Data types are an essential concept in the python programming language. In Python, every value has its own python data type. The classification of data items or to put the data value into some sort of data category is called Data Types. It helps to understand what kind of operations can be performed on a value. If you are a beginner and interested to learn more about data science, check out our data science certification from top universities.

In the Python Programming Language, everything is an object. Data types in Python represents the classes. The objects or instances of these classes are called variables. Let us now discuss the different kinds of data types in Python. 

Built-in Data Types in Python

• Binary Types: memoryview, bytearray, bytes
• Boolean Type: bool
• Set Types: frozenset, set
• Mapping Type: dict
• Sequence Types: range, tuple, list
• Numeric Types: complex, float, int
• Text Type: str

If you are using Python, check data type using the syntax type (variable). Get a detailed insight into what are the common built-in data types in Python and associated terms with this blog.  

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1. Python Numbers

We can find complex numbers, floating point numbers and integers in the category of Python Numbers. Complex numbers are defined as a complex class, floating point numbers are defined as float and integers are defined as an int in Python. There is one more type of datatype in this category, and that is long. It is used to hold longer integers. One will find this datatype only in Python 2.x which was later removed in Python 3.x. 

“Type()” function is used to know the class of a value or variable. To check the value for a particular class, “isinstance()” function is used. 

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• Integers:
  • There is no maximum limit on the value of an integer. The integer can be of any length without any limitation which can go up to the maximum available memory of the system. 
• Integers can look like this:
  • >>> print(123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123 + 1)

123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123124

• Floating Point Number:
  • The difference between floating points and integers is decimal points. Floating point number can be represented as “1.0”, and integer can be represented as “1”. It is accurate up to 15 decimal places.
• Complex Number:
  • “x + yj” is the written form of the complex number. Here y is the imaginary part and x is the real part.

2. Python List

An ordered sequence of items is called List. It is a very flexible data type in Python. There is no need for the value in the list to be of the same data type. The List is the data type that is highly used data type in Python. List datatype is the most exclusive datatype in Python for containing versatile data. It can easily hold different types of data in Python.  

Lists are among the most common built-in data types in Python. Like arrays, they are also collections of data arranged in order. The flexibility associated with this type of data is remarkable. 

It is effortless to declare a list. The list is enclosed with brackets and commas are used to separate the items. 

A list can look like this:

>>> a = [5,9.9,’list’]

One can also alter the value of an element in the list.

Complexities in declaring lists:

Space complexity: O(n)

Time complexity: O(1)

How to Access Elements in a Python List

Programmers refer to the index number and use the index operator [ ] to access the list items. In Python, negative sequence indexes represent the positions placed at the end of the array. 

Therefore, negative indexing means starting from the items at the end, where -1 means the last item, -2 means the second last item, and so on. 

How to Add Elements to a Python List

There are three methods of adding elements to a Python list:

Method 1: Adding an element using the append() method 

Using the append() method, you can add elements in this Python data type. This is ideally suited when adding only one element at a time. Loops are used to add multiple elements using this method. Both the time and space complexity for adding elements in a list using the append() method is O(1). 

Method 2: Adding an element using the insert() method 

Unlike the append() method, the insert() method takes two arguments: the position and the value. In this case, the time complexity is O(n), and space complexity is O(1). 

Method 3: Adding an element using extend() method

Alongside the append() and insert() methods, there is one more method used to add elements to a Python list known as the extend() method. The extend() method helps add multiple elements at the end of the list simultaneously. Here, the time complexity is O(n), and the space complexity is O(1). 

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How to Remove Elements from a Python List

Removing elements from a Python list can be done using two methods:

Method 1: Removing elements using the remove() method

This built-in function can be used to remove elements from a Python list. Only one element can be removed at a time using this function. 

If the element whose removal has been requested does not exist in the list, an error message pops up. Removing elements using the remove() method takes a time complexity of O(n) and a space complexity of O(1). 

Method 2: Removing elements using pop() method 

The pop() function can also help eliminate and return an element from this Python data type. However, by default, the function only removes the last element of the list. 

If you want to remove any element from any specific position, provide the index of the element to be removed in the argument of the pop() function. 

In this functionality, the time complexity for removing the last element is O(1)/O(n) O(1), and that for removing the first and middle elements is O(n). The space complexity in this case is O(1). 

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3. Python Tuple

A Tuple is a sequence of items that are in order, and it is not possible to modify the Tuples. The main difference list and tuples are that tuple is immutable, which means it cannot be altered. Tuples are generally faster than the list data type in Python because it cannot be changed or modified like list datatype. The primary use of Tuples is to write-protect data. Tuples can be represented by using parentheses (), and commas are used to separate the items. 

Tuples can look like this:

>>> t = (6,’tuple’,4+2r)

In the case of a tuple, one can use the slicing operator to extract the item, but it will not allow changing the value.  Data Frames in Python

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You can create tuples in Python by placing the values sequentially separated by commas. The use of parentheses is entirely optional. If a tuple is created without using parentheses, it is known as Tuple Packing. 

Tuple in Python can contain various data types like integers, lists, strings, etc. The time complexity for creating tuples is O(1), and the auxiliary space is O(n). 

How to Access the Elements in Tuples 

Tuples are one of the built-in types in Python that contain a variety of heterogeneous elements that can be accessed by unpacking or indexing. In the case of named tuples, elements can be accessed by attribute. 

In this case, the time complexity is O(1), and space complexity is O(1). 

Concatenation of Tuples 

This is the process of joining multiple tuples together. This function is performed using the “+” operator. Concatenation takes a time complexity of O(1) and auxiliary space of O(1).

How to Delete Tuples

Since tuples are immutable, you cannot delete a part of a tuple in Python. Using the del() method, you can delete the entire tuple.

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4. Python Strings

Strings are among the other common built-in data types in Python.

A String is a sequence of Unicode characters. In Python, String is called str. Strings are represented by using Double quotes or single quotes. If the strings are multiple, then it can be denoted by the use of triple quotes “”” or ”’. All the characters between the quotes are items of the string.

One can put as many as the character they want with the only limitation being the memory resources of the machine system. Deletion or Updation of a string is not allowed in python programming language because it will cause an error. Thus, the modification of strings is not supported in the python programming language.

A string can look like this:

>>> s = “Python String”

>>> s = ”’a multi-string

Strings are also immutable like tuples and items can be extracted using slicing operators [].

If one wants to represent something in the string using quotes, then they will need to use other types of quotes to define the string in the beginning and the ending.

Such as: 

>>> print(“This string contains a single quote (‘) character.”)

This string contains a single quote (‘) character.

>>> print(‘This string contains a double quote (“) character.’)

This string contains a double quote (“) character.

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How to Create Strings

You can create strings in Python using single, double, or even triple quotes. 

How to Access Characters in a String in Python 

If you want to access an individual character from a string in Python, you can use the indexing method. In indexing, use negative indexes to refer to the characters at the end of the string. For instance, -1 refers to the last character of the string, -2 refers to the second last character, and so on. 

How to Slice a String

In Python, slicing a string means accessing a range of elements present in the string. This is done with the help of the slicing operator, which is a colon(:). 

5. Python Set

The Collection of Unique items that are not in order is called Set. Braces {} are used to defined set and a comma is used to separate values. One will find that the items are unordered in a set data type.

Duplicates are eliminated in a set and set only keeps unique values. Operations like intersection and union can be performed on two sets. 

Python set will look like this:

>>> a = {4,5,5,6,6,6}

>>> a 

{4, 5, 6}

The slicing operator does not work on set because the set is not a collection of ordered items, and that is why there is no meaning to the indexing of set. Python Developer Tools

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How to Create a Set 

To create this Python data type, use the built-in set() function along with an iterable object or a sequence, in which the sequence is to be placed inside curly brackets {} and distinguished with the help of commas. 

The time complexity for creating a set is O(n), n being the length of the dictionary, tuple, string, or list. The auxiliary space is O(n). 

How to Add Elements to a Set 

Adding elements to a set can be done using the following ways:

Method 1: Using the add() method

This built-in function can be used to add elements to a set. However, this method can add only one element at a time. 

Method 2: Using the update() method

This method is used to add two or more elements. This method accepts tuples, strings, lists, and all other sets as arguments. 

How to Remove Elements From a Set 

• One can remove elements from a set using the built-in remove() function or the discard() method. The remove() function may sometimes display the KeyError if the element is not present in the set. However, you can use the discard() function to avoid this. This way, the set does not change if the element is not present in the set.
• Elements can also be removed using the pop() function. This function is used to remove and return an element from a set. However, it removes the last element from the set. 
• The clear() function deletes all the elements from a set. 

Sets being unordered, the elements do not have a specific index. Therefore, one cannot access the items by referring to an index. 

6. Python Dictionary

Dictionary is a type of python data type in which collections are unordered, and values are in pairs called key-value pairs. This type of data type is useful when there is a high volume of data. One of the best functions of Dictionaries data type is retrieving the data for which it is optimized. The value can only be retrieved if one knows the key to retrieve it. 

Braces {} (curly brackets) are used to define dictionaries data type in Python. A Pair in the dictionary data type is an item which is represented as key:value. The value and the key can be of any data type.

Python Dictionary can look like this:

>> d = {3:’key’,4:’value’}

How to Create a Dictionary

To create a dictionary in Python, a sequence of elements is placed inside curly brackets, and the elements are separated using a comma. The values in a dictionary can be repeated, and it can be any datatype. However, keys should not only be immutable but also cannot be repeated.

You can also create a dictionary using the built-in dict() function. To create an empty dictionary, just place it in curly brackets {}. 

Accessing the Key-value in a Dictionary

To access the items in a dictionary, refer to their key names or use the get() method. 

7. Boolean Type

There can be only two types of value in the Boolean data type of Python, and that is True or False. 

It can look like this:

>>> type(True)

<class ‘bool’>

>>> type(False)

<class ‘bool’>

The true value in the Boolean context is called “truthy”, and for false value in the Boolean context, it is called “falsy”. Truthy is defined by the objects in boolean, which is equal to True, and in the same way, Falsy is defined by the objects equal to falsy. One can also evaluate Non-Boolean objects in a Boolean context.

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Conclusion

Python is the third most popular programming language, after JavaScript and HTML/CSS, used by software developers all across the globe. It is widely used for data analytics.

If you are reading this article, you are probably learning Python or trying to become a Python developer. We hope this article helped you learn about the data types in Python. 

Knowledge of the different Python types of data will help you understand what values can be assigned to the variables and what operations can be performed on the data. 

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