What is Data Mining: Scope, Career Opportunities

Data in some shape or form constantly surrounds us. Whether on our smartphones or laptops, whatever applications we use are producing tons of valuable data. This data is highly beneficial for companies looking to gather insights and make business decisions. 

Therefore, data analysis has been an absolute saviour for all companies far and wide and has helped them make much more calculated decisions. However, Data Analysis is sort of like the last stage of the Data Science process. It all begins with properly collecting and gathering data, and that is what is known as Data Mining. If you are a beginner in data analytics and data science, upGrad’s data science programs can definitely help you dive deeper into the world of data and analytics.

The process of Data Mining is not as easy as it may seem, and if you’re starting in this field, you need to know all the whats, hows, and whys around Data Mining. Through this article, we’ll take you through various nuances that’ll help you understand the fundamentals of Data Mining in a much more rigorous manner.  

What is the Purpose of Data Mining? 

The purpose of Data Mining is to collect data from disparate sources and get them under one hood. Mining is all about collecting data, bringing it to a proper format, processing it, and extracting relevant insights from it. 

Data Mining helps detect trends from heaps of data, predict outcomes, model target audience, and gather insightful information about customer behaviour and sentiments. Using these insights, companies can adapt accordingly and offer the best possible services.

Let’s look at the different Data Mining operations in depth! 

How Does Data Mining Work?

Data Mining is a step-by-step process that broadly consists of the following stages: 

• Building target datasets by selecting the required kind of data. 
• Exploring data and preprocessing it to bring it to consistent formats. 
• Preparing the data by creating segmentation rules, cleaning noise, performing anomaly checks, filling in missing values, and more. 
• Finally comes the stage of using Machine Learning algorithms on the mined data to get things done! 

When it comes to Machine Learning, here are some of the types of learning algorithms that are often used:

• Supervised Machine Learning algorithms 
  • For sorting and arranging of structured data. 
  • The classification method is used to figure out known patterns and is then applied to new information (for example, classifying an input email letter as spam or not spam). 
  • Then, regression is performed to predict specific values like temperatures, rates, and such. 
  • Once regression is completed, normalization is carried out to flatten the independent variables of data sets and reorganize data into a more cohesive form.
• Unsupervised Machine Learning algorithms 
  • For exploring different data sets that are unlabeled. 
  • The clustering process is used to form clusters/groups/structures of similar data that have distinct patterns. 
  • Association rules are used to identify the relationship between the variables of the input data. 
  • Summarization is then used for reporting the finding and visualizing the data. 
• Semi-Supervised Machine Learning algorithms: This approach uses a combination of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms. 
• Neural Network Learning: Neural Networks take inspiration from biological neuronal networks that make up our brain’s structure and function. These are more complex systems used to build self-learning models to tackle more intricate tasks and operations. 

Most Used Data Mining Techniques

The above-listed methods are used for enabling the machines to learn on their own. These steps involve various statistical and pattern recognition strategies, which are based on the following techniques: 

• Classification and clustering: This is the process of discovering groups, clusters within your dataset. Classification is used in the case of supervised learning, whereas clustering is used in the case of unsupervised learning. For example, based on the purchases made by customers in the past month, you can group them into “low expenditure” and “high expenditure,” and then, based on this classification (or clustering), you can refine your marketing strategies for these groups. 
• Pattern detection: Tracking and detecting patterns involves recognizing deviations in the dataset at certain intervals. For instance, website traffic can peak at specific times during the day. These patterns reveal a lot about how people are engaging with the services. 
• Association: Association is the process of tracking patterns and analyzing dependencies and associations. For instance, customers tend to purchase mobile covers once they’ve purchased mobile phones – this simple association can be useful for marketing activities. 
• Regression analysis: Regression analysis is all about identifying various variables and analyzing their effects on the metrics you’re studying. For example, sales of cold drinks will be directly correlated to the temperate. 
• Outlier detection: Outliers are those data values that have seemingly different features from a large chunk of other data. Detecting and removing such outliers is essential for accurate data analysis. 
• Prediction: Data Mining can help in building forecasting models that can later predict how independent variables are likely to modify in the future. For instance, eCommerce businesses can use customer and sales data to develop models that predict which products are likely to be returned or replaced.

Evidently, Data Mining is extremely useful for a number of things. We’ll later see the various scope and opportunities while working with Data Science. For now, let’s talk a bit about some of the challenges with Data Mining. 

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Challenges with Data Mining

If you’re just starting out with Data Analysis and are getting acquainted with Data Mining, it’s important to know the various challenges that this field faces. Here are some such challenges that you should be looking out for! 

Excess data 

This is an obvious challenge, but one that must be reiterated no matter what. Databases are getting bigger and more disparate with time, and it is getting harder to make sense of them comprehensively. This challenge presents itself in a threefold manner: 

• Segmentation of data by recognizing important factors and elements. 
• Filtering the noise by eliminating outliers, filling missing values, and more. 
• Activating data integrating all the gathered information into business processes. 

All the three steps mentioned above require some or the other machine learning algorithm to be solved successfully. 

Privacy and security concerns 

Data Mining directly deals with easily identifiable data and information. As a result, privacy and security have always been one of the bigger challenges. Further, given the history of data theft and breaches, there tends to be a certain distrust in any form of data gathering. 

To add to that, there are strict compliance and regulations regarding using collected data in the EU owing to the GDPR. That has also turned the Data Mining and collection operations on their head. If you really think about it, you’ll realize how Data Mining can easily be turned into a form of surveillance. You can learn about user behaviour, consuming habits, interaction with advertisements, and a lot more information that can be used for both good and bad purposes. The thin line between mining and surveillance lies in the purpose. Data Mining is always about providing a better user experience. 

As a result, it is crucial to keep all the mined data safe from being altered, modified, or accessed without permission. Here are some steps that can be taken to ensure that: 

• Encryption mechanisms
• Different access levels and permissions
• Consistent security audits of the network. 
• Personal responsibility and defined consequences of perpetration. 

Data training set

To make the final machine learning algorithm more efficient, the machine should be fed with an adequate amount of data for the required cause. This is certainly something that’s easier said than done because of these primary reasons: 

• Datasets aren’t representative. For instance, consider rules for diagnosing patients. There must exist a wide range of use cases with varied combinations that provide the required flexibility. So, if these rules are based on diagnosing adults, their applications to children will be inaccurate. 
• Boundary cases are missing. Boundary cases ensure that the machine clearly knows the difference between one thing from another—for instance, the difference between a cat and a dog. The machine needs to have a set of properties specific to both classes. In addition, there must also be a list of exceptions. 
• Lack of adequate information. In order to attain proper training efficiency, an algorithm needs to be fed with enough data having well-defined classes and conditions of objects. Vagueness in this process generally leads to an overall mess in the data. For example, if the set of features that distinguish a cat from a dog are too vague, the machine might just label both as “mammals”. 

Accuracy of Dataset 

In order to be worthwhile for solving business problems, the mined data must be complete, accurate, and reliable. In case these factors aren’t met, the data will often point towards the wrong solutions. There are numerous algorithms designed to help you keep the accuracy, reliability, and completeness in check. However, the entire thing broadly depends on your understanding of what information you require and which operations will need to be performed. 

Noise in dataset

Noisy data is one of the biggest challenges while working with Data Mining. Think of noise as things that add no value to the business operations. So, before working on any significant algorithms or processes, it must be filtered out to ensure that the main effort is focused on user data and not noise. Noise in data is problem-specific, so in your case, any such data that does not provide you with the information you need will be noisy for you. 

In addition to noise, you also need to deal with the following two things — missing values and corrupted values. 

Both of these factors affect the quality of your final results, which will influence your business decisions. Whether you’re performing prediction, classification, or segmenting – noisy or missing values can put you off in a completely different direction. 

Now, talking about the scope of Data Mining in more detail, let’s explore the benefits of Data Mining for businesses. We’ll also see various examples of Data Mining in real life and some key trends – this will give you an idea of the kind of career opportunities that await you in the field of Data Mining!

Data Mining Benefits for Businesses

Apart from the overarching benefit of helping businesses make data-driven decisions, here are some other benefits of Data Mining. These are such benefits that help businesses improve their customer experience and relations and strengthen their ties with the team! 

• Possible fraud detection: Data Mining is beneficial for businesses in detecting potential fraudulent activities. For instance, analysis of POS data can give retailers insights into past fraudulent transactions, leading to some form of pattern detection. Banks and other financial institutions use such techniques to identify possibly faulty customers.  
• Marketing optimization: By gathering data related to old campaigns, companies can figure out what is working for them and what is not. This allows them to come up with more engaging marketing techniques that are built on personalization. 
• Improved decision making: Data Mining allows businesses to make more informed decisions rather than just relying on their experiences or intuitions. For instance, intuition may say that a particular product isn’t selling because of its price point. Analysis, on the other hand, can reveal that it’s actually because of fewer distribution channels. Such insights allow businesses to solve root problems. 
• Improved team cohesion: Data Mining is as useful for internal matters as it is for external, customer-facing operations. Using data, companies can find out about their employees’ behaviour and engagement, reward them accordingly, or help them grow if needed. In that sense, Data Mining can help improve overall team cohesion. 

Data Mining in Real-World Scenarios

From small and medium enterprises to giant businesses – literally every organization today has benefitted from Data Mining in one way or the other. They’ve reduced costs, increase revenue, enhance customer service, and gather more customers. Here are some real-world use cases where Data Mining proved to be a gamechanger for the organization: 

Let’s look at some real-world examples of how companies have converted data to dollars.

• Increased conversions by 40% using the right follow-up strategy: Envelopes improved its customer retention by finding out the right mailing strategy for its customers. After analyzing the bounce rates and finding out the patterns in customers leaving their website, they decided to send emails 48 hours after a visitor had bounced off it – that gave them 40% higher conversions than sending follow-up emails within a day! 
• Product design improvements and driving market share: A major CPG company wanted to improve the market share of its dental care products. For that, they worked with a data analytics firm to mine data from different sources, including their own AWS database and social platforms. They analyzed more than 250,000 customer behavior patterns using text and regression analytics, including other techniques. 
• Market basket analysis: Market basket analysis uses the association to help in identifying items that are likely to be purchased by individual customers. An example of this is Amazon’s recommendation engine that analyzes data like user history, abandoned and fulfilled carts, referral sites, and many more to provide personalized advertisements. 

As we can see, Data Mining finds its use across different organizations of all sizes. This directly reflects in the opportunities and career paths available to those interested in the world of Data Mining and analytics. The importance of Data Mining as a tool to gather much-needed insights is not going to cease anytime soon, and the upcoming trends are a testimony to that. Let’s look at that a bit! 

Data Mining trends and latest developments

Pattern detection, classification, clustering, regression analytics, and such techniques have been widely used so far. However, continuous technological advancements keep bringing something new to the table. Here are some trends in Data Mining that are looking to solve the challenges we talked about earlier while providing a better dataset for analysis. 

• Solving security challenges: Data Mining is getting a lot more cautious with keeping the data secure and safe after various security problems have emerged in the past. 
• Distributed Data Mining: As data is stored in various locations and devices today, sophisticated algorithms and techniques are being developed to mine such disparate data and make it consistent and structured for analysis. 
• Spatial Data Mining: Spatial Data Mining has got to do with geographic, astronomical, and environmental data to find patterns and insights on topology and geography. This is extremely useful for businesses operating in the mapping businesses, for travel, navigation, or government services. 

In Conclusion

Data Mining is the first step of an elaborate data analytics process. Therefore, getting it right is of extreme importance. Issues with the mined data can lead to faulty training of machine learning models, which can result in inaccurate results. As a result, Data Mining is something that should be pursued with caution and care. This is why there’s an increasing demand for Data Mining professionals. 

If you’re in need of professional help, we’re here for you. upGrad’s Professional Certificate Programme in Data Science for Business Decision Making is designed to push you up the ladder in your Data Science Journey. 

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