for both – the beginners as well as Selenium interview questions for experienced. Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition. Selenium Interview Questions & Answers 2022 Q.1) Why pick Selenium over other automated testing tools? Selenium is open-source. It is very easy to adapt compared to other automated tools in the market. Due to this reason, many companies picked up Selenium automated testing over other traditional methods.  Refer to the key attributes of Selenium to understand its vast adaptability- Key attribute Description Open Source Platform It is freeware and portable. There are no direct costs involved with Selenium. It can be downloaded for free and gets community-based support.  Language Support Supports various languages such as Java, Python, Ruby, C# and more. It has its script, but that is not a limitation, as programmers can work with any language. Browser support  There is a support across multiple browsers such as Chrome, Firefox,Internet Explorer, Opera and more. It becomes useful for programmers while testing.  Operating Systems Support It can be operated across multiple operating systems such as Windows, OS, Linux, etc.  Device support Supports tests across devices, as the test can be implemented on Android, iPhone and Blackberry. Reusability and add-ons The programmers can use scripts that can be tested across multiple browsers. Multiple tests can be executed using Selenium, which covers almost all the aspects of functionality testing by implementing the add-on tools. Programming languages support It can be integrated with various programming languages and frameworks, such as ANT, Maven, Jenkins, Hudson, and more. Q.2) List some benefits of Selenium over tools like TestComplete and QTP. Also, what are the disadvantages? Selenium does not require a license, unlike TestComplete and QTP, being easy on pockets. The online community offers massive support. The release cycles are smaller, and the feedback is prompt compared to TestComplete and QTP. Further, Selenium works on Mac, Linux, and Windows as well.  On the contrary, Selenium requires a developer to have high coding skills. Whereas QTP and TestComplete require low to moderate level of coding skills, respectively.  Refer to the below-mentioned table to understand the advantages and disadvantages of Selenium- Advantages Disadvantages Open- source software No reliable technical support. Supports various programming languages Only support web- based applications.  Supporys multiple operating systems (Android, iOS, etc.) Takes more time test cases. Supports various browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safar, Internet Explorer, etc.) Difficult to setup Test Environments Supports Parallel Test Execution  Limited Image Testing Support Test cases can be implemented while the browser window is minimised. No built- in reporting facility Faster than other tools. No test tool integration for executing test management. Check out upGrad’s Advanced Certification in Blockchain Q.3) What changes have occurred in the various Selenium version upgrades? In the first version of Selenium, Selenium v1, it only comprised three suites of tools, which are Selenium IDE, RC, and Grid. The Webdriver was missing. It was only in the second version of Selenium, Selenium v2 that the Webdriver was introduced. Once this was done, Selenium RC was no longer in use. You can find them in the market, but the support isn’t available. The next version of Selenium is Selenium v3. It consists of Webdriver, IDE, and the Grid. It is currently in use. A newer version, Selenium v4, is also now available. Selenium IDE is mainly for recording and playing back. The Webdriver is for testing the dynamic web applications using a programming interface. The Grid is used for employing tests in remote host machines.  You must use the IDE for recording and playback of tests. A WebDriver is used for testing active web applications using a programming interface, and the Grid is employed for deploying tests in isolated host machines. Refer to the below-mentioned table to understand the difference in various Selenium upgrades- Selenium Version Description  Selenium 1 Included 3 suite of tools Selenium IDE, Selenium RC, Selenium Grid No webdriver Selenium 2 Seleniium Webdriver Selenium RC not in use. Selenium 3 Selenium IDE Selenium Webdriver Selenium Grid Check out upGrad: Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN) Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses Master of Science in Computer Science from LJMU & IIITB Caltech CTME Cybersecurity Certificate Program Full Stack Development Bootcamp PG Program in Blockchain Executive PG Program in Full Stack Development View All our Courses Below Software Engineering Courses Q.4) What are the various exceptions in Selenium WebDriver? Just like any other programming language, you can find exceptions in Selenium as well. You can find the following exceptions in Selenium WebDriver: TimeoutException: You get this exception when a command does not perform an action in the specified time.  NoSuchElementException: You get this exception when it cannot find an element with the given attributes on a web page. ElementNotVisibleException: You get this exception when an element is available in the document object model, but it is not seen on the web page.  StaleElementException: You get this exception when an element is not attached to the document object model or is deleted.  NoAlertPresentException: It is a type of popup, which provides important for users.  NoSuchWindowException: It is a popup that occurs when the driver in the Selenium Program code is unable to find the pop-up window on the web page in order to switch.  SessionNotFoundException: When the driver is trying to perform operations on the web application after the browser is closed. InvalidSelectorException: It is a sub class of NoSuchElementException class and occurs when a selector is incorrect or syntactically invalid. ElementNotSelectableException: It indicates the presence of the web element but not its selectabiity.  Q.5) Explain Selenium exception test The exception you expect to be thrown inside a test class is an exception test. If you write a test case intending it to throw an exception, you must use the @test annotation and also mention it in the parameters that which exception would be thrown. For instance,  @Test(expectedException = NoSuchElementException.class) Q.6) Is there a need for an excel sheet in a project? Is yes, how?  Excel sheets are used as a data source during testing. Further, it also stores the data set while executing data-driven testing. When excel sheets are used as a data source, it can store:  Application URL: Developers can mention the environment URL under which the testing is executed. For example, testing environment, development environment, QA environment, production environment, or staging environment. User name and password information: Excel sheets can keep safe the access credentials like the username of a password of various environments. Developers can encrypt and store these details for security reasons.  Test cases: Developers can make a table wherein one column write the test case name and the other which says to be executed or not.  If you are going to use excel sheets for DataDriven Test, you can easily store the information for various duplications to be executed during the tests. For instance, all the data that needs to be written in a text box for testing on a web page can be stored in the excel sheets.  It can be defined as the problem that occurs during the test execution. On the occurrence of the exception, the program stops and so does the codes. The codes will not get executed in this scenario. There exists three types of execution in Selenium- Checked Exception- Handled during compile time. They cause compile problem if not handled at the right time. Unchecked Exception- A compiler does not mandate to handle. Error- Occurs when the scenario becomes fatal and unable to be recover. upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you – SAAS Business – What is So Different? document.createElement('video'); https://cdn.upgrad.com/blog/mausmi-ambastha.mp4 Q.7) What is POM? List its advantages? POM stands for Page Object Model. It is a design pattern for creating an Object Repository for web UI elements. Every single web page in the application must have its own corresponding page class, which is in charge of searching the WebElements in that page and then execute operations on them. POM in selenium acts as a design pattern that used in test automation creating a object  repository for web UI elements. It assists in reducing the code duplication and improving test maintainence.  There should be a corresponding Page Class for each web page in the application. The Page Class faciliates in identifying the Web Elements of that particular web page. It also contains the Page methods that performs operations on the WebElements.  This is how to explain how to explain pom in interview. The advantages of using the Page object model are: It makes the code readable by letting developers separate operations and UI flows from verification.  Several tests can use the same Object Repository because it is independent of Test Cases. The code becomes reusable. This is how you can tackle pom in selenium interview questions. Now while answering, page object model in selenium interview questions you could also choose to mention the elements of POM. Some of the elements are listed below- Dependencies Resources Plugin tests Plugin configuration Developers and contributors Plugin executions with matching IDs This is also how to explain page object model framework in interview. You can read the room, and add or deduct from your answers.  Q.8) What is a Page Factory? Page Factory offers an enhanced method to execute the Page Object Model by efficiently using the memory, and the execution is done using object-oriented design.  POM Implementation With Page Factory Without Page Factory Uses By() Uses @FindBy() No imports are required Imports Page factory No cache storage Cache lookup is faster  Page Factory initializes the elements of the Page Object or instantiates the Page Objects itself. Annotations for elements can also be produced. It is, in fact, a better way as the describing properties may not be expressive enough to differentiate one object from another. If POM is used without a page factory, instead of having to use ‘FindElements,’ @FindBy is used to look for WebElement, and initElements is used to initialize web elements from the Page Factory class. @FindBy can accept attributes like tagName, name, partialLinkText , linkText, id, className , css, and xpath. The Page Factory is a class provided by the Selenium Web Driver to implement the POM. The Page Object Repository is separated from the test methods with the help of Page Factory Concept.  Some of the other Page Factory annotations- @FindBys @Findall @CacheLookUp In page object model interview questions, you can definitely expect a question of Page Factory. You may choose to make a slight mention of the Page Factory while responding to what is pom in selenium. Or during pom selenium interview questions, if the interviewer ask a separate question on Page Factory, you may get into depth of it to answer. As mentioned above. Moreover, during the POM interview questions, the interviewer could also twist their way of asking, instead of descriptive questions, they could also throw some MCQs your way, such as the design pattern called page object model mcq. Q.9) How do you achieve synchronization in WebDriver? Or, tell us about the different types of wait statements Selenium Web Driver? Synchronization in WebDriver should be achieved using WebDriver Wait. In case a specific element the programmer is working on takes time, then they should use WebDriver Wait. You can find two wait statements in Selenium web driver, namely, Implicit Wait and Explicit Wait. Implicit wait commands the WebDriver to wait for a little by polling the DOM. It is present for the complete life of the web driver instance, once the implicit wait is declared. The pre-set value is zero. If you set it more than zero, then the behavior will poll the DOM on a regular basis based on the driver implementation. Explicit wait commands the execution to wait for a little till a condition is attained like: elementToBeClickable presenceOfElementLocated elementToBeSelected Read: Spring Interview Questions & Answers 10) What is the use of JavaScriptExecutor? You can execute JavaScript through Selenium Websriver using JavaScriptExecutor. It is an interface that offers this mechanism. It gives methods like “executescript” and “executeAsyncScript” to run JavaScript in the condition of the currently chosen frame or window. An example of that is: JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;  js.executeScript(Script,Arguments); It works as an interface which is used to execute JavaScript through Webdriver. The JavaScript Editor provides two methods, namely- ExecuteScript These methods are executed in the selected window or frame. This chosen script runs as an anonymous function. The script can return values, the returned data types are- Web Element List String Long Boolean ExecuteAsyncScript It is used to execute the asynchronous JavaScript in the current window or frame. It is executed as a single thread while the rest of page is continuously parsing. Explore Our Software Development Free Courses Fundamentals of Cloud Computing JavaScript Basics from the scratch Data Structures and Algorithms Blockchain Technology React for Beginners Core Java Basics Java Node.js for Beginners Advanced JavaScript Q.11) Which function lets you scroll down a page using JavaScript in Selenium? The function window.scrollBy() helps you scroll down the page using JavaScript in Selenium. For instance: ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500”); Q.12) How do you handle mouse and keyboard actions using Selenium? Special mouse and keyboard actions are handled using Advanced User Interactions API. It comprises of the Actions and the Action Classes that are required for performing these events. The most used mouse and keyboard events are given by Action class are: dragAndDrop(): This event performs click-and-hold at the position of the source element, moves. source, target(): Moves to the position of the target element and releases the mouse. clickAndHold(): It clicks the current location of the mouse. Q.13) What are various types of Selenium frameworks? The various types of Selenium frameworks are: Keyword Driven Framework: In this framework, the operations and instructions are written in a separate file like Excel. It is based on keywords that forms the basis of functionality. It might need repetitive writing to perform some actions in case when the code has to cover a lot of functionality. That is why the operators or methods that are required to be performed are written separately from the script in form of keywords. Data-Driven Framework: In this framework, full test data is taken from some external source files like an XML, Excel, CSV, or some other database table. It is based on different datasets that ar ecraeted on externa files such as excel and are imported into the automation testing tool. These datasets are engineered to be kept separate from the original script, thus increasing the accuracy. Hybrid Framework: This framework is a blend of both the Keyword Driven framework and the Data-Driven framework.  The framework uses different keywords and datasets.  Q.14) Name a few files that serve as a data source for various Selenium frameworks. They can be an XML, Excel, CSV, or even a Text file. Q.15) What is Selenese? Selenese is the group of selenium commands to test a web application. Developers can use Assertions, Actions, and Accessors. Assertions are used as checkpoints. Actions are for running operations, and Accessors are used to store the value of a variable.  These Selenese commands are used to test web-applications. It can easily verify the presence of an element. There are three types of commands that Selenese uses, such as- Actions- These commands can change the condition of an application. For example, clicking of a checkbox, form submission, dropdown selection and so on. In case of non-performance, the test fails. Accessors- These commands verify the state of application. They also keep a track of application.  Assertions- These commands are used to check the state of applications against the expected conditions. Q.16) What is the major difference between a Page Factory and Page Object Model (POM)? A common selenium interview question. A page factory is a method to initialize web elements within the page object on the creation of the instance. On the other hand, the page object model is a class that states the web page and holds its functionalities.  Q.17) Does Selenium support handling window pop-ups? No. Selenium does not support handling pop-ups. An alert, which is a pop-up window, displays a warning message on the screen. You can achieve this by using a few methods like:  Void dismiss(): When the cancel button is clicked in the alert box, this method is called.  Void accept(): When the ‘OK’ button of the alert is clicked, this method is called.  String getText(): If you want to capture the alert message, you must call this method.  Void sendKeys(String stringToSed): If you want to send some information to the alert box, you must call this method.  Read: React Interview Questions & Answers Q.18) Explain Robot class A Robot class gives control over the keyboard and mouse devices. The methods comprise: KeyPress(): Called on the event where you want to press a key. KeyRelease(): Called in the event to release the pressed key.  MouseMove(): Called in the event when you have to move the mouse pointer in the X and Y coordinates. MousePress(): Called in the event when you press the left button of the mouse. MouseMove(): Called in the event of releasing the pressed button of the mouse. The Robot Class is used to activate the automated testing for implementation of Java platform. The robot class is easy to implement and can be integrated with an automated framework. Benefits of Robot Class- It can simulate the Keyboard and Mouse Event. Help in  upload/ download of files using the Selenium web driver. Can easily be integrated with the current automation. Q.19) How to handle many windows in Selenium? The window handle is a special identifier that has the address of all the windows. It serves as a pointer to a window returning the value in the string.  get.windowhandle(): It gets the current window handle.  get.windowhandles(): Gets the handles of all the windows opened. switch to: Helps in switching across the windows. set: Sets the window handles, which is in the form of a string. action: helps to execute certain actions on the windows. Q.20) What are Listeners? The interface that changes the behavior of the system is called listeners in Selenium. They enable customizations of logs and reports. They are of two kinds: TestNG listeners and Webdriver listeners.  They have the ability to listen to any event like data entering, page navigation and so on.These are defined with the help of interface. T modifies the behavior of technology and also indulges in providing reports customisation and logs. Types of listeners in TestNG are mentioned below- Configurable Hookable Reporter Suite Listener Annotation Transformer In-Demand Software Development Skills JavaScript Courses Core Java Courses Data Structures Courses Node.js Courses SQL Courses Full stack development Courses NFT Courses DevOps Courses Big Data Courses React.js Courses Cyber Security Courses Cloud Computing Courses Database Design Courses Python Courses Cryptocurrency Courses Q.21) Explain Assert and Verify commands Assert: An assertion is used to differentiate between the real result and the expected result.  Verify: The test executions aren’t paused no matter if the verify condition is true or false.  Q.22) How does one navigate back and forth on a webpage? It is one of the most common selenium interview questions. You can use the below methods to navigate back and forth. driver.navigate.forward driver.manage.navigate driver.manage.back driver.navigate.to(“url”) Q.23) How to send ALT/SHIFT/CONTROL key in Selenium WebDriver? Typically using the keys like ALT, Shift, or Control, we combine them with other keys to activate a function. We cannot just click them alone. We need to define two methods for the purpose of holding onto these keys while the following keys are  pressed: keyUp(modifier_key) and keyDown(modifier_key)  Parameters: Modifier_key (keys.ALT or Keys.SHIFT or Keys.CONTROL) Objective: The purpose is it performs a modifier keypress without releasing the modifier key. Following interactions may assume it’s kept pressed. Parameters: Modifier_key (keys.ALT or Keys.SHIFT or Keys.CONTROL) Objective: The purpose is it performs a key release. So, with a mix of these two methods, we can capture the special function of a particular key. Q.24) How do we take screenshots in Selenium WebDriver? The TakeScreenshot function helps to take a screenshot in Selenium Webdriver. Further, you can save the screenshot taking by using getScreenshotAs() method. File scrFile = ((TakeScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(outputType.FILE); Q. 25) Can we set the size of the browser window using Selenium? If yes, how?  Yes. If you wish to maximize the size of browser window, you need to use the code  driver.manage().window().maximize(); If you wish to resize the current window to a specific dimension, you must use the setSize() method. For instance:  System.out.println(driver.manage().window().getSize()); Dimension d = new Dimension(420,600); driver.manage().window().setSize(d); If you wish to set the window to a particular size, you must use window.resizeTo() method.  For instance: ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("window.resizeTo(1024, 768);"); Q.26) How to select a value from the dropdown? How to handle a dropdown? You most likely will be asked about a question about dropdown and selection of values as it is a little tricky and technical as well.  The most crucial detail you must know is that to work with a dropdown in Selenium, it is important to use of the html tag: ‘select’. You cannot handle dropdowns without using the select tag. Have a look at the code below: <select id="mySelect"> <option value="option1">Cakes</option> <option value="option2">Chocolates</option> <option value="option3"> Candies</option> </select> In the above code, an HTML ‘select’ tag is used to define a dropdown element. The ID of the select tag here is myselect. We have given three options in the dropdown: Cakes, Chocolates, and Candies. You can see that each of these choices has an attached value attribute. For instance, for Cake, the value is Option1, for Chocolates its Option2, and for Candies, it is Option3.  To choose a value, you need to: Identify the ‘select’ html element by using the findelement() Example: WebElement mySelectElement = driver.findElement(By.id("mySelect")); Select dropdown = new Select(mySelectElement); Pick up an option from that dropdown element. To pick an option from that dropdown, there are three ways: dropdown.selectByVisibleText(“Chocolates”); → Choosing an option by the text that is seen. dropdown.selectByIndex(“1”); → Choosing an option using the Index number of that option. dropdown.selectByValue(“option2”); → Choosing an option using the value of that option. Note that in all the cases, the option “Chocolates” is selected from the dropdown. Points 1 and 3 are obvious and point two; we say “1” because the indexing starts from zero. Read: Top Nagios Interview Questions & Answers Q.27) How do you hop to a new tab which opens up after you click on a link? On clicking a link on a web page, you need to use the switchTo() command to change the focus of the Webdriver. Example: driver.switchTo().window(); where ‘windowName’ is the name of the window, you want to switch your focus to. If you do not have the name of the window, you can use the driver.getWindowHandle() command to fetch the name of all the windows that were initiated by the WebDriver. Remember, it will never give you the names of those windows which Webdriver did not initiate.  On getting the name, you need to run through a loop to get to that window. Here is an example: String handle= driver.getWindowHandle(); for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles())  { driver.switchTo().window(handle); } Q.28) How can one upload a file in Selenium WebDriver? The command element.send_keys(file path) is used to upload a file in Selenium Webdriver. But before you that, you must use the html tag: ‘input’ where the attribute type should be ‘file’. Here is an example to understand it better: <input type="file" name="my_uploaded_file" size="50" class="pole_plik"> element = driver.find_element_by_id(”my_uploaded_file") element.send_keys("C:myfile.txt") Q.29) What is the importance of testng.xml? If you are interviewing for Selenium, you surely know the importance of testing. Selenium does not support the generation of the report as well as test case management. We, therefore, use the TestNG framework with Selenium. It is way advanced compared to Junit, and it is easier to implement annotations making TestNG framework the choice with Selenium Webdriver.  You can define the test suites and grouping of test classes in TestNG, by taking commands from the testing.xml file. It is represented in an XML file and not in a test suite within the testing source code because the suite is a feature of execution. A test suite is a group or collection of test cases. The testng.xml file should contain the name of all the methods and classes that you wish to execute as a portion of that execution flow. Some of the advantages of using testng.xml file are: It lets the execution of multiple test cases from multiple classes It lets the execution of test cases in groups, where a single test can belong to multiple groups. It lets parallel execution. Q. 30) Explain DataProviders in TestNG. Is it possible to call a single data provider method for multiple functions and classes? One of the advanced selenium interview questions. DataProvider is a feature of TestNG, enabling developers to write DataDriven tests. It supports DataDriven testing, meaning that the same test method can run multiple times with different data-sets. DataProvider is just a method of passing parameters to the test method. @DataProvider is a method for providing data for a test method. The annotated method must give back an Object[] where each Object[] can be allocated to the parameter list of the test method. Yes. It possible to call a single data provider method for multiple functions and classes. The same DataProvider can be used in several functions and classes by declaring DataProvider in a separate class and then using it again in multiple classes. Q. 31) What are the features of TestNG? Before and after annotations XML based test configuration Multithreaded execution Open API Better reporting Data-Driven testing Dependent Groups. Dependent methods Learn Online Software Development Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs or Masters Programs to fast-track your career. Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development Why Learn to Code? How Learn to Code? How to Install Specific Version of NPM Package? Types of Inheritance in C++ What Should You Know? Selenium Test Automation for E-commerce Websites Objective: Create a Selenium topics test suite to automatically test the key features of an e-commerce website, such as user registration, login, product search, shopping cart, and checkout. Description: The complexity of e-commerce websites and the possible influence on user experience necessitate thorough testing. Beginners can comprehend the difficulties of testing dynamic web pages, managing numerous user interactions, and validating e-commerce operations by developing a Selenium topics test automation suite. Selenium Data-Driven Testing Objective: Use Selenium topics to implement data-driven testing, which involves testing a web application using a variety of test data sets that are kept in databases, CSV files, or other external data sources. Description: By running test cases with various data inputs, data-driven testing increases the effectiveness of test cases. This project proposal encourages reusability and maintainability by enabling beginners to explore multiple data sources, read and interpret data, and run tests dynamically. Continuous Integration (CI) Tools and Selenium Integration Objective: Integrate CircleCI, Travis CI, and Jenkins with Selenium topics test automation to provide automated testing for every code commit. Description: Contemporary software development methodologies require continuous integration. This project gives novices practical experience using CI tools to automate the test execution process, resulting in quicker feedback and better software quality. Selenium-based cross-browser testing Objective: Selenium WebDriver enables the automation of test cases on browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, and Safari. Description: Although they adhere to Open Web Standards, browser companies have their own interpretations of those standards. Thoroughly debugging a website’s source code does not guarantee that the site will appear and function as intended on various browsers (or various versions of a single browser), as they all render HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in different ways. With the aid of this project idea, beginners may manage browser-specific behaviors and effectively address compatibility issues. Automated Selenium Testing for Mobile Apps Objective: Create Selenium topics test scripts to automate the testing of mobile applications using either emulation or actual hardware. Description: This project introduces newcomers to the problems of mobile test automation as the world relies more and more on mobile applications. It entails creating mobile testing environments, dealing with mobile gestures, and examining app functioning across several platforms. Conclusion Coming to the end of the Selenium interview questions and answers guide, we hope this helps you get your job. Selenium interview questions for experienced are more technical, but with fierce competition over jobs, it is always great to be prepared well for an interview. If you are interested in learning Selenium, DevOps and everything about Full Stack development, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Program in Full Stack Software Development Program.

Summary: In this article, you will learn the 24 Exciting IoT Project Ideas & Topics. Take a glimpse at the project ideas listed below. Smart Agriculture System Weather Reporting System Home Automation System Face Recognition Bot Smart Garage Door Smart Alarm Clock Air Pollution Monitoring System Smart Parking System Smart Traffic Management System Smart Cradle System Smart Gas Leakage Detector Bot Streetlight Monitoring System Smart Anti-Theft System Liquid Level Monitoring System Night Patrol Robot Health Monitoring System Smart Irrigation System Flood Detection System Mining Worker Safety Helmet Smart Energy Grid Contactless Doorbell Virtual Doctor Robot Smart Waste Management System Forest Fire Alarm System Read the full article to know more in detail.  IoT Project Ideas We live in an exciting age of technological and digital revolution. In just a decade, we’ve witnessed a radical change in the world around us. Thanks to the recent advancements in Data Science, today, we have at our disposal things like AI-powered smart assistants, autonomous cars, surgical bots, intelligent cancer detection systems, and of course, the Internet of Things (IoT). So, if you are a beginner, the best thing you can do is work on some real-time IoT project ideas. We, here at upGrad, believe in a practical approach as theoretical knowledge alone won’t be of help in a real-time work environment. In this article, we will be exploring some interesting IoT project ideas which beginners can work on to put their knowledge to test. In this article, you will find top IoT project ideas for beginners to get hands-on experience. You can also check out our free courses offered by upGrad under machine learning and IT technology. But first, let’s address the more pertinent question that must be lurking in your mind: why build IoT projects? When it comes to careers in software development, it is a must for aspiring developers to work on their own projects. Developing real-world projects is the best way to hone your skills and materialize your theoretical knowledge into practical experience. The more you experiment with different IoT projects, the more knowledge you gain. The Internet of Things is a major sensation of the 21st century. After all, who would have thought that someday we’d have access to a technology that would allow us to connect everyday objects – like thermostats, kitchen appliances, door lock systems, baby monitors, and electrical appliances – over a centralized and integrated network and control them from anywhere in the world! Learn Advanced Certification in Cyber Security from IIITB Essentially, IoT describes a connected network comprising multiple physical objects that have sensors and smart software embedded in them to facilitate the exchange of data among them via the Internet. However, IoT isn’t just limited to everyday household objects – you can even connect sophisticated industrial objects and systems over an IoT network. As of now, there are over 7 billion IoT devices, and this number is expected to grow to 22 billion by 2025! An IoT network leverages a combination of mobile, cloud, and Big Data technologies along with data analytics and low-cost computing to enable the collection and exchange of data among physical objects connected within the network. And what’s impressive is that all of this is accomplished with minimal human intervention.  As you start working on IoT project ideas, you will not only be able to test your strengths and weaknesses, but you will also gain exposure that can be immensely helpful to boost your career. Working on IoT simulation projects and IoT projects for engineering students is a fantastic way to improve efficiency and productivity. In this tutorial, you will find interesting IoT project ideas for beginners to get hands-on experience. As the IoT technology continues to gain momentum in the modern industry, researchers and tech enthusiasts are readily investing in the development of pioneering IoT projects. In this post, we’ll talk about some of the best IoT project ideas. Get Machine Learning Certification from the World’s top Universities. Earn Masters, Executive PGP, or Advanced Certificate Programs to fast-track your career. What are the benefits of IoT Projects Ideas for beginners? The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative force, connecting physical devices and everyday objects to the digital world. IoT projects encompass various applications across various sectors, from healthcare and agriculture to manufacturing and transportation. These IoT project ideas bring many benefits, revolutionizing industries and unprecedentedly enhancing lives. 1. Improved Efficiency and Productivity One of the primary advantages of IoT projects is the ability to streamline processes and optimize resource usage. Businesses can monitor and manage operations in real time by deploying IoT-enabled sensors and devices. This leads to enhanced efficiency, reduced downtime, and improved overall productivity. For instance, in manufacturing, IoT sensors can track production lines, identifying bottlenecks and potential failures, allowing for timely maintenance and minimal disruptions. 2. Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis IoT projects generate vast amounts of data from connected devices and sensors. This data offers valuable insights into operations, customer behavior, and equipment performance. Businesses can make informed decisions, identify trends, and predict outcomes through data analysis, leading to better planning and resource allocation. 3. Cost Savings and Resource Management Optimizing resource usage not only improves efficiency but also leads to cost savings. IoT projects help organizations monitor energy consumption, water usage, and other resources, allowing for better control and conservation. Smart grids, for instance, can adjust energy distribution based on real-time demand, reducing waste and cutting costs for both providers and consumers. 4. Remote Monitoring and Control IoT projects enable remote monitoring and control of devices and systems, offering convenience and safety. For example, IoT-enabled medical devices can transmit patient data to healthcare providers, enabling remote monitoring and timely intervention. Similarly, farmers can remotely monitor crops and irrigation systems in agriculture, optimizing agricultural practices and minimizing manual labor. 5. Enhanced Customer Experience IoT applications can potentially revolutionize the customer experience by providing personalized and connected services. Smart homes with IoT devices offer seamless automation and control, enhancing comfort and convenience for residents. Retailers can leverage IoT data to offer personalized recommendations and targeted marketing, increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty. 6. Predictive Maintenance One of the most significant advantages of IoT projects is predictive maintenance. By continuously monitoring the condition of equipment and machinery, businesses can predict when maintenance is needed before a breakdown occurs. This approach reduces downtime, extends the lifespan of assets, and minimizes maintenance costs. 7. Safety and Security IoT projects ideas can significantly improve safety in various environments. In industrial settings, IoT sensors can monitor workplace conditions, detect potential hazards, and ensure safety regulations compliance. Smart cities can use IoT to monitor traffic and public spaces, enhancing security and emergency response capabilities. 8. Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Solutions IoT projects contribute to sustainability efforts by promoting smart and eco-friendly practices. Smart buildings can optimize energy consumption based on occupancy levels, reducing carbon footprints. IoT-enabled waste management systems can also improve recycling efforts and reduce waste generation. 9. Innovation and Competitiveness Organizations that embrace IoT projects ideas gain a competitive edge by offering innovative solutions and services. IoT-driven insights and data analytics open new opportunities for businesses to differentiate themselves in the market and adapt to evolving customer needs. 10. Transforming Industries and Creating Smart Cities They are instrumental in transforming industries and creating smart cities. IoT enables remote patient monitoring and telemedicine in healthcare, revolutionizing healthcare delivery. IoT-based precision farming techniques enhance crop yields while minimizing resource usage in agriculture. For transportation, IoT applications improve logistics and public transportation efficiency, reducing congestion and carbon emissions in smart cities. So, here are a few IoT Project ideas that beginners can work on: Top 24 Best IoT Projects Ideas This list of IoT project ideas for students is suited for beginners and those just starting out with IoT in general. These IoT project ideas will get you going with all the practicalities you need to succeed in your career. With a goal to keep up with advancing technologies, IoT projects for engineering students serve to be the blueprint to explore technological possibilities, a chance to produce, improve, and recreate technology capable of working on minimal human intervention.  IoT research topics can help aspirants work on their practical skills and extend their subject knowledge further through consistent practice on IoT projects for engineering students. Further, this list should get you going if you’re looking for IoT project ideas for the final year. So, without further ado, let’s jump straight into some IoT project ideas that will strengthen your base and allow you to climb up the ladder. 1. Smart Agriculture System One of the best ideas to start experimenting you hands-on IoT projects for students is working on a smart agriculture system. As the name suggests, this IoT-based project focuses on developing a smart agricultural system that can perform and even monitor a host of farming tasks. For instance, you can schedule the system to irrigate a piece of land automatically, or you can spray fertilizers/pesticides on the crops wirelessly through your smartphone. Not just that, this IoT-based project can also successfully monitor soil moisture through a moisture sensing system, which can work to detect dry soil. Such an advanced system can handle routine agricultural tasks, thereby allowing farmers and cultivators to focus on more manual-intensive agricultural tasks. Learners can implement a similar IoT simulation project or IoT research topics to monitor house gardens or indoor plants that often go untended. Benefits of smart agriculture system- Real-time update Increased productivity Remote management Timely monitoring Data-centric Lowered operation costs Time effective Accurate Easy to use Factors of smart agriculture- Smart contracts Supply Chain Analytics Soil factors Climate Sensors Research Storage Also, Check out online degree programs at upGrad. 2. Weather Reporting System This is one of the excellent IoT project ideas for beginners. This IoT-based weather reporting system is specifically designed to facilitate the reporting of weather parameters over the Internet. This is one of the best IoT projects where the system is embedded with temperature, humidity, and rain sensors that can monitor weather conditions and provide live reports of weather statistics.  It is an always-on, automated system that sends data via a microcontroller to the web server using a WIFI connection. This data is updated live on the online server system. So, you can directly check the weather stats online without having to rely on the reports of weather forecasting agencies. The system also allows you to set threshold values and alerts for specific instances and notifies users every time the weather parameters cross the threshold value. A few IoT projects for final year are aiming to evolve efficient usage of devices to reduce carbon footprint, which is a need of the hour. From consistent monitoring of carbon emissions to enforcing standard equipment and energy usage to operate under restricted levels, IoT’s role is evolving. Developers are leveraging smart technologies to maintain a consistent balance between nature and technology. Benefits of Weather Reporting System- Easy access to the weather report Remote access Compatible with various applications such as iOS, Android, etc. Allows to take preventive measures Allows the users to plan their activities Can be carried anywhere User friendly Usage of Weather Reporting System- Mountaineering Agriculture Fishing Flood prediction Defense Aviation Cyclone Must Read: Free deep learning course! Best Machine Learning and AI Courses Online Master of Science in Machine Learning & AI from LJMU Executive Post Graduate Programme in Machine Learning & AI from IIITB Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & NLP from IIITB Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & Deep Learning from IIITB Executive Post Graduate Program in Data Science & Machine Learning from University of Maryland To Explore all our courses, visit our page below. Machine Learning Courses 3. Home Automation System Home automation is perhaps the most talked about IoT projects. IoT-based home automation project aims to automate the functioning of household appliances and objects over the Internet. All the household objects that are connected over the IoT network can be controlled and operated through your smartphone. This is not only convenient but also gives more power to the user to control and manage household appliances from any location in the world.  This IoT-based project uses a touch-based home automation system. The components of this project include a WiFi connection, an AVR family microcontroller, and inbuilt touch-sensing input pins. While the microcontroller is integrated with the WiFi modem to obtain commands from the user via the Internet, an LCD screen displays the system status. When the microcontroller receives a command, it processes the instructions to operate the load accordingly and shows the system status on an LCD screen.  However, also Blockchain IoT allows homeowners to manage their home security system remotely from their smartphone. Mentioning IoT projects can help your resume look much more interesting than others. Benefits of Home Automation System- Energy efficient Safe and secure Convenient Time efficient Remote access Centralised managing point Cost-effective Constant monitoring  Customisable according to the requirements Usage of Home Automation System- Electricity monitoring Lawn management The air quality of home Home appliances of home Smart assistants- Speech automated Smart Locks Smart Watches Smart energy meters In-demand Machine Learning Skills Artificial Intelligence Courses Tableau Courses NLP Courses Deep Learning Courses 4. Face Recognition Bot This IoT project involves building a smart AI bot equipped with advanced facial recognition capabilities. This is one of the best IoT Projects where the intelligent AI bot is designed to recognize the faces of different people or a single person and also their unique voice.  The system includes facial recognition features like face detection (perceives faces and attributes the same in an image), personal identification (matches an individual in your private repository containing hundreds and thousands of people), and also emotion recognition (detects a range of facial expressions including happiness, contempt, neutrality, and fear). This combination of advanced recognition features makes for a robust security system. The system also includes a camera that lets users preview live streams through face recognition. Benefits of Face Recognition Bot- Identification of missing individuals Identification of criminals/ perpetrators Protection from identity theft Protection from business theft Better photo organisation Medical treatment Significant aspects of facial recognition- 3D mapping  Biometric techniques Deep learning Face representation Face detection Face recognition 5. Smart Garage Door Yes, you can use IoT technology to control and operate your garage door! The IoT-based smart garage door eliminates the need for carrying bulky keychains. All you need is to configure and integrate your smartphone with the home IoT network, and you can effortlessly open or close your garage door with just a few clicks of a button.   This smart garage door system incorporates laser and voice commands and smart notifications for monitoring purposes, and also IFTT integration that allows you to create custom commands for Google Assistant. The smart notification option can trigger alerts in real-time to notify as and when the garage door opens or closes, which is a nifty addition. This is one of the most straightforward IoT project ideas for you to work on. Benefits of Smart Garage Door- Secure Safe Remote access Trackable Time efficient Protect deliveries Schedule option  Easy to install User friendly Can be accessed through various devices 6. Smart Alarm Clock This is one of the interesting IoT project ideas. This IoT-based alarm clock functions not only as an alarm clock to wake you up every morning, but it can convert into a fully-functional device capable of performing other tasks as well. The features of this smart alarm clock include: Voice command option to execute standard commands and also to initiate a video chat. A text-to-speech synthesizer Automatic display brightness adjustment Audio amplifier volume control  Alphanumeric screen for displaying text Apart from these features, you can also add customizable features to the smart alarm clock. Interestingly enough, the alarm clock offers three ways of waking you up – by playing local mp3 files, by playing tunes from the radio station, and by playing the latest news updates as podcasts. Benefits of Smart Alarm Clock- Helps in timeline management Improves sleep quality Increases productivity It can be connected to various devices Allows the users to integrate with the playlist Components of Smart Alarm Clock- Text-to-speech synthesiser Keyboard Display Audio Amplifier Button  Speaker Resistors  Capacitors Wires 7. Air Pollution Monitoring System One of the best ideas to start experimenting your hands-on IoT projects for students is working on an Air pollution monitoring system. Air pollution is a menace in all parts of the world, and monitoring air pollution levels is a challenge that we’re facing. While traditional air pollution monitoring systems fail to monitor air pollution levels successfully and the contaminants, IoT-based air pollution monitoring systems can both monitor the level of air pollution in cities and save the data on web servers for future use.  This smart air pollution monitoring system promotes a cost-efficient technique for determining air quality. The system is embedded with sensors that specially monitor five components of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality Index – ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and particulate matter. Plus, the system also includes a gas sensor that can alert users in case of gas leaks or the presence of flammable gases. Apart from this, there’s also a temperature and humidity sensor. Benefits of Air Pollution Monitoring System- It helps to monitor the pollutants Allows the decision-makers to take preventive and corrective measures Helps in improving the environment Trackable It helps to reduce the chances of health imbalance Parameters to measure Air Pollution Monitoring System- Wind speed Rainfall Radiation  Temperature Wind direction Barometric pressure 8. Smart Parking System With cities and urban areas getting crowded by the minute, finding a parking space is nothing short of a challenge. It is not only time-consuming but also quite frustrating. Thanks to IoT, there’s a solution for solving the parking problem crisis. This IoT-based smart parking system is designed to avoid unnecessary traveling and harassment in the search for an appropriate parking area. This is an excellent IoT project for beginners. So, if you are in a parking space, this system uses an IR sensor to monitor the entire area during the run time and provide you with an image for the same. This allows you to see any free spaces in the parking lot and drive straight to it without wasting any time looking for a parking space. Also, the system is tuned to open the car gate n only if there are empty slots available in a parking space. Benefits of Smart Parking System- Less fuel consumption Time efficient Cost efficient Productivity Optimised Parking Real-time monitoring Inclusive to disabled  Parking guided systems Online payments The place to recharge electric vehicle Space for special permits 9. Smart Traffic Management System As the population increases, the number of vehicles plying on the road also increases inevitably. Due to the ever-increasing number of both public and private cars in cities and metropolitan areas, traffic congestion has become an everyday problem. One of the needed and best IoT projects. To combat this problem, this IoT-based project creates a smart traffic management system that can effectively manage traffic on roads, and offer free pathways to emergency vehicles like ambulances and fire trucks.  Emergency vehicles can connect to this smart system and find signals and pathways where the traffic flow can be controlled dynamically. It flashes a green notification light for emergency vehicles. Also, this intelligent traffic management system can identify and monitor traffic violators even at night. Benefits of Smart Traffic Management System- Real-Time Management of Traffic Safety from road accidents Preventive measures Traffic monitoring Better time management Environmental impacts Factors of Smart Traffic Management System- Video Traffic Detection Edge Processing Capabilities Pollution Analytics Predictive Planning Shareable data 10. Smart Cradle System The whole concept behind creating the smart cradle is to enable parents to check up on their infants and monitor their activities from afar (remote locations).  This is one of the interesting IoT project ideas. The IoT-based smart cradle system includes a cry-detecting mechanism and live-video surveillance along with a user interface (for mobile or web). The cradle is equipped with multiple sensors that can check and monitor the humidity and temperature of the bed. On the other hand, the surveillance camera attached to the cradle will continue to send footage of the infant to the parents. The data generated by the sensors is stored in the cloud. Additionally, the system includes a health algorithm that feeds on the sensor data to continually check the health condition of the infant and alert the parents if it senses anything unusual in the baby’s health stats. Benefits of Smart Cradle System- Allows the parents to monitor their child. Instant messages on ongoings. Noise detection of the baby Alerts on phone Camera Remote access Shareable data Features of a Smart Cradle System- PIR sensor for child monitoring Noise Detection Camera Swings on the cradle 11. Smart Gas Leakage Detector Bot Gas pipes are an indispensable component of both homes and industrial companies. Any leakage in gas pipes can lead to fire accidents and also contaminate the air with pollutants, thereby causing a disastrous effect on the air and the soil. This IoT-based project is explicitly built to combat the issue of gas leakage. And this is the perfect idea for your next IoT project! This tiny bot includes a gas sensor that can detect any gas leaks in a building. All you have to do is insert the bot into a pipe, and it will monitor the condition of the pipe as it moves forward. This is one of the most important and best IoT projects. In case the bot detects any gas leak in the pipeline, it will transmit the location of the leakage in the pipe via an interface GPS sensor over the IoT network. The bot uses IOTgecko to receive and display any gas leakage alert and its location over the IoT network.  Benefits of Smart Gas Leakage Detector Bot- Early detection of toxic gases Avoid unwanted leakages Prevention from unwanted leakages Features of Smart Gas Leakage Detector Bot- LCD Display IoT setup Gas Sensor Buzzer Monitoring 12. Streetlight Monitoring System Streetlights are a significant source of energy consumption. Often, streetlights continue to remain on even when there’s no one in the street. With the help of this IoT-based streetlight monitoring system, we can efficiently monitor and optimize the energy consumption of streetlights. In this IoT-based project, street lights are fitted with LDR sensors that can monitor the movement of humans or vehicles in the street. If the sensor can catch any movement in the street, it signals the microcontroller, which then turns on the street light. Similarly, if there’s movement in the street, the microcontroller switches the lights off. This way, a substantial amount of energy can be saved. This is one of the best IoT projects for safety.  Not just that, the smart light system also allows users to monitor the estimated power consumption based on the current intensity of a streetlight. It is incorporated with a load-sensing functionality that can detect any fault in the lights. If the system detects an error, it automatically flags a particular light as faulty and sends the data over to the IoT monitoring system so that it can be fixed promptly. Benefits of Streetlight Monitoring System- Energy efficient Cost-effective Lower maintenance Reduce carbon emissions Improved infrastructure Insights Analysis Features of Streetlight Monitoring System- Digitally display signs Detect weather conditions  Monitor traffic  Wifi hosting Parking management Alerts 13. Smart Anti-Theft System Security is one of the primary choices for homes, businesses, and corporations. Having a robust security system helps to keep unwanted intruders at bay. The IoT-based anti-theft system is the perfect solution for safeguarding homes as well as industrial enterprises.  This IoT-based security system is programmed to monitor the entire floor of the building for tracking any kind of unusual movement. When turned on, a single movement could trigger an alarm, thereby alerting the owners of the property about unwanted visitors. It works something like this – whenever you vacate a house or a building, the Piezo sensor is turned on for tracking any movement in and around the property. This is one of the best IoT projects to practice.  So if an intruder were to enter the property, the sensor would send the data to the microcontroller, which then converts it into a signal for the camera to snap a picture of the intruder. This picture is then automatically sent to the users on their smartphones. Mentioning IoT projects can help your resume look much more interesting than others. Benefits of Smart Anti-Theft System- Secure Helps in the protection of belongings Remote access Integrates alert system Allows the users to access it from any device Alarm system Factors of Smart Anti-Theft System- Data capturing Data storage Data analysis Shareable data SMS option Alert  Door and Window Contacts Motion Detectors System Interruption Errors 14. Liquid Level Monitoring System This IoT-based project involves building a liquid-level monitoring system that can remotely monitor a particular liquid’s level and prevent it from overflowing. This project holds immense value for the industrial sector that uses large volumes of fluids in its day-to-day operations. Apart from detecting a liquid’s level, this monitoring system can also be used to track the usage of specific chemicals and to detect leaks in pipelines.  The system is fitted with ultrasonic, conductive, and float sensors. A WiFi module helps connect the system to the Internet and facilitates data transmission. Four ultrasonic sensors help transmit the data on the liquid level and alert the user on the same.  Benefits of Liquid Level Monitoring System- Allows to access fluid level Temperature monitoring Updates  Alarms Automatic On/ OFF pumps Level Control Features of Liquid Level Monitoring System- Remotely monitor liquid levels Access fluid level information Buzzer/ Trigger Alarms Wi-Fi Modem  Display levels of liquid 15. Night Patrol Robot This is one of the best IoT project ideas. It is a well-established fact that a majority of crimes occur in the dark, at night. This IoT project aims to develop a patrolling robot that can guard your home and property at night to prevent and reduce the possibilities of crimes.  The patrol robot is equipped with a night vision camera with the help of which it can perform a 360-degree scan of a predefined path. It will scan a particular area, and if it detects human faces and movements, it will trigger an alarm to alert the user. The camera of the patrol robot can capture an intruder’s image and send the data to the user. The robot can function in a self-sufficient manner, without requiring you to hire security guards to protect your home.   Benefits of Night Patrol Robot- Secure Increases safety Helps in reducing the crime rates Allows the government to track or trace criminals Increases women’s safety Strengthen surveillance efforts Features of Night Patrol Robot- Night vision Motion Sensor Display monitor Wi-fi setup Camera Capture Speech recognition Remote Access 16. Health Monitoring System This is one of the interesting IoT project ideas to create. This IoT-powered health monitoring system is designed to allow patients to take charge of their own health actively. The system will enable users to monitor their body vitals and send the data to qualified doctors and healthcare professionals. The doctors can then provide patients with immediate solutions and guidance based on their health condition. The sensors in the application can monitor patient vitals like blood pressure, sugar level, and heartbeat. If the vital stats are higher/lower than usual, the system will immediately alert the doctor.  The idea behind creating this system is to allow patients and doctors to connect remotely for the exchange of medical data and expert supervision. You can use this application from any location in the world. It is an Arduino-based project – the communication occurs between the Arduino platform and an Android app via Bluetooth. Benefits of Health Monitoring System Cost-effective Time effective Accuracy Easy access Prompt diagnosis Shareable Health monitoring Features of Health Monitoring System- Sensor Module Data Acquisition Data Monitoring Data Processing Easy UI Shareable Wi-fi module 17. Smart Irrigation System Often, farmers have to irrigate the land manually. Not only is this a time-intensive task, but it is also labor-intensive. After all, it is quite challenging for farmers to continuously monitor the moisture level of the whole field and sprinkle the pieces of land that require water. This IoT project is a smart irrigation system that can analyze the moisture level of the soil and the climatic conditions and automatically water the field as and when required.  You can use the smart irrigation system to check the moisture level, and set a predefined threshold for an optimum moisture level of soil, on reaching which the power supply will get cut off. An Arduino/328p microcontroller controls the motor that supplies water, and there’s an on/off switch with which you can start or stop the motor. The smart irrigation system will automatically stop if it starts raining. Benefits of Smart Irrigation System- Water conservation Time efficient Cost-effective Remotely control sprinklers  Increased soil quality Sensors (Rain, Freeze, Wind, etc.) Soil moisture sensor Features of Smart Irrigation System- Water Pump Soil Moisture Sensor Processing unit Water Schedule Setup Data Monitoring 18. Flood Detection System Floods are a common natural disaster that occurs almost every year in our country. Floods not only destroy agricultural fields and produce, but they also cause significant damage to vast stretches of area and property. This is why early flood detection is extremely vital to prevent the loss of life and valuable assets.  This IoT-based flood detection system is built to monitor and track different natural factors (humidity, temperature, water level, etc.) to predict a flood, thereby allowing us to take the necessary measures to minimize the damage caused. This IoT project uses sensors to collect data for all the relevant natural factors. For instance, a digital temperature humidity sensor detects fluctuations in humidity and temperature. On the other hand, a float sensor continually monitors the water level.  Besides providing a system equipped with temperature sensors and float sensors to gauge the possible flood conditions, comprehending the geographical features of the space can help create shelters and collect required amenities beforehand. At the same time, flood detection systems are capable enough to gauge the time a fresh wave of the flood could take to reach a particular location. Systems like these are significant to maintaining the well-being of communities. Advanced detection systems created through IoT projects for final year can alert residents in time, allowing for early evacuation planning. Benefits of Flood Detection System Risk Management Helps in saving lives Allows the stakeholders to save infrastructure Cost-effective Time effective Real-time data Flood forecasting Mapping using GIS Components of Flood Detection System- Water Sensor Wind Sensor Data management Ultrasonic sensor Power Supply Microcontrollers Modem 19. Mining Worker Safety Helmet This is one of the interesting IoT project ideas. Mining workers work under extremely hazardous and dangerous conditions. Underground environments are full of risks, so there is always a fear of unpleasant accidents for miners. This mining worker safety helmet uses a microcontroller-based circuit to track the mining site’s environment and evaluate the safety of the workers.  The safety helmet is equipped with an RF-based tracking system that helps transmit the data over the IoT network. An atmega microcontroller-based RF tracker circuit receives the data that is sent by the helmet nodes. Based on this data, the system maps the current location of workers in real time as they move through the mining site. The helmet also includes a panic (emergency) button. If you press this button, an emergency sign will show up over the IoT web interface. This will alert the management to take the necessary steps for ensuring the workers’ safety. Benefits of Mining Worker Safety Helmet- Identification of the worker’s last location Alarm in case of hazardous situation Safety  Safeguarding of lives Infrastructure management Time effective Cost-effective Features of Mining Worker Safety Helmet- Cell place Gas vent Flexible button to untie Sensors to send alarm  Location tracker Mini camera if required 20. Smart Energy Grid At present, energy grids are not optimized. Often when the electricity grid of a given region fails, the entire area suffers a blackout. This usually hinders the daily activities of people. This is one of the best IoT project ideas which proposes a solution to rectify this issue by creating a smart electricity grid. This IoT-based smart energy grid uses an ATmega family controller to monitor and control the system’s activities. It uses WiFi technology to communicate over the Internet via the IoTGecko webpage. This smart grid’s primary task is to facilitate the transmission line’s re-connection to an active grid in case a particular grid fails. So, if an energy grid becomes faulty, the system will switch to the transmission lines of another energy grid, thus, maintaining an uninterrupted electricity supply to the specific region whose energy grid failed. The system uses two bulbs to indicate valid and invalid users. Registered personnel can log in to the IoTGecko webpage and view updates on which grid is active and faulty. This is one of the best IoT Projects to add to your resume. The smart energy grid can also monitor energy consumption and detect incidents of electricity theft. Benefits of Smart Energy Grid- Energy efficient Resourceful Time effective Cost-effective Improved reliability Enhanced power quality Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Digitalisation Decarbonisation 21. Contactless Doorbell All the systems around have become digitalised and automated. Covid on other hand has given a new perspective to contactless interaction. The machine uses the raspberry pi controller. The machine also uses a camera and speaker for the process. Benefits of Contactless  Doorbell- Increased security Prevention from thefts Alert the owners Voice assistance  Alarm  Wi-fi module Camera capture Remote access Can be connected through various devices Features of Contactless Doorbell- Automatic visitor recognition Power Supply LAN/ Ethernet Vision Sensor PIR Sensor 22. Virtual Doctor Robot Doctors are highly required in the medical field. Their expertise saves lives every day, and they are seen as one of the most integral parts of our society. But with the rising cases and mishaps, especially in the case of emergencies and remote locations, it becomes difficult for doctors to be present everywhere.  Virtual doctors play an important role to provide medical expertise even in remote locations. They could interact with the patients and provide medical advice just like a human.  Benefits of Virtual Doctor Robot- Inclusive to all types of locations They could move around different locations Assess medical reports over video call Provide medical treatment at the earliest 23. Smart Waste Management System The cities are smarter and are keeping up with the technology. It is time to do away with the age-old practice of waste disposal and adapt to the smart waste management system. Municipal professionals can make great use of this technology. Whenever the dustbin is about to be filled up totally, it sends an alarm or an alert to the team that they could fetch the waste in time.  It also helps in segregating the waste into dry or wet garbage. Moreover, they could also help them to save energy and time. Benefits of Smart Waste Management System- Reduction of cost of collection In time pickups Stop overflowing of garbage Environment friendly CO2 Emission Reduction Components of Smart Waste Management System- IoT platform Sensors Integrated to various applications Wi-fi  Alarm/ Alert 24. Forest Fire Alarm System The machine helps to identify the causes of fire threats and take immediate measures to prevent those. This satellite and optical system can detect large landscapes. The alerts can be sent in time in order to take necessary actions in time.  Benefits of Forest Fire Alarm System- Safeguards environment Helps to protect the environment, lives, infrastructure, and more. Allows to gauge temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind Geographical mapping of the location Future for IoT With the ever-growing need for improvement and better accessibility, IoT estimates a dynamic future globally. Introduction to 5G and Metaverse are proof of the oncoming bright future for IoT’s flexible and improved variants. Assimilating the virtual world with reality through Metaverse is on its way, and IoT-based projects with source code are only a step away from joining hands to bring in digitally-driven physical devices. Cellular IoT’s growth is another aspect market expects to see in the coming years to adopt remote monitoring across diverse fields, including agriculture and smart cities.  Extended IoT simulation projects are gaining popularity as a way to prepare young minds for the upcoming IoT trends. But perks are not the only thing accompanying IoT in the near future.  Experts also predict heightened security threats for IoT-driven areas. A significant number of evolving IoT sectors are under the threat of botnets. In early 2021, sources reported a 35% to 51% spike in botnet attacks across individual devices and organizations through sophisticated instruments. As technological advancements improve, so do intrusion methods. Fortunately, constant improvements in security intelligence through IoT-based projects with source code are keeping such intrusions in check and aim to strengthen network and application firewalls further. Popular AI and ML Blogs & Free Courses IoT: History, Present & Future Machine Learning Tutorial: Learn ML What is Algorithm? Simple & Easy Robotics Engineer Salary in India : All Roles A Day in the Life of a Machine Learning Engineer: What do they do? What is IoT (Internet of Things) Permutation vs Combination: Difference between Permutation and Combination Top 7 Trends in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Machine Learning with R: Everything You Need to Know AI & ML Free Courses Introduction to NLP Fundamentals of Deep Learning of Neural Networks Linear Regression: Step by Step Guide Artificial Intelligence in the Real World Introduction to Tableau Case Study using Python, SQL and Tableau Wrapping Up  In this article, we have covered 24 IoT project ideas. These IoT-based projects are just a few examples of how IoT technology can be used and implemented to create innovative products. With further advancements in technology, it is highly likely that more such radical and groundbreaking IoT-based projects will enter the canvas of our everyday lives. If you wish to improve your IoT skills, you need to get your hands on these IoT project ideas. Now go ahead and put to test all the knowledge that you’ve gathered through our IoT project ideas guide to building your very own IoT Projects! If you are interested to know more about IoT, deep learning, and artificial intelligence, check out our Executive PG Programme in Machine Learning & AI program which is designed for working professionals and provides 30+ case studies & assignments, 25+ industry mentorship sessions, 5+ practical hands-on capstone projects, more than 450 hours of rigorous training & job placement assistance with top firms. upGrad partners with leading faculty and industry leaders to nurture dynamic young professionals and help them land lucrative jobs in the tech domain. Besides, learners get to have one-on-one sessions with professional mentors for extensive guidance and counseling.  Refer to your Network! 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