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Introduction
Machine Learning is undoubtedly one of the most happening and powerful technologies in today’s data driven world where we are collecting more amount of data every single second. This is one of the rapid growing technology where every domain and every sector has its own use cases and projects.
Machine Learning or Model Development is one of the phases in a Data Science Project Life Cycle which seems to be one of the most important on as well. This article is designed as an introduction to KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) in Machine Learning.
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K-Nearest Neighbors
If you’re familiar with machine learning or have been a part of Data Science or AI team, then you’ve probably heard of the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm, or simple called as KNN. This algorithm is one of the go to algorithms used in machine learning because it is easy-to-implement, non-parametric, lazy learning and has low calculation time.
Another advantage of k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is that it can be used for both Classification and Regression type of Problems. If you are unaware of the difference between these two then let me make it clear to you, the main difference between Classification and Regression is that the output variable in regression is numerical(Continuous) while that for classification is categorical(Discrete).
Read: KNN Algorithms in R
How does k-Nearest Neighbors work?
K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm uses the technique ‘feature similarity’ or ‘nearest neighbors’ to predict the cluster that a new data point fall into. Below are the few steps based on which we can understand the working of this algorithm better
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Step 1 − For implementing any algorithm in Machine learning, we need a cleaned data set ready for modelling. Let’s assume that we already have a cleaned dataset which has been split into training and testing data set.
Step 2 − As we already have the data sets ready, we need to choose the value of K (integer) which tells us how many nearest data points we need to take into consideration to implement the algorithm. We can get to know how to determine the k value in the later stages of the article.
Step 3 − This step is an iterative one and needs to be applied for each data point in the dataset
I. Calculate the distance between test data and each row of training data using any of the distance metric
a. Euclidean distance
b. Manhattan distance
c. Minkowski distance
d. Hamming distance.
Many data scientists tend to use the Euclidean distance, but we can get to know the significance of each one in the later stage of this article.
II. We need to sort the data based on the distance metric that we have used in the above step.
III. Choose the top K rows in the transformed sorted data.
IV. Then it will assign a class to the test point based on most frequent class of these rows.
Step 4 − End
How to determine the K value?
We need to select an appropriate K value to in order to achieve the maximum accuracy of the model, but there are no pre-defined statistical methods to find the most favorable value of K. But most of them use the Elbow Method.
Elbow method starts with computing the Sum of Squared Error (SSE) for some values of k. The SSE is the sum of the squared distance between each member of the cluster and its centroid.
SSE=∑Ki=1∑x∈cidist(x,ci)2SSE=∑∑x∈cidist(x,ci)2
If you plot different values of k against the SSE, we can see that the error decreases as the value of k gets larger, this happens because when the number of clusters increases, the clusters will tend to become smaller, so distortion will also be smaller. The idea of the elbow method is to choose the k at which the SSE decreases suddenly signifying the shape of elbow.
In some cases, there are more than one elbow, or no elbow at all. In such cases we usually end up calculating the best k by evaluating how well k-means ML Algorithm performs in the context of the problem you are trying to solve.
Also Read: Machine Learning Models
Types of Distance Metric
Let’s get to know about the different distance metrics used to calculate the distance between two data points one by one.
1. Euclidean distance – Euclidean distance is the square root of the sum of squared distance between two points.
2. Manhattan distance – Manhattan distance is the sum of the absolute values of the differences between two points.
3. Minkowski distance – Minkowski distance is used to find distance similarity between two points. Based on the below formula changes to either Manhattan distance (When p=1) and Euclidean distance (When p=2).
4. Hamming distance – Hamming distance is used for categorical variables. This metric will tell whether two categorical variables are the same or not.
Applications of KNN
Predicting a new customer’s Credit rating based on already available customers credit usages and ratings.
- Whether to sanction a loan or not? to a candidate.
- Classifying given transaction is fraudulent or not.
- Recommendation System (YouTube, Netflix)
- Handwriting detection (like OCR).
- Image recognition.
- Video recognition.
Pros and Cons of KNN
Machine Learning consists of many algorithms, so each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the industry, domain and the type of the data and different evaluation metrics for each algorithm, a Data Scientist should choose the best algorithm that fits and answers the Business problem. Let us see few Pros and Cons of K-Nearest Neighbors.
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Pros
- Easy to use, understand and interpret.
- Quick calculation time.
- No assumptions about data.
- High accuracy of predictions.
- Versatile – Can be used for both Classification and Regression Business Problems.
- Can be used for Multi Class Problems as well.
- We have only one Hyper parameter to tweak at Hyperparameter Tuning step.
Cons
- Computationally expensive and requires high memory as the algorithm stores all the training data.
- The algorithm gets slower as the variables increase.
- It is very Sensitive to irrelevant features.
- Curse of Dimensionality.
- Choosing the optimal value of K.
- Class Imbalanced dataset will cause problem.
- Missing values in the data also causes problem.
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Conclusion
This is a fundamental machine learning algorithm that is popularly known for ease of use and quick calculation time. This would be a decent algorithm to pick if you are very new to Machine Learning World and would like to complete the given task without much hassle.
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