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Fire-lighting was revolutionized by the discovery of phosphorus, isolated in 1869 by a German alchemist trying to transmute silver into gold. Impressed by the element's combustibility, several 17th-century chemists used it to manufacture fire-lighting devices, but the results were dangerously inflammable. The first matches were expensive, with phosphorus costing several hundred pounds per ounce.
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The quest for a practical match began after 1781 when a group of French chemists developed the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus. When the tube was broken, air rushed in, causing the phosphorus to self-combust. Popular in America, an even more hazardous device was the instantaneous Light Box - a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped.
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The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congreve. Costing a shilling a box, Congreves were splints coated with sulphur and tipped with potassium chlorate. To light them, the user drew them quickly through folded glass paper.
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Walker never patented his invention, and three years later it was copied by a Samuel Jones, who marketed his product as Lucifer's. About the same time, a French chemistry student called Charles Sauria produced the first "strike-anywhere" match by substituting white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate in the Walker formula. However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, 1845 match-makers exposed to its fumes succumbed to necrosis, a disease that eats away jaw-bones. It wasn't until 1906 that the substance was eventually banned.
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That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red or amorphous phosphorus, a development exploited commercially by Pasch's compatriot JE Lundstrom in 1885. Lundstrom's safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was non-toxic; it was painted onto the striking surface instead of the match tip, which contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature of 182 degrees centigrade
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America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards. It wasn't until 1900 that the Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches. However, the formula did not work correctly in the different climatic conditions prevailing in America, and it was another two years before scientists finally adapted the French patent for the US.
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However, Americans can claim several "firsts" in match technology and marketing. In 1892, the Diamond Match Company pioneered book matches. The innovation didn't catch on until after 1896, when a brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in matchbooks. Today, book matches are the most widely used type in the US, with 90 percent handed out free by hotels, restaurants, and others.
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Other American innovations include an anti-afterglow solution to prevent the match from smoldering after it has been blown out, and the waterproof match, which lights after eight hours in water.
Now, let us explore the summary of the passage in 100 words.
Passage Summary in 100 Words
“A Spark, A Flint: How Fire Leapt to Life” explores humanity's journey from perceiving fire as a divine phenomenon to learning its creation. Initially, early humans preserved naturally occurring fires by maintaining slow-burning logs or carrying embers.
Over time, they developed methods to intentionally produce fire, such as friction techniques like rotating wooden drills and percussion methods like striking flints. Different cultures, including the Ancient Greeks, Chinese, and Eskimos, devised unique fire-making techniques using materials like lenses, bamboo, and quartz.
Focus: Tracing fire-making evolution
Strategy: Use the concise, chronological structure
Impact: Enabled controlled fire, transforming human civilization
Tip: Highlight cultural contributions for richer narratives
Passage summary in 150 words
The passage traces the evolution of fire-making, starting with early humans using natural sources like lightning. Friction-based methods, like hand drills, marked the first deliberate fire production. Later, percussion methods using flint and iron improved efficiency. The discovery of phosphorus in the 17th century revolutionized fire-making, though early matches were hazardous and expensive. John Walker's 1827 invention marked the first modern match, but health issues with white phosphorus pushed innovation towards safer red phosphorus matches by the late 19th century. American companies contributed innovations like matchbooks and waterproof matches, cementing matches as a global staple.
Focus: Fire-making evolution
Strategy: Highlight key technological milestones
Impact: Simplified ignition, expanded human potential
Tip: Use concise, chronological overviews for technical histories
Passage summary in 250 words
The passage outlines humanity's journey from harnessing fire through natural means to creating efficient, portable fire-making tools. Initially, fire was a rare, divine gift from lightning or volcanic activity, later preserved with slow-burning logs or carried embers. Early friction methods, such as the wooden drill, marked the first deliberate fire production. The Greeks, Aztecs, and Chinese also developed optical methods using lenses. Percussion fire-making emerged in the Paleolithic era, with flint striking becoming common after the discovery of iron.
The 17th century saw the first chemical fire-lighting methods with the isolation of phosphorus. These early matches were costly and hazardous, relying on volatile substances. John Walker's 1827 invention of the modern game, followed by safer, red phosphorus-based designs in the late 19th century, resolved many of these issues. American companies later improved safety standards, introducing innovations like matchbooks and waterproof matches. These developments transformed matches into essential, everyday items.
Focus: Technological milestones in fire-making
Strategy: Chronological progression for clarity
Impact: Transformed fire into a reliable, portable tool
Tip: Emphasize safety and innovation in technology histories
Passage summary in 300 words
The passage traces humanity's journey in mastering fire, a crucial step towards technological advancement. Early humans viewed fire as a divine gift, occasionally ignited by natural phenomena like lightning or volcanic eruptions. Initially, fire was preserved through slow-burning logs or portable embers, as true fire-making was not yet understood. Friction methods, such as rotating a wooden drill, represented the first deliberate attempts at fire production. Early civilizations, like the Greeks, Aztecs, and Chinese, also experimented with optical fire production using lenses and mirrors.
As metallurgy advanced, percussion methods emerged, with sparks generated by striking flints or metals like iron pyrites, a practice still common in Arctic regions until recent centuries. The 17th century brought chemical fire-making with the discovery of phosphorus, though early matches were expensive and dangerous. John Walker's 1827 invention marked the first modern match, but its use of toxic white phosphorus posed severe health risks, including "phossy jaw" among workers.
By the late 19th century, Swedish chemist Pasch's non-toxic red phosphorus made matches safer and more reliable, leading to the commercial success of safety matches. American companies further innovated with waterproof matches and matchbooks, transforming matches into affordable, everyday items distributed globally. This continuous evolution reflects the critical role of fire-making in human progress.
Focus: Evolution of fire-making technology
Strategy: Structured chronological narrative for clarity
Impact: Made fire accessible, transforming human civilization
Tip: Highlight both technological breakthroughs and safety improvements
Key Themes and Vocabulary: A Spark A Flint Reading Passage
The passage "A Spark, A Flint: How Fire Leapt to Life" explores humanity's journey from perceiving fire as a divine phenomenon to learning its creation through various techniques. It has numerous IELTS listening vocabulary items also. A strong vocabulary greatly increases your chances of achieving a high score in the IELTS exam results.
Key Themes: