Control Statements in Java: Types, Flowcharts, and Code Examples

Control statements in Java are fundamental to programming because they dictate the flow of execution, enabling your programs to make decisions and repeat tasks efficiently. 

Imagine building a banking app that approves transactions only if the user has sufficient funds. That decision-making relies heavily on control statements. These statements allow the program to evaluate conditions and decide which actions to perform, ensuring accurate and secure processing of each transaction.

In this article, you'll learn how to optimize control statements in Java, helping you write cleaner, faster, and more reliable code.

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What Are Control Statements in Java? Types and Examples

Control statements in Java are essential constructs that manage the flow of program execution by directing the order in which code blocks run. They enable conditional branching, allowing the program to choose different paths based on evaluated expressions, and facilitate repetitive execution through loops. 

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By default, Java executes code line by line from top to bottom, left to right. However, control statements in Java let you change this flow by deciding whether certain blocks of code should run based on conditions or loops.

For example, the if statement is a decision-making control structure that executes code only when a specified condition is true. Since Java is case-sensitive, keywords like if must be written in lowercase. Inside the if block, you can perform actions such as printing variable values to monitor the program’s behavior.

Now that you have a good understanding of control statements in Java, let’s look at the different types of control statements in Java.

1. Sequence Structure

This structure refers to the sequential execution of statements one after the other, as specified in the code. This is the default structure built into Java wherein the statements are executed one after the other from beginning to end unless instructed otherwise.

For example, a simple program that prints "Hello" followed by "World" will execute in sequence, printing "Hello" first and "World" second: 

System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("World");

Output: 

Hello
World

In real-life applications, the sequence structure is often used for straightforward tasks that don’t require decision-making or repetition, like initialization steps, simple calculations, or logging information. 

For example, when initializing variables or setting up initial configurations in your program, the sequence structure ensures that the steps happen in the correct order.

Also Read: Is Java Easy to Learn? Key Factors to Consider

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2. Selection Structure

This structure will let us choose a path based on a given condition. Java has three types of Selection statements, namely, if statement, if-else-statement, and switch statement. Selection statements are also called as decision-making statements. If and switch statements allow you to control the program execution flow based on the condition at runtime.

• If Statement

This statement allows the program to start, reach a decision based on the set condition. This means a code can or cannot be executed.

Example:

if (x < 20) {
    System.out.println("Hello Universe!");
}

Example output:

Hello Universe!

If x = 25, there will be no output.

• If-else Statement

The program starts and reads the decision based on the set condition and continues to do one thing or another and concludes.

Example:

if (x < 20) {
    System.out.println("Hello Universe!");
} else {
    System.out.println("Hello folks!");
}

Example outputs:

For x = 15:
Hello Universe!

For x = 25:
Hello folks!

• Switch or Break Statement

A switch statement allows the program to select one of many possible execution paths based on the value of a variable. Each case corresponds to a specific value, and the program executes the code under the matching case until it encounters a break statement, which exits the switch. If no case matches, the default case is executed.
Example:

String dayName;
int dayNumber = 2;  // Example input

switch (dayNumber) {
    case 1:
        dayName = "Monday";
        break;
    case 2:
        dayName = "Tuesday";
        break;
    case 3:
        dayName = "Wednesday";
        break;
    default:
        dayName = "Any other Day";
        break;
}

System.out.println(dayName);

Example output:

For dayNumber = 2, the output will be:
Tuesday

If dayNumber = 5, the output will be:
Any other Day

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Also Read: Learn 50 Java Projects With Source Code (2025 Edition)

3. Repetition Structure

The Repetition Structure in Java allows you to execute code statements multiple times, or even zero times, depending on a specified condition. This structure is fundamental for performing repetitive tasks within a program, such as iterating through a list of items or executing code until a certain condition is met.

In Java, there are three main types of looping statements that enable repetition:

• For Loop
• While Loop
• Do-While Loop

These loops allow you to repeat one or more statements a set number of times, or as long as a specific condition remains true. Each loop follows a four-part structure:

• Initialization: Setting up the loop control variable (e.g., starting a counter).
• Condition Checking: Evaluating a condition to decide whether to continue the loop or exit.
• Execution: Executing the code block inside the loop.
• Increment/Decrement: Modifying the loop control variable, usually after each iteration.

For Loop

This statement is used when the number of iterations is known before entering the loop. This loop is used to evaluate the initial value statements to the final value with a given increment/decrement.

For Loop flow:

1. Initialization: Set the starting value for the loop control variable.
2. Test Condition: Check if the condition is true. If true, execute the loop body; if false, exit the loop.
3. Loop Body: Execute the code inside the loop.
4. Increment/Decrement: Modify the loop control variable (e.g., i++).
5. Repeat: Return to the test condition. Repeat steps 2-4 until the condition is false.

Example: Counting from 1 to 20

for (int m = 1; m <= 20; m = m + 1) {
    System.out.println(m);
}

How it works: Starts with m = 1 and prints the value of m. Then it increments m by 1 each time, repeating until m is greater than 20.

Output:

1
2
3
...
19
20

While Loop

A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as the given condition remains true. It starts with an initial value and continues looping, incrementing or decrementing the control variable until the condition becomes false.

While Loop flow:

1. Test Condition: Check if the condition is true. If true, execute the loop body; if false, exit the loop.
2. Loop Body: Execute the code inside the loop.
3. Increment/Decrement: Modify the loop control variable (e.g., i++).
4. Repeat: Return to the test condition. Repeat steps 1-3 until the condition is false.

Example : Print values from 1 to 10

class WhileExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 1;
        while (i <= 10) {
            System.out.println(i);
            i++;
        }
    }
}

Expected Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

do while loop

A do-while loop executes the block of code at least once before checking the condition. It continues to repeat the loop as long as the condition remains true. This is useful when you want the loop body to run before any condition is tested.

Do-While Loop flow:

1. Loop Body: Execute the code inside the loop at least once.
2. Test Condition: After the loop body executes, check if the condition is true. If true, repeat the loop; if false, exit the loop.
3. Increment/Decrement: Modify the loop control variable (e.g., i++).
4. Repeat: Return to the test condition. Repeat steps 2-3 until the condition is false.

Example : Calculating the sum of numbers from 1 to 10

class DoWhileExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 1;
        int sum = 0;

        do {
            sum = sum + i;
            i++;
        } while (i <= 10);

        System.out.println("\nThe sum of 1 to 10 is: " + sum);
    }
}

Expected Output:

The sum of 1 to 10 is: 55

One of the major differences between the while loop and the do-while loop is that in a do-while loop, you will be executing the body of the loop initially and then check the condition. the do-while loop executes the block of the statement even when the condition fails, and it executes one time.

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After understanding selection and repetition, branching statements in Java provide further control over program flow by allowing you to break, continue, or return.

What are Branching Statements?

When working with loops in Java, there are situations where you may want to skip certain iterations or exit the loop immediately. This is where branching statements like break, continue, and return come into play. 

They control the flow by either terminating loops or skipping parts of them, allowing more precise execution control.

• Break: Immediately exits the nearest enclosing loop or switch statement, transferring control to the code following the loop or switch block. It effectively stops the loop before the normal condition fails.
• Continue: Skips the remaining code in the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of the loop. For do-while loops, control moves to the test condition; for other loops, it moves to the update expression.
• Return: Exits from the current method, optionally returning a value. It stops all further execution within the method.

1. Break Statements

The break statement in Java has two forms: unlabeled and labeled. The unlabeled break is commonly used to exit loops (while, do-while) or switch blocks immediately. Without a break inside a switch case, execution continues (“falls through”) to the next case, which can lead to unintended results.

The switch statement works like an if-else, selecting code to execute based on the input value.

• Start: The loop or switch statement begins execution.
• Condition Met? Is the condition for the break statement true (e.g., a specific value is reached or a condition is satisfied)?
  • Yes: Exit the loop or switch immediately, skipping the remaining iterations or cases.
  • No: Continue the loop or switch until the condition is met.
• End: The program continues execution after the loop or switch statement.

For instance, passing a marks integer to switch will print the matched case message, but if no break is present, it continues to the next case and eventually the default.

Example:

public class BreakDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String str1 = args[0];

        int marks = Integer.parseInt(str1);

        switch(marks) {
            case 95:
                System.out.println("Your marks: " + marks + " and rank is A");
                break;

            case 80:
                System.out.println("Your marks: " + marks + " and rank is B");
                break;

            case 70:
                System.out.println("Your marks: " + marks + " and rank is C");
                break;

            default:
                System.out.println("Your marks: " + marks + " and rank is FAIL");
                break;
        }
    }
}

Example Outputs:

• If you run:

  java BreakDemo 95

Output:

Your marks: 95 and rank is A

• If you run:

  java BreakDemo 80

Output:

Your marks: 80 and rank is

• If you run:

  java BreakDemo 65

Output:

Your marks: 65 and rank is FAIL

2. Continue Statement

The continue statement is used inside loops to skip the current iteration and proceed to the next one. Instead of exiting the loop entirely (like with break), continue allows you to skip the remaining code in the current iteration and go back to the loop’s condition check or increment/decrement step.

• Start: The loop begins execution.
• Condition Met? Is the condition for the continue statement true (e.g., a specific value is reached or a condition is satisfied)?
  • Yes: Skip the remaining code in the current iteration and proceed to the next iteration.
  • No: Continue executing the loop as usual.
• Repeat: Move to the next iteration or condition check, repeating steps until the loop exits.
• End: The loop finishes execution once the condition becomes false or the loop ends naturally.

This example is to print odd numbers. The continue statement skips the iteration of for, while loops.

Example:

public class ContinueDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

            if (i % 2 == 0) continue;

            System.out.println("Odd number " + i);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Odd number 1
Odd number 3
Odd number 5
Odd number 7
Odd number 9

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3. Return Statements

The return statement is used to return the value from a method explicitly. The called class will process and transfer the control back to the caller of the method. The data type of the return value must match the type of methods declared return value. If a method is declared as void, it does not return a value.

• Start: The method begins execution.
• Is Return Statement Encountered?
  • Yes: Exit the method immediately, passing control back to the calling method. If the method has a return value, return it.
  • No: Continue executing the method.
• Return Value Present?
  • Yes: Return the specified value (if the method is not void).
  • No: Simply exit (for void methods). 
• End: The method finishes, and the control moves to the next statement in the calling method.

Example:

public class RectangleTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
        rect.setDim(10, 5);
        int area = rect.getArea();
        System.out.println("Area of rectangle: " + area);
    }
}

class Rectangle {
    int length;
    int breadth;

    void setDim(int le, int br) {
        length = le;
        breadth = br;
    }

    int getArea() {
        return length * breadth;
    }
}

Expected Output:

Area of rectangle: 50

Explanation: Length = 10, Breadth = 5, so Area = 10 * 5 = 50.
Connecting the Control Structure and connect the statements control structures in two ways, one is by stacking, and the other is by nesting.
Control Statement Stacking

The entry point of one activity diagram can be connected to the exit point of another. For example, a sequence statement and a selection statement can be combined through stacking.

Focus on optimizing your code using efficient loop structures and control flows. To take it further, dive into design patterns and multithreading for building more scalable and efficient applications. 

How Can upGrad Help You Learn Java Programming?

Control statements in Java, like if, switch, and for loops are essential for building dynamic applications, such as creating an interactive login system or processing user inputs in a real-time chat application. However, you might face challenges in handling more complex decision trees or optimizing large-scale applications.

To improve, focus on mastering nested loops, branching logic, and refining control statements in Java. For further growth, upGrad’s Java courses offer hands-on experience and mentorship to tackle advanced challenges.

In addition to the courses mentioned above, here are some more free courses that can help you elevate your skills: 

• Learn Basic Python Programming
• Java Object-oriented Programming
• Artificial Intelligence in the Real World

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Reference:
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/21/