Exception handling is a concept that is implemented in algorithms to handle possible runtime errors, which may disrupt the normal flow of a program. Some of the errors which can be handled using this concept are:

• ClassNotFoundException
• IOException
• SQLException
• RemoteException
• RuntimeException:
  • ArithmeticException 
  • NullPointerException
  • NumberFormatException
  • IndexOutOfBoundsException
    • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
    • StringIndexOutOfBoundsException

The merit of this implementation is to prevent a crash of the program if there is an exception while executing the program. Without Exception Handling, the program will throw an error when it encounters an exception, and the rest of the program will not be executed. However, implementing this concept will give a workaround in which the rest of the program is executed if they are independent with respect to the exception incurred. To learn more, check out our data science courses.

Check out our free courses to get an edge over the competition.

In order to understand the regularity of interview questions on exception handling interview questions in Java, one has to understand the importance the topic carries. 

Check Out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp

Minute errors from the developer’s side can significantly hamper the flow of data. For example, if there are 8 statements in a row, and the fourth statement has any error, all the statements after that will not be executed. However, if exception handling is implemented, all the other statements will be executed except for the one with an error. This is why knowing and using exception handling is so important. 

Check Out upGrad’s Python Bootcamp

Some of the main keywords that are important in learning exception handling in Java include:

Keyword	Description
TRY	This keyword is implemented when specifying a block, therefore, where should one place an exception code. This keyword can not be implemented alone and needs to be followed by either FINALLY or CATCH.
CATCH	This keyword is used to determine what to do with the exception. Before this, the TRY block must be used.
THROW	This keyword is used to throw an exception
FINALLY	This block is used to execute the necessary code for the program.

There are multiple reasons behind the occurrence of exceptions, some of which are: invalid user input, losing network connection, coding errors, disk running out of memory, any kind of device failure, etc. therefore, the chances of occurring errors or exceptions are quite high, which is why Java exception handling interview questions are pretty common in any developer job. So, make sure to prepare for these Java exception handling interview questions by clarifying concepts.

As a topic, getting exception handling in java interview questions is quite common, which makes it even more important to prepare. The exception handling in java interview questions helps the recruiter to understand the depth of knowledge of a candidate and see whether or not they can prevent and handle any undesired situation, such as crashing a program or failing requests. 

Below is a list of interview questions on exception handling in Java that can help anyone crack their dream interview. 

Read: Must Read 30 Selenium Interview Questions & Answers: Ultimate Guide

Exception Handling Interview Questions and Answers For Freshers & Beginners

1. What do you mean by an exception?

It is an abnormal condition that is sometimes encountered when a program is executed. It disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is necessary to handle this exception; otherwise,it can cause the program to be terminated abruptly.

When an error or unusual condition is detected in a code section, Python will raise an exception that can then be handled with try/except blocks. This allows the program to continue running or shut down gracefully rather than just crashing mid-execution. Handling exceptions properly is vital for writing robust programs. There’s a diverse range of built-in exception types covering everything from simple program logic errors to lower-level issues like attempting to access files that don’t exist. 

2. Explain how exceptions can be handled in Java. What is the exception handling mechanism behind the process?

There are three parts to the exception handling mechanism. These are called:

• Try block: The section of the code which is first attempted to be executed and monitored for any exception that might occur.The try block contains the code endeavoured for execution first but is also actively monitored for any exceptions that end up being raised. Control gets immediately transferred to the associated catch block if an error or unexpected scenario occurs within that code.
• Catch block: If any exception is thrown by the ‘try’ block, it is caught by this code section.Inside the catch block is where the just-raised exception can actually be handled. Things like logging the issue, displaying an error message to the user, or attempting corrective measures are common here before resuming application flow. Multiple catch blocks can selectively handle different types of exceptions separately.
• Finally block: Code under this section is always executed irrespective of exceptions caught in ‘try’ block, if any. Even if there is no exception, the code under this block will be executed.The final block provides a way to execute important cleanup code, whether exceptions happened or not. For instance, it’s useful for uniform resource closing, like files or connections. The code here is guaranteed to run after the try/catch sections finish, ensuring vital post steps even after handling an issue initially.

Explore our Popular Software Engineering Courses

3. Is it possible to keep other statements in between ‘try’, ‘catch’, and ‘finally’ blocks?

It is not recommended to include any statements between the sections of  ‘try’, ‘catch’, and ‘finally’ blocks, since they form one whole unit of the exception handling mechanism. 

try

{

    //Code which is monitored for exceptions.

}

//You can’t keep statements here

catch(Exception ex)

{

    //Catch the exceptions thrown by try block, if any.

}

//You can’t keep statements here

finally

{

    //This block is always executed irrespective of exceptions.

}

4. Will it be possible to only include a ‘try’ block without the ‘catch’ and ‘finally’ blocks?

This would give a compilation error. It is necessary for the ‘try’ block to be followed with either a ‘catch’ block or a ‘finally’ block, if not both. Either one of ‘catch’ or ‘finally’ blocks is needed so that the flow of exception handling is undisrupted.

The reason catch, and finally, sections are required complements the very purpose of exceptions in the first place – to handle and respond to anomalous conditions by diverting control flow away from the typical happy path. So just watching for exceptions via try without defining mitigation steps makes little sense in isolation.

Either a catch block needs to be defined for actively handling the raised exception in some chosen way – logging it, displaying an error message, etc. Or, a final block should be specified for any cleanup routines that must execute regardless of specific exceptions. Without one of these recovery blocks present, any raised exception would go entirely unaddressed.

In-Demand Software Development Skills

5. Will it be possible to keep the statements after the ‘finally’ block if the control is returning from the finally block itself?

This will result in an unreachable catch block error. This is because the control will be returning from the ‘finally’ block itself. The compiler will fail to execute the code after the line with the exception. That is why the execution will show an unreachable code error. 

Dreaming to Study Abroad? Here is the Right program for you

6. Explain an unreachable catch block error.

In the case of multiple catch blocks, the order in which catch blocks are placed is from the most specific to the most general ones. That is, the sub classes of an exception should come first, and then the super classes will follow. In case that the super classes are kept first, followed by the sub classes after it, the compiler will show an unreachable catch block error.

public class ExceptionHandling

{

    public static void main(String[] args)

    {

        try

        {

            int i = Integer.parseInt(“test”);   

//This statement will throw a NumberFormatException //because the given input is string, while the //specified format is integer. 

        }

        catch(Exception ex)

        {

System.out.println(“This block handles all exception types”);

//All kinds of exceptions can be handled in this //block since it is a super class of exceptions.

        }

        catch(NumberFormatException ex)

        {

            //This will give compile time error

            //This block will become unreachable as the

//exception would be already caught by the above //catch block

        }

    }

}

Explore Our Software Development Free Courses

7. Consider three statements in a ‘try’ block: statement1, statement2, and statement3. It is followed by a ‘catch’ block to catch the exceptions that occurred during the execution of the ‘try’ block. Assume that the exception is thrown at statement2. Do you think the statement3 will be executed?  

Statement3 will not be executed. If an exception is thrown by the ‘try’ block at any point, the remaining code after the exception will not be executed. Instead, the flow control will directly come to the ‘catch’ block. 

8. Differentiate error and exception in Java.

The key difference between error and exception is that while the error is caused by the environment in which the JVM(Java Virtual Machine) is running, exceptions are caused by the program itself. For example, OutOfMemory is an error that occurs when the JVM exhausts its memory.

But, NullPointerException is an exception that is encountered when the program tries to access a null object. Recovering from an error is not possible. Hence, the only solution to an error is to terminate the execution. However, it is possible to workaround exceptions using try and catch blocks or by throwing exceptions back to the caller function.

Must Read: Java Interview Questions & Answers

9. What are the types of exceptions? Explain them.

There are two types of exceptions: 

Checked Exceptions

The type of exceptions that are known and recognized by the compiler. These exceptions can be checked in compile time only. Therefore, they are also called compile time exceptions. These can be handled by either using try and catch blocks or by using a throw clause. If these exceptions are not handled appropriately, they will produce compile time errors. Examples include the subclasses of java.lang.Exception except for the RunTimeException.

Unchecked Exceptions

The type of exceptions that are not recognized by the compiler. They occur at run time only. Hence, they are also called run time exceptions. They are not checked at compile time. Hence, even after a successful compilation, they can cause the program to terminate prematurely if not handled appropriately. Examples include the subclasses of java.lang.RunTimeException and java.lang.Error.

Learn Software Engineering Courses online from the World’s top Universities. Earn Executive PG Programs, Advanced Certificate Programs, or Masters Programs to fast-track your career.

10. What is the hierarchy of exceptions in Java?

The java.lang.Throwable is a super class of all errors and exceptions in Java. This class extends the java.lang.Object class. The argument of catch block should be its type or its sub class type only. The Throwable class includes two sub classes:

1. java.lang.Error : This is a super class for all error types in Java. Common errors included under this are – 
   1. java.lang.VirtualMachineError: Under this –
      1. StackOverFlowError
      2. OutOfMemoryError
   2. java.lang.AssertionError
   3. java.lang.LinkageError: Under this – 
      1. NoClassDefFoundError
      2. IncompatibleClassChangeError
2. java.lang.Exception: This is a super class of all exception types in Java. Common exceptions under this are – 
   1. RunTimeException
      1. ArithmeticException
      2. NumberFormatException
      3. NullPointerException
      4. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      5. ClassCastException
   2. java.lang.InterruptedException
   3. java.lang.IOException
   4. java.lang.SQLException
   5. java.lang.ParseException

11. What are runtime exceptions in Java? Give a few examples. 

The exceptions that occur at run time are called run time exceptions. The compiler cannot recognise these exceptions, like unchecked exceptions. It includes all sub classes of java.lang.RunTimeException and java.lang.Error. Examples include, NumberFormatException, NullPointerException, ClassCastException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException, StackOverflowError etc.

upGrad’s Exclusive Software and Tech Webinar for you –

SAAS Business – What is So Different?

 

12. Define OutOfMemoryError in Java.

It is the sub class of java.lang.Error which is encountered when the JVM runs out of memory.

When methods in Java try to request additional memory areas like for creating large arrays or loading more application components and classes, checks occur to verify there is still sufficient unused memory for fulfilling that request based on what’s currently available to Java. If the request would exceed preset limits or usage thresholds, then the OutOfMemoryError gets thrown to indicate the request cannot succeed until more memory is freed up from existing allocations. One scenario where this occurs frequently is loading up a very large dataset that gets parsed into some in-memory data structure all at once, rather than handling it in chunks or streams.

13. Differentiate between NoClassDefFoundError and ClassNotFoundException in Java.

Both NoClassDefFoundError and ClassNotFoundException occur when a particular class is not found in run time. However, they occur under different scenarios. NoClassDefFoundError is when an error occurs because a particular class was present at compile time but it was missing at run time. ClassNotFoundException occurs when an exception is encountered for an application trying to load a class at run time which is not updated in the classpath.

Exception handling Tricky Interview Questions for Experienced

Apart from straightforward Java exception handeling interview questions one might also have to deal with a number of exception handling tricky questions. Below are examples of such.  

14. Does the ‘finally’ block get executed if either of ‘try’ or ‘catch’ blocks return the control?

The ‘finally’ block is always executed irrespective of whether try or catch blocks are returning the control or not.

Whether the try block executes fully or has an early return statement halfway through, the final steps still proceed. And whether exceptions get raised that transfer control straight to various catch blocks or even if no exceptions occur, the final logic kicks off immediately after. Any manner of early control transfer or return calls cannot override or bypass invoking the final tasks.

This unconditional guarantee ensures things like releasing external resources locked during the try block or saving data get completed reliably.

15. Is it possible to throw an exception manually? If yes, explain how.

It is possible to throw an exception manually. It is done using the ‘throw’ keyword. The syntax for throwing an exception manually is

throw InstanceOfThrowableType;

Here is an example of using the ‘throw’ keyword to throw an exception manually.

try

{

    NumberFormatException ex = new NumberFormatException(); //Here we create an object for NumberFormatException explicitly

    throw ex; //throwing NumberFormatException object explicitly using throw keyword

}

catch(NumberFormatException ex)

{

    System.out.println(“In this block, the explicitly thrown NumberFormatException object can be caught.”);

}

Read: Top 35 Spring Interview Questions & Answers: Ultimate Guide

16. What do you mean by rethrowing an exception in Java?

The exceptions which are raised in the ‘try’ block are handled in the ‘catch’ block. If the ‘catch’ block is unable to handle that exception, it is possible that it can rethrow the same exception using the ‘throw’ keyword. This mechanism is called rethrowing an exception. The implementation is as follows: 

try

{

    String s = null;

    System.out.println(s.length()); //This statement throws a NullPointerException

}

catch(NullPointerException ex)

{

    System.out.println(“Here the NullPointerException is caught”);

    throw ex; //Rethrowing the NullPointerException

}

17. Why do you use the ‘throws’ keyword in Java?

If it is possible for a method to throw an exception if it could not be handled, it should specify that exception using the ‘throws’ keyword. It will be helpful to the caller functions of that method in handling that exception. The syntax for using the ‘throws’ keyword is,

return_type method_name(parameter_list) throws exception_list

{

     //code

}

Here, exception_list is the list of exceptions which may be thrown by the method. These exceptions should be separated by commas. An example of the code : 

public class ExceptionHandling

{

    public static void main(String[] args)

    {

        try

        {

            methodWithThrows();

        }

        catch(NullPointerException ex)

        {

            System.out.println("NullPointerException thrown by methodWithThrows() method will be caught here");

        }

    }

 

    static void methodWithThrows() throws NullPointerException

    {

        String s = null;

        System.out.println(s.length()); //This statement throws NullPointerException

    }

}

18. It is often recommended to keep clean up operations like closing the DB resources inside the ‘finally’ block. Why is it necessary? 

The ‘finally’ block is always executed irrespective of the fact if exceptions are raised in the ‘try’ block or if the raised exceptions are caught in the ‘catch’ block or not. Keeping the clean up operations in ‘finally’ block ensures the operation of these operations in any case, and will not be affected by exceptions, which may or may not rise. 

19. How would you differentiate between final, finally and finalize in Java?

First, ‘final’ is a keyword that can be used to make a variable or a method or a class as unchangeable. To put it simply, if a variable is declared as final, once it is initialized, its value can not be altered. If a method is declared as final, it cannot be overridden or modified in the sub class. If a class is declared as final, it cannot be extended into further classes. 

Second, ‘finally’ is a block which is used in exception handling along with the ‘try’ and ‘catch’ blocks. This block is always executed irrespective of a raised exception or if the raised exception is handled. Usually, this block is used to perform clean up operations to close the resources like database connection, I/O resources, etc.

Third, the finalize() method is a protected method. It belongs to java.lang.Object class. Every class created in Java inherits this method. The garbage collector thread calls this method before an object is removed from the memory. Before an object is removed from the memory, this method is used to perform some of the clean-up operations.

protected void finalize() throws Throwable

{

    //Clean up operations

}

20. What are customized exceptions in java?

Exception classes can be thrown in Java as per the requirements of the program flow. These exceptions are called user-defined exceptions. They are also called customized exceptions. These exceptions must extend any one of the classes in the exceptions’ hierarchy. 

For example, this exception handling in python interview questions or exception handling java interview questions an e-commerce system may define custom OrderValueException or ProductInventoryException classes tailored to handle its unique business constraints gracefully. The custom hierarchy gives more readable context around domain issues versus general exceptions like IllegalArgumentException, which could originate from anywhere internally.

Defining these domain-specific subclasses follows a similar process to building any class in Java. One simply extends an Exception or a child-like RuntimeException, assigns suitable class properties, and implements constructors and methods for capturing details around the exceptional event.

21. How would you explain a ClassCastException in Java?

A ClassCastException in Java occurs when the code attempts to convert or cast an object of one class type to an incompatible other class type. Because objects in Java have a defined class/type that dictates their structure and available methods, arbitrary casts between two unrelated class types has the potential to fail based on those mismatches. When the JVM is unable to cast an object of one type to another type, this exception is raised. It is a RunTimeException.

To avoid this exception, awareness of assignable types and checking via instanceof statements helps validate true object compatibility rather than relying on looser reference compatibility. Additionally, minimising unnecessary casts by leveraging polymorphism or creating clean extension hierarchies prevents potential mismatches.

22. Differentiate between throw, throws and throwable in Java.

First, the keyword ‘throw’ is used to throw an exception manually in Java. Using this keyword, it is possible to throw an exception from any method or block. However, it is essential that the exception must be of type java.lang.Throwable class or it belongs to one of the sub classes of java.lang.Throwable class. 

Second, the keyword ‘throws’ is used in the method signature in Java. If the method is capable of throwing exceptions, it is indicated by this method. The mentioned exceptions are handled by their respective caller functions. It is done either by using try and catch blocks or by using the throws keyword. 

Third, the super class for all types of errors and exceptions in Java is called Throwable. It is a member of the java.lang package. The JVM or the throw statement raises only instances of this class or its subclasses. The catch block should contain only one argument and it should be of this type or its subclasses. In case customized exceptions are created, they should extend this class too. 

23. Explain the StackOverflowError in Java.

This is an error that is thrown by the JVM when the stack overflows in runtime. The stack essentially keeps track of method invocations and local variables as code gets deeper and deeper into nested method calls. As more methods run, more stack space gets consumed until it fills up completely.

This most commonly happens with recursive logic that perpetually invokes itself repeatedly without an adequate termination condition. With each stacked call added, the total footprint grows until hitting enviable capacity limits. Infinitely, recursing code is a prime offender. The error can also occasionally happen in very long-running processes that chain an extremely deep sequence of method calls through various layers to pipeline execution. Hundreds of activations pile up, draining stack reserves.

24. Is it possible to override a super class method that throws an unchecked exception with checked exceptions in the sub class?

It is not possible because if a super class method throws an unchecked exception, it will be overridden in the sub class with the same exception or any other unchecked exceptions. But, it can not be overridden with checked exceptions. There is a rule that overridden methods must conform to the same throws clause as their parent implementations when dealing with exceptions.

The reason lies in avoiding confusion for code that leverages polymorphism. If a superclass method could throw, say, an ArithmeticException, but the subclass changed it to throw IOException, any client code catching ArithmeticException would suddenly face issues with the child class breakage. Stimulating unexpected errors violates overriden method principles.

However, the inverse scenario of narrowing down broader exemptions is completely permissible. A superclass method declaring throwing Exception generally could be safely overridden to just throw an Illegal Argument Exception since that reduces the assumed risk for callers.

25. Define chained exceptions in Java.

In a program, one exception can throw many exceptions by inducing a domino effect. This causes a chain of exceptions. It is beneficial to know the location of the actual cause of the exception. This is possible with the chained exceptions feature in Java. This has been introduced since JDK 1.4. For implementation of chained exceptions in Java, two new constructors and two new methods are included in the Throwable class. These are,

Constructors Of Throwable class:

1. 1. Throwable(Throwable cause): The cause is the exception that raises the current exception.
   2. Throwable(String msg, Throwable cause): The msg string is the exception message. The exception that raises the current exception is the cause here.

Methods Of Throwable class:

1. 1. getCause() method : The real cause of a raised exception is returned by this method.
   2. initCause(Throwable cause) method : The cause of the calling exception is set by this method.  

26. Which class is defined as a super class for all types of errors and exceptions in Java?

The super class for all types of errors and exceptions is java.lang.Throwable in Java. This umbrella superclass encapsulates the core properties and behaviours shared across the hierarchy descending from it, such as traceability through stack traces and mechanics for programmatic capture/propagation. At the highest level, if anything can be “thrown” via semantics like throw new Exception() then inheritance begins from Throwable.

Its children subclasses Error and Exception exception handling interview questions in java that diverge to model two key scenarios – Errors denoting typically hardware or system failures beyond programmatic control vs recoverable Exceptions representing anomalies in application logic or user input validation. This fork separates more uncontrollable low-level problems from flow defects that are tuneable within software design.

27. What can classify as a correct combination of try, catch and finally blocks?

A combination of try and catch block.

try

{

    //try block

}

catch(Exception ex)

{

    //catch block

}

A combination of try and finally block. 

try

{

    //try block

}

finally

{

    //finally block

}

A combination of all three: try, block, finally blocks. 

try

{

    //try block

}

catch(Exception ex)

{

    //catch block

}

finally

{

    //finally block

}

28. Why do you use printStackTrace() method?

This method is used to print detailed information about the exceptions that occurred. Rather than just throwing an exception and possibly showing a high-level exception type or message, printStackTrace() outputs the full stack trace leading up to the exception being raised at runtime.

This visibility into the successive method invocations on the call stack that led to the crash proves extremely useful for tracing back to the ultimate line of code responsible for reaching the exceptional state. Developers can examine the class, method, line number and exact executable statement responsible across all stack frames involved in the exception pipeline.

Without printStackTrace() equivalent debugging information might require manual logging statements interspersed at different layers of architecture just to narrow down origins of errors.

29. What are some examples of checked exceptions?

Some examples of checked exceptions include ClassNotFoundException, SQLException, and IOException. Declaring these exception types in method signatures indicates consumers must prepare for those plausible failures with proper recovery handling through catches. Omitting declaration handling risks abrupt terminations so annotation promotes resilience. That’s why checked exceptions instil defensive coding habits accounting for fallibilities in broader environmental integrations crossing runtime boundaries. They notify callers that vigilance is advised when leveraging volatile external services. Handling ensures graceful degredation when instability inevitably arises.

30. What are some examples of unchecked exceptions?

Some examples of unchecked exceptions include NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException and NumberFormatException. Overall unchecked exceptions tend to reflect oversights in code itself rather than environmental issues. Letting these exceptions bubble up instantly exposes where added null checking, data validation or defensive input handling would prevent problems early during development. Damage control uses try/catch blocks only around call sites requiring continuity after raising exceptions.

Read our Popular Articles related to Software Development

Also Read: Must Read 47 OOPS Interview Questions & Answers For Freshers & Experienced

31.What are the two ways to handle exception?

Exception handling in Java manages runtime errors to ensure the normal flow of the program. It involves using try, catch, finally, and throw keywords. There are two ways to handle exceptions: using try-catch blocks to catch and manage exceptions directly, or using the throws keyword to pass the responsibility of handling exceptions to the calling method.

32. What are the three blocks to handle exception?

Exception handling in Java involves three blocks: the try block, which contains the code that might throw an exception; the catch block, which catches and handles the exception if it occurs; and the finally block, which contains code that is always executed after the try block, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught.

How to prepare for the interview?

In order to maximize your chances of being shortlisted, you need to prepare well beforehand for the interviews. Often times candidates even get rejected in their final interview round, so preparing for them will be a wiser choice. Here are some tips and advice you can make use of to better your interview preparations. 

1. Get information regarding the interview format. There are a handful of formats that a recruiter can use in their interview process. It can be quizzes, online coding assignments,  take-home assignments or even telephonic or video-called interviews. Quizzes and assignments are often thrown at the very early stage of the interview to test the candidate’s basic technical knowledge. Interviews over call and video calls are most common and usually are held for the shortlisted candidates where the interviewer would give a problem to the candidate to solve live on various apps like CoderPad, CodePen or even Google docs. Therefore getting familiar with these platforms beforehand can be advantageous and less chaotic. 
2. Picking a programming language and mastering it. It is not beneficial to be a jack of all trends and a master of none. Hence, choosing a specific programming language and gaining in-depth knowledge of it is always a better choice. In this manner, one can always master programming languages one by one as well. 

The most popular programming languages for coding interviews are Python, Java and C++. Try and contribute a few weeks at least to each of the languages one by one. However, if the interview is knocking on the door, focusing on the one language in which the candidate has the highest proficiency, would be better rather than learning an entirely new language at the last moment. 

3. Go through coding interviews and look for the pattern. There are some generic questions that are asked in the majority of the coding interviews. Do not skip them. There are a handful of platforms that can be used for interview preparations such as LeetCode, CodeForces etc.Finally, maintain spoken explanations expressing thoughts clearly. Frame questions for clarification gracefully. Talk through examples mapping concepts together. Use cases guide design decisions. Discuss tradeoffs conveying understanding. Essentially, practising both sound technical execution and explanation goes hand-in-hand. Interview coding resembles teaching peers just as writing good software requires conveying structure and purpose to future readers. Preparing accordingly unlocks confidence on all fronts to solve and illuminate solutions fluidly.
4. Make a study plan. As tedious as it may sound but it is the truth. Staying consistent is crucial for reaching any goal. Try and make a study plan where at least 2-3 hours daily are kept aside for repairing for the interview.Schedule out daily blocks in calendars, dedicating undivided focus to consistently practising. Vary reviews high-level architectures, studying APIs for fluency and drilling problems targeting growth areas. Trading breaths on wider fundamentals before diving deep provides structure. Sustain momentum, solving a mix of familiar and unfamiliar challenges. Review blindspots exposed; research misunderstood topics. Debrief regularly assesses growth, knowledge gaps and lingering weaknesses. Iteratively expand mastery through repetition, not intensity alone. Stay the course.

Read: Must Read Top 58 Coding Interview Questions & Answers

Wrapping up

If you’re interested to learn more about big data, check out upGrad & IIIT-B’s PG Diploma in Full-stack Software Development which is designed for working professionals and offers 500+ hours of rigorous training, 9+ projects, and assignments, IIIT-B Alumni status, practical hands-on capstone projects & job assistance with top firms.

If you are interested in learning Data Science and opt for a career in this field, check out IIIT-B & upGrad’s Executive PG Programme in Data Science which is created for working professionals and offers 10+ case studies & projects, practical hands-on workshops, mentorship with industry experts, 1-on-1 with industry mentors, 400+ hours of learning and job assistance with top firms.