Packages in Java are used to group related classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. We use Java packages to avoid naming conflicts since there can be two classes with the same name in two different packages. Furthermore, searching, locating, and using interfaces, classes, annotations, and enumerations become easier with Java packages.
Using the Java programming language to write software involves numerous individual classes, and it only makes sense to organise related classes and interfaces into packages. In a way, you can compare Java packages to the folders in a computer that we use to organise various files and keep our work clutter-free.
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This guide will discuss the different types of packages in Java and how to use them.
Types of Packages in Java
Packages in Java are divided into categories based on whether the user defines them or not. The two kinds of Java packages are:
- Built-in packages
- User-defined packages
1. Built-in packages
Predefined or built-in Java packages come along as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK) and consist of many predefined classes and interfaces that are part of Java APIs. Some of the commonly used built-in packages in Java are as follows:
- java.io: Contains classes for supporting input/output operations.
- java.lang: This in-built package is imported automatically and contains language support classes.
- java.util: Contains utility classes for implementing data structures such as dictionary and support, linked list, date and time operations, etc.
- java.net: Contains classes that support network operations.
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We have to use the import statement to import any in-built Java packages and use the classes it contains.
A simple example to show the use of the ArrayList class of Java.util package is as follows:
package Example;
import java.util.ArrayList;
class BuiltInPackage {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> myList = new ArrayList<>(3);
myList.add(3);
myList.add(2);
myList.add(1);
System.out.println(“The list has the elements: ” + myList);
}
}
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Output:
The list has the elements: [3, 2, 1]
In the above example of Java.util.ArrayList, Java is the top-level package, util is a sub-package, and ArrayList is a class present in the sub-package util.
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Importing packages in Java
As shown in the earlier example, Java has an import statement that lets us import an entire package or use only certain interfaces and classes defined in the package.
The general syntax of the import statement is:
- import package.name.ClassName; //Imports a certain class only
- import package.name.* //Imports the whole package
For example, import java.util.Date; imports only the Date class whereas import java.io.*; imports everything the java.io package contains.
However, the import statement is optional in Java, and if we want to use the class or interface from a certain package, we can use its fully qualified name as follows:
class MyClass implements java.util.Date {
//body
}
2. User-defined packages
As evident from the name, user-defined packages are created by the user for grouping classes, interfaces, and sub-packages.
Creating a user-defined package
To create a user-defined package in Java, we will choose a name for our package and use the package command as the starting statement in the Java source file. As an example, we will create a package named ExamplePackage using the following statement:
package ExamplePackage;
The package statement specifies the package to which the classes we define will belong. If we do not use the package statement, the class names will be put into the default package in Java which has no name.
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Creating a class in the Java package
Once we have created the package, the next step is to create a class inside the package. For this, we will declare the package name in the first statement of the program, followed by including the class as part of the package.
Given below is a simple program to show how to create a class in a Java package. In the given an example, we create a class Calculate inside the package ExamplePackage.
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package ExamplePackage;
public class Calculate {
public int add(int p, int q){
return p+q;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculate obj = new Calculate();
System.out.println(obj.add(70, 12));
}
}
Output: 82
Java stores packages in file system directories. So, the above program will be saved in a file as Calculate.java and stored in the directory named ExamplePackage. When the file is compiled, Java will create a ‘.class’ file and store it in the ExamplePackage directory.
Now, you can use the ExamplePackage package in another program. Here’s how:
import ExamplePackage.Calculate;
public class Demo{
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculate obj = new Calculate();
System.out.println(obj.add(200, 523));
}
}
Output: 723
In the above example, we have imported the package ExamplePackage to use the class Calculate. Importing the package as ExamplePackage.Calculate imports only the Calculate class. However, if you have more than one class inside the ExamplePackage package, you can use all the classes of the package by using the following import statement:
import ExamplePackage.*;
Creating a class inside a package while importing another package
To create a class inside a package while importing another package, we will begin by declaring the package name and then importing the other package. The following example demonstrates the same:
package OtherPackage; //Declaring a package
import ExamplePackage.Calculate; //importing a package
public class Example{
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculate obj = new Calculate();
System.out.println(obj.add(300, 700));
}
}
Output: 1000
In the above example, we declare the package OtherPackage, import the class Calculate from the package ExamplePackage, and then create the class Example.
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Importing a class using a fully qualified name
We can avoid the import statement by using a fully qualified name. Using a fully qualified name makes only the declared class of the package accessible. But we need to use a fully qualified name every time we access the class or interface. Importing a class using a fully qualified name comes in handy when two packages have the same class name.
The following example illustrates the same:
1. Calculate.java
package ExamplePackage;
public class Calculate {
public int add(int x, int y){
return x+y;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculate obj = new Calculate();
System.out.println(obj.add(20, 50));
}
}
2. Demo.java
package OtherPackage; //Declaring a package
public class Demo{
public static void main(String args[]){
ExamplePackage.Calculate obj = new ExamplePackage.Calculate(); //Using fully qualified name instead of import
System.out.println(obj.add(200, 100));
}
}
Output: 300
In the example below, we have used the fully qualified name ExamplePackage.Calculate to create the object of it instead of importing the package.
3. Sub-Packages in Java
Now that we have an idea about Java packages and how to create them let us understand the concept of sub-packages in Java.
A sub-package is a package inside another package and is used to categorise the package further. In other words, if we create a package multiply inside ExamplePackage package, then multiply is the sub-package. Thus, if we want to create a class within this sub-package multiply, then the sub-package should have a declaration at the start.
The following program demonstrates the concept of a Java sub-package:
package ExamplePackage.multiply; //Declaring the sub-package
public class Multiplication {
int product(int p, int q){
return p*q;
}
}
Now, if we want to use the Multiplication class, we can either:
- Import it using the statement import ExamplePackage.multiply; or
- use fully qualified name like ExamplePackage.multiply.Multiplication obj = new ExamplePackage.multiply.Multiplication();
Way Forward
Packages in Java can either be built-in packages or user-defined and are essential for better access and management of code. The concept of Java packages is crucial for anyone in the software development field.
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