What are the limitations of Naive Bayes?

The naive Bayes classifier is an algorithm used to classify new data instances using a set of known training data. It is a good algorithm for classification; however, the number of features must be equal to the number of attributes in the data. It is computationally expensive when used to classify a large number of items. It is not suitable for numerical data. It can only work when the features are independent of each other. It is not suitable when the feature-values are nominal. It requires that the feature-values be mutually exclusive. It requires that the frequency of the feature-values be proportional to the probability that they are correct.

What is the biggest advantage and disadvantage of Naive Bayes classifiers?

The biggest advantage of Naive Bayes is that it can work with very small data sets. It is one of the most popular algorithms for spam filtering. Also, it is relatively simple to implement. It is almost always used as a classifier. If a data set is not available, one can still use it as a classification algorithm. This algorithm is used in e-mail spam filtering, it is also used by Google to classify web pages. However, it might not be as effective in more complex classification problems. It can only work when the features are independent of each other.

How do I stop Overfitting in Naive Bayes?

One reason for overfitting is having the wrong training data. If you have a training data set with a lot of noise and you have a lot of training examples, the classifier will look at the noise in the training data and not the underlying pattern that you are trying to build a model for. Another reason is that your model is just too complex. If you have a model where a small change in input can cause a large change in output you can get overfitting. Another solution is to use regularization. Regularization will shrink long branches in your model. It smooths out your model and prevents overfitting.

Naive Bayes Classifier: Pros & Cons, Applications & Types Explained

When you need a fast problem-solving algorithm, where do you go? You go to the Naive Bayes classifier. It’s a quick and simple algorithm that can solve various classification problems. In this article, we’ll understand what this algorithm is, how it works, and what its qualities are. Let’s get started.

Best Machine Learning and AI Courses Online

Master of Science in Machine Learning & AI from LJMU		Executive Post Graduate Programme in Machine Learning & AI from IIITB
Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & NLP from IIITB	Advanced Certificate Programme in Machine Learning & Deep Learning from IIITB	Executive Post Graduate Program in Data Science & Machine Learning from University of Maryland
To Explore all our courses, visit our page below.
Machine Learning Courses

What is the Naive Bayes Classifier?

The Naive Bayes classifier separates data into different classes according to the Bayes’ Theorem, along with the assumption that all the predictors are independent of one another. It assumes that a particular feature in a class is not related to the presence of other features.

For example, you can consider a fruit to be a watermelon if it is green, round and has a 10-inch diameter. These features could depend on each other for their existence, but each one of them independently contributes to the probability that the fruit under consideration is a watermelon. That’s why this classifier has the term ‘Naive’ in its name.

In-demand Machine Learning Skills

Artificial Intelligence Courses	Tableau Courses
NLP Courses	Deep Learning Courses

Naive Bayes classifiers are a group of classification algorithms dependent on Bayes’ Theorem. All its included algorithms share a common principle, i.e. each pair of features is categorized as independent of each other. The Naive Bayes is a popular algorithm owing to its speed and high prediction efficiency.

Let’s consider a dataset to understand this algorithm.

Suppose you have a fictional dataset that denotes the weather conditions for playing a cricket game. Based on the weather conditions, every tuple categorizes the conditions as either fit (“Yes”) or unfit(“No”) for playing this game.

The dataset is classified into two parts, i.e. response vector and feature matrix.

The response vector includes the class variable’s value (output or prediction) for every row of the feature matrix. You can consider the class variable name as ‘Play golf’.

Feature matrix includes all the vectors(rows) of the dataset wherein every vector includes dependent features’ value. You can consider the features like ‘Temperature’, ‘Outlook’, ‘Windy’, and ‘Humidity’.

Assumption:

This algorithm assumes that every feature makes an independent and equal contribution to the outcome.

Concerning the given dataset, you can understand this concept as follows:

It is assumed that no pair of features is dependent. For example, the temperature ‘Hot’ is not related to the humidity. The outlook of ‘Rainy’ is not related to the winds. So, the features are expected to be independent.

Every feature is provided with the same weight. For example, you can’t precisely predict the outcome by knowing only humidity and temperature. All the attributes equally contribute to the outcome.

Why is it called Naïve Bayes?

The Naïve Bayes algorithm is composed of two words “Naïve” and “Bayes”. It is named like this because it presumes the occurrence of a certain feature that is independent of the other features’ occurrence. For example, if the fruit is recognized based on shape, colour, and taste, then the sweet fruit is recognized as an apple. So, every feature independently contributes to identifying that it is an apple without relying on each other.

This algorithm is quite popular because it can even outperform highly advanced classification techniques. Moreover, it’s quite simple, and you can build it quickly.

Here’s the Bayes theorem, which is the basis for this algorithm:

P(c | x) = P(x | c) P(c)/P(x)

In this equation, ‘c’ stands for class, and ‘x’ stands for attributes. P(c/x) stands for the posterior probability of class according to the predictor. P(x) is the prior probability of the predictor, and P(c) is the prior probability of the class. P(x/c) shows the probability of the predictor according to the class.

Read: Naive Bayes Explained

Advantages of Naive Bayes

The Naive Bayes is a popular algorithm due to its following advantages:

This algorithm works very fast and can easily predict the class of a test dataset.
You can use it to solve multi-class prediction problems as it’s quite useful with them.
Naive Bayes classifier performs better than other models with less training data if the assumption of independence of features holds.
If you have categorical input variables, the Naive Bayes algorithm performs exceptionally well in comparison to numerical variables.
It can be used for Binary and Multi-class Classifications.
It effectively works in Multi-class predictions.

Now let’s go through the disadvantages of Naive Bayes classifier MCQ.

Disadvantages of Naive Bayes

If your test data set has a categorical variable of a category that wasn’t present in the training data set, the Naive Bayes model will assign it zero probability and won’t be able to make any predictions in this regard. This phenomenon is called ‘Zero Frequency,’ and you’ll have to use a smoothing technique to solve this problem.
This algorithm is also notorious as a lousy estimator. So, you shouldn’t take the probability outputs of ‘predict_proba’ too seriously.
It assumes that all the features are independent. While it might sound great in theory, in real life, you’ll hardly find a set of independent features.

After understanding these disadvantages of Naive Bayes classifier MCQ, you can now better understand this algorithm’s applications.

Applications of Naive Bayes Algorithm

As you must’ve noticed, this algorithm offers plenty of advantages to its users. That’s why it has a lot of applications in various sectors too. Here are some applications of Naive Bayes algorithm:

As this algorithm is fast and efficient, you can use it to make real-time predictions.
This algorithm is popular for multi-class predictions. You can find the probability of multiple target classes easily by using this algorithm.
Email services (like Gmail) use this algorithm to figure out whether an email is a spam or not. This algorithm is excellent for spam filtering.
Its assumption of feature independence, and its effectiveness in solving multi-class problems, makes it perfect for performing Sentiment Analysis. Sentiment Analysis refers to the identification of positive or negative sentiments of a target group (customers, audience, etc.)
Collaborative Filtering and the Naive Bayes algorithm work together to build recommendation systems. These systems use data mining and machine learning to predict if the user would like a particular resource or not.

Also Read: Machine Learning Models Explained

How Naïve Bayes’ Classifier works:

Let’s take an example to understand the working of Naïve Bayes’ Classifier.

Suppose you have a dataset consisting of weather conditions and the relevant target variable “GamePlay”. You have to determine whether you must play or not according to the weather conditions of the particular day and based on the dataset. Follow these steps to solve this problem.

Transform the given dataset into frequency tables.
Generate a Likelihood table by determining the probabilities of the given features.
Apply Bayes theorem to determine the posterior probability.

Now suppose your problem is: Should the player play if the weather is sunny? Implementing the above steps gives you a solution to this problem.

Types of Naive Bayes Classifier

This algorithm has multiple kinds. Here are the main ones:

You can understand which is not a main type of Naive Bayes classifier after reading this section.

Bernoulli Naive Bayes

Here, the predictors are boolean variables. So, the only values you have are ‘True’ and ‘False’ (you could also have ‘Yes’ or ‘No’). We use it when the data is according to multivariate Bernoulli distribution.

It is one of the prevalent types of Naive Bayes model: Its working is identical to the Multinomial classifier. However, the predictor variables are the independent Boolean variables. For example, it works as -a specific word exists or not in a document. Moreover, this model is famous for document classification tasks.

Multinomial Naive Bayes

People use this algorithm to solve document classification problems. For example, if you want to determine whether a document belongs to the ‘Legal’ category or ‘Human Resources’ category, you’d use this algorithm to sort it out. It uses the frequency of the present words as features.

This model is used when the data is multinomial distributed. Primarily, it is used for document classification problems. It denotes that a specific document belongs to which category (like Education, Politics, Sports, etc.). You can easily understand these types of Naive Bayes models with an example.

Suppose there is a text document, and you want to extract all the distinctive words and prepare multiple features such that every feature signifies the word count in the document. The frequency is a feature to consider in this example. When you use multinomial Naive Bayes for this example, it neglects the non-occurrence of the features. Hence, if the e frequency is 0, the probability of occurrence of the particular feature is 0. It is one of those types of Naive Bayes model: that seamlessly works with text classification problems.

FYI: Free Deep Learning Course!

Gaussian Naive Bayes

If the predictors aren’t discrete but have a continuous value, we assume that they are a sample from a gaussian distribution.

Popular AI and ML Blogs & Free Courses

IoT: History, Present & Future	Machine Learning Tutorial: Learn ML	What is Algorithm? Simple & Easy
Robotics Engineer Salary in India : All Roles	A Day in the Life of a Machine Learning Engineer: What do they do?	What is IoT (Internet of Things)
Permutation vs Combination: Difference between Permutation and Combination	Top 7 Trends in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning	Machine Learning with R: Everything You Need to Know
AI & ML Free Courses
Introduction to NLP	Fundamentals of Deep Learning of Neural Networks	Linear Regression: Step by Step Guide
Artificial Intelligence in the Real World	Introduction to Tableau	Case Study using Python, SQL and Tableau

It is among those types of Naive Bayes models that consider normal distribution. It assumes that the feature adopts a normal distribution. If predictors accept continuous values instead of discrete, the Gaussian Naive Bayes model assumes that such values are sampled through the Gaussian distribution. It is always better to first identify your problem and determine which is not a main type of Naive Bayes classifier.

Implementation of the Naïve Bayes algorithm in Python:

You can use the user data set to implement the Naive Bayes Algorithm in Python. Here are the implementation steps:

Data Pre-processing
Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training set
Predicting the test result
Determining test accuracy of the result
Visual analysis of the training set result
Visual analysis of the test set result

They are briefly explained below.

Data Pre-processing step:

This step allows you to prepare the data to efficiently use in your code.

2. Fitting Naive Bayes to the Training Set:

You need to fit the Naive Bayes model to the training set after data pre-processing. This step uses the GaussianNB classifier. But you can use other relevant classifiers according to your example.

3. Prediction of the test set result:

In this step, you would create a new predictor variable and use the predict function to determine the predictions. The test set result shows that certain predictions are different from the real values. Such obtained predictions are therefore incorrect.

4. Creating Confusion Matrix:

This step involves testing the result’s accuracy. You need to create the Confusion matrix to check the Naive Bayes classifier’s accuracy.

5.Visualizing the training set result:

This step involves visualizing the output of the Naïve Bayes classifier. The output will show a Gaussian curve featuring isolated data points with fine boundaries if you have used the GaussianNB classifier in the code.

6.Visualizing the Test set result:

This step determines how the curve divides the considered variables. It may show incorrect predictions being calculated in the Confusion matrix.

The Naive Bayes is a popular algorithm that helps you to visualize both the training set result and the test set results.

Conclusion

We hope you found this article useful. If you have any questions related to the Naive Bayes algorithm, feel free to share them in the comment section. We’d love to hear from you.

If you’re interested to learn more about AI, machine learning, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s PG Diploma in Machine Learning & AI which is designed for working professionals and offers 450+ hours of rigorous training, 30+ case studies & assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, 5+ practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.