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- Polymorphism in Java: Concepts, Types, Characterisitics & Examples
Polymorphism in Java: Concepts, Types, Characterisitics & Examples
Updated on 08 July, 2024
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Table of Contents
- Overview of Object-Oriented Programming
- OOP Concepts
- Polymorphism in Java
- Characteristics of Polymorphism
- Types of Polymorphism in Java
- Subtype Polymorphism in Java
- Runtime Polymorphism in Java
- Compile Time Polymorphism In Java
- Importance of Polymorphism
- Possible Problems in Implementing Polymorphism
- Conclusions
Javascript is one of the most popular and widely used Object-Oriented Programming languages, along with C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc. It enables users to exhibit and address real-life concepts through programming since everything is represented as an object. The features of Java as a programming language offer several avenues to simplify software development by making the codes more dynamic and easing maintenance.
In this article, we’ll explore Java as an Object Oriented Programming language and understand the concepts of inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and data encapsulation. We’ll also look into the types of polymorphism in Java, their advantages and disadvantages.
Overview of Object-Oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages refer to those computer languages that use the concept of real-time ‘objects’ in coding. It aims at implementing worldly entities such as inheritance, polymorphism, loops, data abstraction, etc., through programming.
There are a few basic concepts of Object-Oriented Programming that programmers need to get familiar with. These conceptual terms are necessary for learning about special and unique features of OOP such as encapsulation, polymorphism, etc.
1. Class
A ‘class’ represents a set of properties and methods which apply to all the specified ‘objects’ within the class. The objects can be of different types such as integer, array or string, etc. A class is like a prototype defined by the user, using which different ‘objects’ can be created.
2. Object
An object is the most fundamental unit of OOP languages, representing real data in real life. Objects bear the properties of the class(es) they are invoked in.
3. Method
A method is a set of statements involving different functions that are put together to perform a specific task. It returns the output after completing the instructions as defined by the user. It can also carry out tasks that deliver no output. Methods allow programmers to reuse the codes without retyping them. Java requires all the methods to belong to a class, unlike the languages like C++, C, or Python.
OOP Concepts
There are four primary principles of Object-Oriented programming – Java exhibits all of these properties:
1. Abstraction
Data Abstraction is a property of OOP languages that showcases the necessary details while keeping the other irrelevant details of the object from visibility to the user, such as the implementation code. Only the essential and relevant details are displayed by this feature, which helps developers quickly make appropriate changes to a class’s functionality.
2. Encapsulation
Data encapsulation refers to the wrapping of data within units. This property of OOP languages protects the encapsulated data from other functions and methods. It binds together the code and specified methods to perform operations in singular units, thus preventing them from being manipulated or accessed by outside methods. This is also known as Data Hiding.
3. Inheritance
Inheritance is another important feature of OOP languages that allows a class to inherit properties from other classes. It works upon the concept of reusability of codes, thereby reducing the need to retype class features repeatedly. The class that inherits from another class is known as the subclass, and the class being inherited is known as the superclass.
4. Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows an object to take many forms and perform similar tasks or exhibit similar behaviors in different methods.
Polymorphism in Java
Polymorphism allows a single task to be performed in various ways. It is a property that helps identify and differentiate between similar code entities, hence enhancing the efficiency of the OOP languages.
In Java, polymorphism is exhibited by declaring objects as separate entities. In this manner, the same action can be performed in multiple ways. Polymorphism is activated along with inheritance, enabling the objects to carry out different tasks using the inherited properties of different classes. Differences in the designation of methods or objects distinguish two entities.
Also Read: Polymorphism In OOPS
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Characteristics of Polymorphism
1. Coercion
The implicit conversion of data types to prevent type errors during compilation time is coercion. It does not include explicit data type conversions but follows only the hierarchy of conversion that Java allows. For example, if an operand is afloat and the operator is an integer, the resultant will be afloat.
2. Polymorphic parameters/ variables
An object or variable that can hold values of various types during execution time is known as a polymorphic variable or parameter. It dictates that while declaring a class, the same variable names can hold different data types, and the same method names can hold different parameters and return types.
3. Internal Operator Overloading
Operator overloading uses an operator symbol as required by the user. Java supports Internal Operator Overloading. It is also an example of static polymorphism.
Types of Polymorphism in Java
In Java, polymorphism can be invoked using:
1. Method Overloading
Method overloading is the process of creating multiple objects or methods bearing the same name and belonging to the same class. It functions within a class.
2. Method Overriding
Method overriding is how a subclass constitutes the same methods as declared in the superclass. It functions across classes. If the subclass contains the same methods already present in the superclass, then the function in the subclass is overridden.
Subtype Polymorphism in Java
Subtype polymorphism depends upon Upcasting and Late Binding.
- Upcasting is a process by which an object or Method can promote a data type (float, integer, etc.) from a subtype to a supertype by moving it up the inheritance hierarchy.
- Late binding is used to call methods which are non-final instances.
No operator is involved in this because the subtype itself is a member of the supertype. For example, if a class is named colors, its subtypes can be red, blue, orange, green, etc. Subtype polymorphism includes the subtypes to exhibit the properties of the supertype. However, the access to individual properties of each subtype is lost.
Runtime Polymorphism in Java
In Java, runtime polymorphism is also known as the Dynamic Method Dispatch or Dynamic Binding. It is achieved through Method overriding – calling an overridden method to provide dynamically resolved at runtime. It can be achieved through functions and not objects.
Here’s an example of runtime polymorphism in Java:
class Car{
void run(){System.out.println(“driving”);}
}
class Volkswagen extends Car{
void run(){System.out.println(“Driving safely with 90km”);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Car c = new Volkswagen();//upcasting
b.run();
}
}
Output:
Driving safely with 90km
Compile Time Polymorphism In Java
Compile-time polymorphism is achieved by method overloading. It is the process in which the call for an overloaded method is carried out and resolved during compile time. It is also known as static polymorphism. Java is flexible enough to allow the user to use methods or objects having the same names as long as its declarations and signature properties remain different.
Here’s an example of compile-time polymorphism in Java:
class SimpleCalc
{
int add(int x, int y)
{
return x+y;
}
int add(int x, int y, int z)
{
return x+y+z;
}
}
public class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
SimpleCalc obj = new SimpleCalc();
System.out.println(obj.add(20, 30));
System.out.println(obj.add(40, 30, 20));
}
}
Output:
50
90
Importance of Polymorphism
Polymorphism enables the writing of methods that can constitute different types of entities bearing the same name. Polymorphism is essential in Java because of its various usage benefits and the scope it provides for making the code dynamic:
- It allows for the reusability of codes – the same codes need not be written several times.
- It allows one variable to exhibit multiple behaviors – having the same name but different properties can open up scope for maintaining consistency in codes.
- Reduction of bulk codes – it helps in debugging while also shortening the compile-time, saving the user’s memory, energy, and time.
Possible Problems in Implementing Polymorphism
Polymorphism can be confusing to use and implement. It reduces the readability of codes, hence posing threats of multiple bugs and errors. It also creates issues with performing functions as required.
There is one classic problem to look out for: The Fragile Base Class problem. It refers to improper assembling and coding of an inherited class that results in methods showing unpredictable outcomes.
Conclusions
The fragile nature of inheritance can lead to dysfunctional and broken codes despite all other criteria remaining fulfilled. This basic architectural issue is regarded as the Fragile Base Class problem. Learn more about how Java exhibits OOP concepts by joining upGrad’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialisation in Full Stack Development. Get mentored by industry experts and build practical knowledge by engaging in hands-on, collaborative projects with peers.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is static and dynamic binding?
Objects that are determined at the time of compilation are known as static binding. On the other hand, dynamic binding types of objects are determined at the run-time. The former is used during method overloading and the latter during method overriding.
2. What are the two fundamental differences between method overriding and method overloading?
In Java, method overriding does not override static, private and final methods, whereas method overloading does overload static, private and final methods in Java. Also, overriding subjects methods to dynamic binding and, on the other hand, overloaded methods go through static binding.
3. What are the differences between polymorphism and inheritance in Java?
In Java, there are several points of difference between Polymorphism and Inheritance:
1. Inheritance is a representation of the real-world parent-child relationship in coding. But polymorphism is a catalyst that uses this relation to make the program more dynamic.
2. Inheritance allows reusability of codes from the child class by inheriting the same from the parent class. Polymorphism, in contrast, allows the child class to redefine its existing behaviour again inside the parent class.
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Is Python an Object Oriented Language?
There’s always been a debate among programmers as to whether or not Python is an Object-oriented Programming language. Today, we seek to find a reasonable answer to put an end to this debate by understanding in depth why Python is object oriented language.
However, before we pass a final verdict on the kind of programming language that Python is, you must first understand what an OOP language is.
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What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to the programming language in which the coders/developers explicitly define the data types, data structures, and also the types of functions that can be applied to the data structures. Thus, the data structures become “objects” incorporating both data and functions. In the OOP language, programs are organized and constructed around objects and not around logic and functions. This is contrary to the historical programming approach that focuses on how the logic is written rather than defining the data within the logic.
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An object is a self-contained entity that comprises both data and the procedures required to manipulate the data. In simple words, it denotes a data field with unique attributes and behaviour. Thus, the OOP model operates by interacting and invoking the properties of the various objects among themselves. Learn more about python with our data science programs.
Here are the basic principles/features of object-oriented programming:
Class
A Class is a blueprint or outline of the object that defines the attributes and methods that hold the real functionality of the data. These attributes and methods are referred to as “members.” You can access the members according to the defined access modifiers while declaring the members.
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Inheritance
Inheritance refers to the relationships and subclasses between different objects that allow programmers to use and reuse a common logic, while simultaneously sustaining a unique hierarchy. In this process, the data is cleaned, transformed, and visualized by minimizing the redundancy of the code to allow for a more thorough and accurate data analysis.
Objects
Python is object oriented programming language where the object is connected to a state and activity. Any physical device, such as a keyboard, mouse, chair, etc., may be used. Arrays, floating-point, dictionaries, and numbers, are all examples of objects. Any individual string or number, more specifically, is an object. You may not even be aware of the fact that you have been utilising items.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation refers to the process of juxtaposing different elements to build a unique entity. In this process, the implementation and state of each object are privately retained inside a defined class, so that other objects cannot make changes to the class – they can only declare a list of public functions. Encapsulation or data hiding enhances code security and also prevents data corruption.
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Abstraction
Abstraction is defined as the process of hiding the implementation of the functionalities and expose only those interfaces or accessing methods required to trigger the methods of the implementation class. In other words, the objects only give away those functionalities that are relevant for the use of other objects.
Polymorphism
As the name suggests, polymorphism refers to the process in which objects can take on more than one form depending on the demand of the circumstances. It determines the usage or meaning necessary for each execution of that object, thereby eliminating the need for duplicating the code. The two methods of polymorphism are – method overloading and method overriding.
Now, that we’ve covered the basics of OOP, we can move on to the question –
Is Python Object Oriented?
Honestly, we cannot classify Python as strictly an object-oriented programming language. It is an intuitive, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language (supports multiple programming approaches) it that combines the features of both object-oriented programming and aspect-oriented programming. While it borrows heavily from the OOP language, it is also at the same time functional, procedural, imperative, and reflective. That’s because it is heavily influenced by a combination of many other programming languages including JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Ruby, Swift, Groovy, and Go.
Java, Objective C, C++, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.NET, Simula, and JavaScript, are the few examples of OOP languages. And just like any other OOP language, Python too uses the fundamentals of OOP. For instance, in Python, Class means the same as it is for other OOP languages. Then, Python also retains the inheritance mechanism of OOP. To top that, Python can be integrated with other OOP languages like Java for developing applications in both languages that will incorporate the functionalities of both and you can call both the languages within each other to execute the application successfully.
However, Python isn’t an OOP language through-and-through since it does not allow strong encapsulation. This is because its creator Guido van Rossum aimed to keep things simple and that meant not hiding data in the strictest sense of the term. Instead of encapsulation, in Python, there’s a convention for data hiding wherein you can prefix the data members with two underscores. Apart from this, Python supports all the basic features of OOP language. This answers the question, is python object oriented?
So, there – mystery solved!
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Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
After we understand the facts to the question, is python object oriented, we must understand its advantages and why it should be used. Python is object oriented programming language, which works as a very fundamental part of the development of software, where OOP creates a class instead of just writing a program. This class contains data and its functions, all related to the customers. OOP comes with several advantages –
Re-using the code – It entails reusing certain facilities rather than continually developing them. Using a class is how this is accomplished. It can be used ‘n’ a number of times, depending on our needs. For example, in your coding, the car is your object. One of your colleagues requires a limousine car, while the other one needs a race car. While every person has a unique way of building their objects, this one is quite simple. The main object is ‘car’ while the requirements are just different types of cars. Using the inheritance technique in this example will make more sense. You can create one class, the car, and then create certain subclasses in which you can write different types of cars. What if you wish to alter every Car item, no matter what kind? This is the benefit of the OOP strategy. All car objects will automatically inherit any changes you make to your Car class.
Maintenance of Code – Any programming language would benefit from this capability; it prevents users from redo work in various ways. Maintaining and updating the current codes by adding new modifications is always simple, time-saving, and a great benefit of OOP.
Productivity Increases – Less time consumption results in more work being completed, a better programmer being finished, more built-in functionality, and easier to understand, write, and maintain. A programmer using OOP may combine new software elements to create entirely new applications. It is made feasible by a number of libraries with a wealth of beneficial features.
Unnecessary Data can be removed – This is a situation that develops when an identical piece of data is stored in two different places, such as two databases. One of the biggest benefits of OOP is the disposal of unnecessary data. Users can write common class definitions for comparable functions and inherit them if they require the same functionality in other classes.
Security Maintenance – We retain security and provide required data for viewing by filtering out restricted data with the help of encrypting the data and abstraction mechanisms.
Design Benefits – A consumer will gain design benefits from using OOPs in terms of designing and repairing things quickly and reducing risks. Here, object-oriented programming necessitates a lengthy and thorough design phase from the designers, which produces better designs with fewer faults. It is simpler to programmer all the non-one OOPs at a time when the programmer has reached certain crucial boundaries.
Problem Solving Techniques – It is a good idea to break down a difficult issue into manageable pieces or individual components. OOP is an approach that excels at this behavior because it divides your software code into manageable pieces, one object at a time. The broken parts can be restored by future units that relate to an identical interface and provide details of the implementation, or they can be reused in approaches to various other issues.
These advantages must be enough to understand why Python is object oriented language.
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We hope this article helped you understand the fundamentals of OOP language and where Python really stands in this respect. Also, another thing that you hopefully learnt from this piece is that a programming language can be so much more than one ‘single’ definition!
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Read Moreby Mayank Sahu
20 Sep'115.1K+
How to Make Most of Being A Jack of Multiple Things!
This is an excerpt from the e-book ‘self.debug – An Emotional Guide To Being A World-Class Software Engineer’ written by Karan Kurani. It’s a guide to increasing your skill set as a software engineer to the next level by debugging yourself and your emotions.
Karan Kurani is the co-founder and CTO of DoctorC, which is the leading marketplace in India connecting consumers with easy, affordable diagnostic & lab tests. DoctorC’s mission is to make healthcare simple, transparent and affordable. Karan is an alumnus of Cornell University with an overall experience of 8+ years. He has worked with GREE as a Lead Software engineer and founded two startups Shoutt and DoctorC.
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Here’s an excerpt from the chapter ‘Hacking Skillz – Jack of more than 1 trade’ it talks about how being average in more than 1 thing is easier and more valuable than being excellent at just 1 thing.
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Note – This guideline is most useful for the bottom 99% of the practising software engineers. So if you are part of the remaining 1% – you can safely skip this post.
There is a surprisingly easy hack that you can apply to increase your value generally in life. Pick up more skills. It sounds obvious when put on paper but there is one subtlety which makes it a “hack” in my opinion.
For this point, we turn to the excellent Scott Adams’ book – “How to fail at almost everything and still win big”. Speaking about being successful, he says –
“… I tell them there’s a formula for it. You can manipulate your odds of success by how you choose to fill out the variables in the formula. The formula, roughly speaking, is that every skill you acquire doubles your odds of success.”
He goes on to mention that the level of proficiency for a skill is not mentioned because –
“… you can raise your market value by being merely good – not extraordinary – at more than one skill.”
“To put the success formula into its simplest form: Good + Good > Excellent”
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This subtlety makes it very easy to execute. You don’t need to be extraordinary, you just have to be ordinary/average. Hence, if you are an average software engineer and you have any of the skills mentioned below –
Good at drawing
Public speaking
Managing people
Have a knack to pick up people’s emotions
An eye for design in product
Spot problems in operational processes
Shoot, edit and/or make videos
Make original music
Sing
Writing essays/blog posts
Or anything else
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You are immediately more valuable to yourself and your organisation vs someone is who is a very good software engineer only. So if you are a software engineer who can think of product ideas and execute independently (remember you only have to be of an average skill in it) – you have more than doubled your value.
Leverage that skill.
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Just like programming, it’s an adventure to delve into your own mind. You can debug yourself – this book shows you how.
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06 Sep'185.17K+
Is AngularJS Right Choice For Your Next Mobile App Development?
Mobiles are something that we use every day and are an integral part of our lives. Nowadays each and every person has a mobile phone in their pocket. With the advancements of technologies, one can get a mobile phone no matter how big or small their budget is. In this age of mobile phones, we consider a phone that has no apps in it as useless. We have too many apps these days on our phones. From fine dining to fitness, from shopping to scrabble, we have an app for all our moods.
Mobile apps are designed in such a way that they go with our phones configuration well. Android and MAC are the two major interfaces that we have in our mobiles these days. The apps that are being developed are usually compatible with these two major operating systems. Every day more and more apps are being introduced, updated and launched in our play stores or App stores in case of MAC users. These apps are really useful. We no longer need to search the internet for things that we need, it is just a tap away.
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What is AngularJs?
When Android was yet to be launched in the market, Java was the most commonly used interface in mobiles. Even now when android has taken the center stage, java is not yet abolished. It is still considered one of the most potent and user- interactive interfaces out there. AngularJS is an app that was first launched by Google in the year 2009. This app uses the same JavaScript framework. AngularJS has come a long way and it has made some very impressive adjustments in its user interface.
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AngularJS is basically an app that makes developing apps very easy, it helps in making super-dynamic web pages that are easy to use and easy to work with as well. We need web pages for literally everything. Every business, every start-up, every new idea that is been introduced needs a web page o promote it. Bust web pages are not too easy to work with, there are quite a few factors that need to be kept in mind before making a web page. Java is the most secure and the most optimum user interface when it comes to making web pages. Unlike Android and MAC, it has HTML support that makes the process of a web page making much easier.
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Uses of AngularJS
AngularJS helps in extending HTML Templates, it also ennobles the users to use an advanced approach towards web page making and web page designing.
Java is known for its better stability and security. AngularJS sticks to its own simple functionalities and thus is very easy to use.
The modular approach makes coding easy. Also updating, testing and modifying codes for a web page is made easier with AngularJS.
One can easily add AngularJS to a web page with the help of simple coding.
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Domains in which you can implement AngularJS
To make sure that your web page is gaining popularity, some niches and search engine optimisation tools are to be incorporated in your web page. To make the idea known to all and gain popularity nothing can be better than a well-done web page. When you are using mobile for creating a web page AngularJS is your answer to all your questions. It will even help you develop a web app. Tips for best practices Angularjs Mobile Development app can help you with the following.
Video streaming apps: Video streaming apps are really in demand right now. Apps like Netflix, Amazon Prime Videos, and YouTube etc are some of the most prominent examples.
User review: Market research is a very important part of developing a web page. First, you need to see what your customers really want when you know what your customers want and need them providing them with the best solutions is better and more money efficient.
Travel apps: Travel apps are not very uncommon nowadays. While Android and MAC will make decent apps, the performance of a JavaScript is really difficult to top. AngularJS mobile development can help develop such sophisticated apps.
Weather apps: Something that is present by default in a smartphone is a weather app. It is widely used and a JavaScript will be able to develop and manage really impressive weather apps.
Social apps: In this age of social media, we can hardly come across a person who does not have a social media account. Apps like Facebook, twitter, etc. all are developed with JavaScript and thus you can too do that with AngularJS.
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Everything you need ot know about Mobile App Development
When it comes to developing and managing an app there are many ways one can do that. But if you are using your phones to develop a web page then AngularJS should be your best bet.
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Read Moreby Kavya Gajjar
29 Nov'185.34K+
Angular 7.0 – What is New in its new Avatar?
The strength of a building is in its concrete pillars. So is the framework for a web application. A software framework provides a standard way to design, build and deploy applications. In a world of Java platforms, the Javascript framework was the most uttered buzzword until Angular gained importance.
Now, let us see some Salient features of Angular.
Angular is an Open source Javascript framework which morphed into what is called ‘Typescript’ now.
Code generation and development are rapid compared to a (Javascript) JS code.
The Command line prompt (CLI) has commands to build application faster.
The Code is well organized as it uses components hence improves productivity
A directive is a dynamic function that handles variables, if statements, and loops in HTML
Angular is cross-platform hence it is independent of the browser and the operating system
Angular CLI comes with testing tools that are helpful for unit testing
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AngularJS – A precursor to Angular
AngularJS was the first product in the Angular series introduced by Google in 2009. It is a client-side or a front-end framework. What this means is that the code runs on the user’s browser and not on the web server. AngularJS was written purely in Javascript. This was developed to decouple the application logic, however, it was the only fairly successful and paved way for Angular with its current avatar 7.0.
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Angular 7.0 Framework
Let us understand briefly the building blocks of Angular:
Module: Basically breaks down application’s core screens logically. For example, if there is a shopping cart page, one might want to have a shopping cart module.
Component: This is a section of the UI and is a ‘class’ as in object-oriented programming. This is the fundamental building block of the User Interface (UI). The component class contains the core logic for the page.
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Components are made up of:
Template: A template is written in HTML or they can be HTML files. It can have dynamic properties like variables and use of ‘if conditions’ is possible with directives.
Class: Is the code for the application. The code is written in Typescript. Typescript is a superset of Javascript. Typescript is a ‘static’ type language where variables are declared with types defined. Hence errors are caught on the compilation of the program rather than being caught at runtime. Angular classes can be written in Javascript too. Components have data properties and methods.
Metadata: To identify that the class is an Angular component one uses Metadata. Metadata can be attached to Typescript using a decorator declaration.
Let us walk through a simple component in Angular.
Import {component} from ‘’@angular/core’’ ; Here the component package is imported from Angular core library.
@component ({ (this is a decorator declaration)
Selector : ‘myapplication’ …(.this is the custom HTML tag that we use to insert the component. )
Template: ‘<h1> Hello {(name)}</h1> (name is a variable)
})
export class AppComponent{ (This is the component class and ‘name’ is a property in the class)
name = ‘ Angular framework’;
}
<body>
<myapplication>Loading a sample app component here..</myapplication>
</body>
Data binding: A process that allows communication between the component and the view. So data is passed from the component to the view and vice-versa. There are four types of data binding. In Interpolation and property binding the data is sent from the component to the view and in event binding, the data is sent to the component from the view or the template. In two-way binding, the data travels both ways.
Service: This is a class that is written for reusable code, i.e. code that can be accessed from multiple components. These classes send data and functionality across components. Service classes can also get data from a database or a js/JSON file. When one uses a Service class, the code looks organized and fragmented.
Directive: Customizing HTML attributes to extend the power of HTML is a directive. ngIf, ngFor, ngModel are directives. ngModel is responsible for, binding the view into the model, which other directives such as input, textarea or Select require.
Here is a piece of code that shows how ngmodel works.
<div ng-app=”” ng-init=”firstName=’John'”> <p>Input a name in the input box:</p> <p>Name: <input type=”text” ng-model=”firstName”></p> <p>You wrote: {{ firstName }}</p> </div>
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So, firstName was initialized to ‘John’ and when one enters a new value in the text box, firstName will hold the new name entered.Check out upGrad’s Full Stack Development Bootcamp (JS/MERN)
Dependency injection (DI): Classes need objects to perform a particular function. Instead of creating the objects each time in the class, the class receives the objects(dependencies) from external sources. In the DI framework following are the steps that need to be followed:
Create a Service Class eg. Employeedata
Register this service class with the Injector. An Injector is a container that holds all the dependency classes
Declare the Employeedata class as a dependency in the class that needs it eg. EmployeeList Class
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Versions of Angular
After AngularJS, Angular 2 was released which was a complete rewrite of AngularJS. Components got added from Angular 2. Angular 2 was not backwards compatible. Angular is made up of a bunch of packages and the Router package in Angular 3 was not in sync. Hence the Angular team moved on to Angular 4 which was released with all corrections and features with backward compatibility to Angular 2. Subsequently Angular 5, Angular 6 was released and the latest version now is Angular 7.
What’s new in Angular 7.0?
CLI Prompts: A change in the Angular command line prompt is that the CLI prompts the user, to select the features while running the common commands. Features like Angular routing or the format of the style-sheet and many more can be selected by the user. In the previous versions of Angular one had to remember and type the options on the prompt.
Application Performance :
Common errors:
In this version, the angular team analyzed and removed some common mistakes made by the developers like the ‘reflect-metadata’ polyfill was included in production which is actually needed only in development.
Bundle-Budgets:
To improve the performance of the application, default Bundle Budgets are defined in angular.JSON. The developers will now be warned if the application bundle size exceeds a limit of 5MB and when the initial bundle exceeds 2MB. These values can be modified in the JSON file as needed.
Angular Material & the CDK: The Angular component development kit(CDK) was created from the Angular Material(UI for libraries).The two new features added in the CDK are
Virtual Scrolling:
To load only the visible part on the screen, the <cdk-virtual-scroll-viewport> package provides helpers for directives that react to scroll events. So, it will render only the items that can fit on the screen. When a user scrolls through the list then the DOM will load and unload the elements dynamically based on the display size.
Drag and Drop support:
The @angular/cdk/drag-drop module helps free drag and drop feature of an element, reordering items in a list, moving items in a list and so on. This is done with the help of cdkDropList and cdkDrag directives.
Angular 7.0 has updated its dependencies to support Typescript 3.1, RxJS 6.3 and Node 10.
Improved accessibility of Selects: The native ’select’ has some performance, accessibility, and usability advantages hence using a native select element inside a ‘mat-form-field’ is a new feature in Angular 7.0.
Angular elements: A small change but new in Angular 7
“Angular Elements now supports content projection using web standards for custom elements.” — This is what Stephen Fluin, Angular says.
Working with partners: The Angular team has been working to partner with community projects that have been launched recently one of them is Angular Console. Angular Console is a user interface for Angular CLI. It is good for beginners and experts as it is a lot easier than prompts. There are different UI versions for Windows and Mac OS.
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Most of the changes in Angular 7.0 are on performance improvements and bug fixing. Hence, it is the safest version to date and migrating from earlier versions is simple. Ivy is the new upcoming rendering engine that the Angular team is working on. Till then, let us wait and watch. Keep Learning!
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IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse: The Holy War!
Batman vs. Superman, Marvel vs. DC, Windows vs. Linux, Java vs. C#, are a few examples of some eternal wars. One such battle is IntelliJ IDEA vs. Eclipse – the selection of the best Integrated Development Environment – affectionately known as the IDE. There are many IDEs in the market today for Java development – the likes of Netbeans, DrJava, and of course Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA are just to name a few.
These IDEs ease the workflow of a developer by providing them with a complete and integrated environment. The support of various plugins coupled with the ability to handle large projects seamlessly makes the IDEs an irreplaceable tool in any developer’s toolkit.
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Today we’ll be looking at two such IDEs in depth, and taking them head to head. We’ll look at how Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA compete against each other in terms of the features they offer.
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Eclipse IDE
Eclipse is by far the most commonly used IDE by budding as well as experienced developers. It is supported by a large community of developers, great documentation to get you up and running, and the best part – the support of thousands of plugins to make your experience even better.
Eclipse is mainly used for developing web, mobile, desktop, enterprise, or embedded system applications. It can be used open-source under Eclipse public license. Eclipse is written mostly in Java and runs seamlessly on the three major operating systems – Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Although well known for Java programming, it also supports various other languages including Groovy, Scala, and Python.
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Eclipse is capable of opening multiple projects in the same window thereby giving you control over dependencies and relations. However, regarding user experience and the ease of code completion and inspection, Eclipse falls short despite having many plugins, especially checkstyle.
If you’re a rookie programmer, you’d appreciate an auto-complete feature that can show the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your context. Eclipse falls short on that. Just for argument’s sake, we can use this point in favour of Eclipse saying it offers a better learning curve, but at the end of the day, it’s really about how easy it is to get your application up and running.
Having said that, Eclipse is and will continue to be, widely used all over the globe. Let’s take a look at some of its features that keep it going despite the limitations.
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Salient Features of Eclipse
Mylyn:
Mylyn is a subsystem of eclipse for task management. The advantages of Mylyn are quite well known, but you won’t appreciate them till you use it and see them for yourself. Mylyn helps developers track their tasks in a task list view – without having to open a browser. Mylyn provides an easy way of keeping track of all the files related to your current work.
Software Updates:
Eclipse provides frequent and regular software updates. The ability to simply update your IDE from the console itself without worrying about dependencies, or unzipping a zipped file makes a developer’s life easier. Everything is managed through this simple dialogue:
Enterprise Java Tooling:
Eclipse has the best tooling to offer for JEE projects. It offers an outstanding amount of functionalities – from wizards for Web Service creation, XML editing, to excellent JSF and JPA tooling. In essence, it’s a very simple feature but is very useful. The ability to control and deploy the server of your choice is commendable. Also, if your server isn’t on the list, you’ll likely find a plug-in to support your server.
Model Driven Development:
The Eclipse Modelling Project offers a set of modelling tools for those using EMF or related techniques for modelling. The Ecore Tools that are used to work with the EMF models allow you to create and modify your ecore using a standard tree, or through the visual Ecore diagram editor (see below).
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IntelliJ IDEA IDE
IntelliJ IDEA is a fully featured IDE developed by JetBrains. JetBrains is an established company and famous for the Resharper plugin for Visual Studio that is beneficial for C# development.
The IntelliJ IDEA comes in two editions – Free community edition and an Ultimate edition. The free community edition of IntelliJ IDEA offers the basic features useful for developing Android and Java applications. Google’s official Android development platform – Android Studio, is also based on IntelliJ IDEA’s free community edition. This IDE supports many languages from Java, Kotlin, Scala, Android, Mercurial, Groovy, Gradle, Git, SVN, SBT, and CVS and also offers basics (yet essential) features like code completion, deep static analysis, intelligent refactorings, debugger, test runner, etc. The Ultimate Edition, on the other hand, has the most advanced set of features for developing web and desktop applications.
Some of the additional features of the Ultimate Edition
Supports the integration of Spring framework.
Supports web app scripting languages like JavaScript, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, and many more.
Supports web development framework like Node.js, Angular, and React
Java EE support such as JSF, JAX-RS, JPA, CDI, etc
Eclipse falls short in providing good assistance for code completion despite supporting many plugins. The default code compilation in IntelliJ is much faster and better, especially if you’re a newbie programmer – IntelliJ can help you improve your code.
One of them is Smart Completion which provides you with the list of the most relevant symbols applicable in your current context. This as well as other completions constantly learn from your coding practices and moves your most frequently used packages and classes to the top of the list, so that you can select the right option faster. Another such feature is Chain completion which is even smarter than the Smart Completion. It lists all the applicable symbols by making use of getters or methods which makes it even faster. There are many other out-of-the-box features too which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent IDE
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Features which make IntelliJ IDEA a truly intelligent
Version Control:
IntelliJ IDEA offers the developers with a unified interface for most of the version control systems. Git, SVN, Mercurial, CVS, and Perforce are just to name a few. This single interface lets you browse the history of changes, manage branches, and merge conflicts.
Build Tools:
This IDE supports all the major build tools like Gradle, Maven, Gant, SBT, NPM, Grunt, Gulp, and more. These tools eventually help automate compiling, packaging, running tests, deploying, and other activities.
Application Servers:
It supports major application servers like TomCat, JBoss, WebSphere, Glassfish, and many more. It allows you to deploy your code onto the application servers and debug the deployed code from the IDE itself.
Indexing:
IntelliJ indexes the entire project when you first start it up. That way, it doesn’t need to search for files every time you need a resource (unlike Eclipse). This significantly speeds up the search process.
Polyglot Support:
As we’ve said earlier, IntelliJ IDEA supports many JVM and non-JVM frameworks and languages out of the box. Frameworks and languages like AngularJS, React, JavaScript, TypeScript, Scala, SQL are just a few examples of the wide array of languages supported by IntelliJ IDEA.
All these features make IntelliJ IDEA a clear winner when it comes to usability and user experience. However, it falls short on the number of plugins offered. Compared to 1,276 plugins offered by Eclipse, IntelliJ only offers ~700 plugins.
But, this shouldn’t be a dealbreaker as IntelliJ offers a lot of new and improved features out of the box, without needing any plugin – unlike Eclipse.
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In Conclusion…
If you’re a beginner in the field of Java development, your choice should be IntelliJ IDEA – thanks to the various beginner-friendly features it has to offer. However, if you’re looking to work on large and complex projects, and have a fair bit of expertise in Java programming, you can opt for Eclipse instead. Like with every other debate, at the end of the day it’s all a matter of preferences, but there’s no way you can ignore IntelliJ IDEA.
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Read Moreby Arjun Mathur
10 Jun'1917.76K+
Python Projects for Beginners – List of 7
Learning a new language – whether it is for speaking to humans or to computers – is always a mixture of fun and challenge. Mastery is not an easy road to travel and that is why little wins along the way are so necessary for boosting self-confidence and making you preserve. The same can be achieved through projects that have a specific aim and allow you to put your new-found knowledge into practice.
When learning a coding language like Python, these projects become all the more crucial as they help you firm your grip on a vast language that you will keep refining your entire life. So, where do you begin? As a beginner, which projects do you pick up that is not overwhelming but are challenging and rewarding at the same time?
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The answer? Whatever you pick from the list below.
What’s the number?
Concepts needed: print, while loop, if/else statements, random function, input/ output
This is a guessing game that the user plays with the program/computer. The program generates a random number using the random function. The user tries to guess it by inputting a value. The program then indicates whether the guess is right or not. If it is wrong, then the program should tell how off the guess was. If it is right, there should be another positive indicator. You can place a limit on the number of guesses allowed.
You will also need functions to compare the inputted number with the guessed number, to compute the difference between the two, and to check whether an actual number was inputted or not.
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Spin a yarn
Concepts needed: strings, concatenation, variables, print. Things get more interesting here since strings are infinitely more complex to play with at the beginning.
The program first prompts the user to enter a series of inputs. These can be an adjective, a preposition, a proper noun, etc. Once all the inputs are in place, they are placed in a premade story template using concatenation. In the end, the full story is printed out to read some misintended madness!
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What’s the word?
Concepts needed: strings, variables, random function, variables, input/ output
Similar to ‘What’s the Number?’, this name focuses on the user having to guess the randomly generated word. You can create a list from which the word would have to be guessed and also set a cap on the number of guesses allowed.
After this, you can create the rules yourself! When the user inputs the word, you can indicate whether the alphabet written appears in this particular position or not. You will need a function to check if the user is inputting alphabets or numbers and to display error messages appropriately.
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Rock, paper, scissors
Concepts needed: random function, print, input/ output, variables
If you are tired of having no playmate, then a 5-minute stint of rock, paper, scissors with the computer and designed by you, yourself will improve your mood.
We again use the random function here. You make a move first and then the program makes one. To indicate the move, you can either use a single alphabet or input an entire string. A function will have to be set up to check the validity of the move. Using another function, the winner of that round is decided. You can then either give an option of playing again or decide a pre-determined number of moves in advance. A scorekeeping function will also have to be created which will return the winner at the end.
Compute, calculate
Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, variables,
This project involves building a simple calculator that can perform mathematical functions (which you decide). You can start with the basic BODMAS, and then progress to logarithms and exponents. You’ll have to keep tabs on what the user is entering and get the answer to print at the end. Whether the values in the middle of the calculation keep showing up is up to you.
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Leap it!
Concepts needed: functions, input/ output, boolean, print
In this program, you input a year and check whether it is a leap year or not. For this, you’ll have to create a function that recognizes the pattern of leap years and can try fitting the inputted year into the pattern. In the end, you can print the result using a boolean expression.
Find out, Fibonacci!
Concepts needed: functions, input/output, boolean, print
You input a number and the function created checks whether the number belongs to the Fibonacci sequence or not. The underlying workings are similar to the above ‘Leap it!’ program.
One common theme in all the above projects is that they will help you to get your basics right. You will be the developer and the bug fixer. Not to mention, you’ll be closing working with creating and implementing a variety of functions along with working with variables, strings, integers, operators, etc. Just like 2 + 2 is the building block of your mathematics knowledge, so are these concepts, and learning about them in a fun way through building projects will help to understand and retain them more.
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What does a DevOps developer do? Job Role, Skills & Salary Details
Of late, the concept of DevOps has taken the IT industry by storm, and for all the right reasons. DevOps is a methodology that finds its roots in both Agile and Lean approaches. It combines the best of both worlds – cultural philosophies, best practices, and tools that boost and enhance an organization’s capacity to deliver applications/services on-demand. As organizations can offer their deliverables speedily and readily, they become more competent and efficient in managing the overall business.
Speed and efficiency are the two fundamental reasons why DevOps is becoming more and more popular in the industry. As more companies are joining the DevOps bandwagon, they are driving the demand for skilled DevOps Engineers. Today, the role of a DevOps Engineer has come to be one of the most highly demanded and lucrative career options and demand for full-stack developer courses is increasing as we speak.
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A DevOps Engineer is essentially an IT professional with expertise in scripting, coding, and the entire operation of product development and deployment. The role demands that one transcend the traditional barriers of software development, testing, and operations teams, and create a holistic environment for quality product development. DevOps Engineers combine in-depth knowledge and hands-on experience in software development with business analytics skills to build innovative business solutions.
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What does a DevOps Engineer do?
DevOps Engineers work in close collaboration with Software Developers, System Operators (SysOps), and other production IT members to manage and supervise code releases. They must be well-versed in IT infrastructure management that is integral for supporting the software code in dedicated, multi-tenant, or hybrid cloud environments.
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In a DevOps model, the development and operations teams do not function separately as ‘siloed’ units but merge together. Also, this approach to software development demands frequent and incremental changes. Hence, DevOps Engineers have to perform a wide range of functions across the entire application lifecycle – from development and test to deployment and operations. This calls for a versatile skill set that is not limited to a particular function or role.
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Our Learners also read: Devops engineer jobs!
To successfully implement the DevOps approach, DevOps Engineers must be well-versed in the best practices of DevOps methodology, that include:
Continuous Integration – This practice requires developers to merge the alterations in their code into a central repository, after which it runs the automated builds and tests. Continuous integration aims to identify and fix bugs quicker, enhance the software quality, and reduce the validation and release time of software updates.
Continuous Delivery – In this practice, the code changes are built, tested, and prepared automatically for the production release. It is the successive step to continuous integration wherein all the code changes are deployed to a testing environment and/or a production environment following the build phase.
Infrastructure as Code – This practice encourages the provision and management of the infrastructure using specific code and software development techniques (version control, continuous integration, etc.). Instead of manually setting up and configuring the infrastructure resources, the cloud’s API-driven model allows developers and system administrators to work with and scale the infrastructure programmatically.
Monitoring and Logging – Monitoring and logging are essential to check and measure the metrics of applications and infrastructure and see how their performance affects the user experience of a product/service.
Communication and Collaboration – DevOps encourages increased communication and collaboration within organizations. DevOps tools, along with the software delivery process automation, allow for increased cooperation between the development and operations teams by merging their workflows and responsibilities.
Microservices Architecture – It is a design approach used to develop a single application as a component of small services. In this design, the individual services run their own processes while communicating with other services via a well-defined interface (usually an HTTP-based API).
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Now, we move on to the main functions and responsibilities of a DevOps Engineer.
DevOps Engineers have to perform a wide range of tasks to fulfill their three core functions – coding, scripting, and process re-engineering. The primary duties of a DevOps Engineer are:
Project Planning
DevOps Engineers are an integral part of the project planning operation. Their skills in software development and system options, and business expertise (the risk, impact, and costs vs. benefits) allows them to foresee the project needs and resources, thereby helping them to create actionable timelines and strategies for business projects.
Product Development
DevOps Engineers are responsible for developing, building, and managing IT solutions. To meet this end, they have to install and configure solutions, implement reusable components, translate technical requirements, perform script maintenance and updates, assist operations teams at all phases of data testing, develop interface stubs and simulators, to name a few.
Product Deployment
DevOps Engineers design and develop automated deployment arrangements by leveraging configuration management technology. This allows them to deploy new modules/upgrades and fixes in the production environment itself. Also, DevOps Engineers have to ready the new modules/upgrades for production.
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Performance Management
Apart from evaluating existing applications and platforms, DevOps Engineers also offer recommendations for enhancing the performance. To do so, they must also identify and develop practical and alternative solutions.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Maintenance and troubleshooting are two routine tasks of DevOps Engineers. Using strategy-building techniques, they delineate the requirements and procedures for implementing regular maintenance. Also, they have to troubleshoot existing information systems for errors and fix the same.
Essential skills of a DevOps Engineer
A DevOps Engineer must have:
Strong knowledge of different programming and scripting languages (Java, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, Scala, etc.) and familiarity with basic concepts of Linux.
Familiarity in working with a variety of open-source tools and technologies for source code management.
Thorough knowledge of IT operations and system admin roles for planning the entire integration and deployment process.
Expertise in software code testing and deployment.
Experience in working with DevOps automation tools.
Strong foundational knowledge of the Agile methodology.
The ability to connect to technical and business goals.
Excellent communication skills and team spirit.
Since the role of a DevOps Engineer is highly demanding and versatile, the job compensates with high salary packages. The average annual salary of a DevOps Engineer in India is Rs. 6,52,296. Needless to say, the more experienced you become, the higher will be your salary. Overall, the job role of a DevOps Engineer is highly promising.
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Difference Between Agile Methodology and Scrum Methodology [Full Comparison]
The corporate world is a fast-paced one where project requirements, customer demands, and support functions keep changing rapidly. To keep up with the dynamic and ever-changing requirements, today, companies are moving over from the traditional (waterfall) methodologies and embracing innovative methodologies like Agile. Full-Stack software development courses are getting popular as demand is only increasing.
The Agile approach brought with it a host of benefits that were lacking in the conventional software development methodologies. In Agile methodology, testing is integrated with development, thereby contributing to the development of high-quality software. Apart from delivering high-value features within short delivery cycles, Agile also enhanced customer satisfaction and customer retention quotients.
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Although the Agile approach has become widely popular in the IT and corporate worlds, not many are aware that it is made of different types of processes. For instance, there’s Scrum, Kanban, Feature Driven Development (FDD), and Adaptive System Development (ASD), to name a few. Why companies are looking to hire full-stack developers
In this post, however, we’ll focus on the difference between Agile and Scrum. While people often tend to use these terms synonymously, they have their fair share of differences.
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Agile Methodology & Scrum Methodology
What is Agile?
Agile methodology refers to a software development practice that focuses on the continuous iteration of development and testing in the SDLC (software development life cycle) process. Unlike the Waterfall methodology that analyzes and documents the project requirements before the development process begins, in the Agile approach, the requirements are determined as the software-development advances with each iteration. This offers scope for flexibility in accommodating the necessary changes in the requirements/priorities of the business as and when they come.
In Agile methodology, the development and testing activities occur simultaneously. It breaks the product into smaller fragments, and the work is prioritized according to business or customer value. It encourages teamwork and constant communication within teams and between teams and customers as well. As such, the Agile approach aims to bring all the stakeholders together in the product development process. Agile Interview Questions & Answers
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The Agile Manifesto comprises of 12 principles encouraging an iterative approach to software development:
Customer satisfaction is the highest priority. It is accomplished through the continuous delivery of software products in parts.
It should be flexible enough to accommodate changes in requirements even in later phases of software development.
Business teams, developers, and customers must regularly collaborate throughout the SLDC.
Face-to-face interaction is pivotal for transparency and enhanced communication within the teams.
Encourage sustainable development by maintaining a constant pace throughout the development process.
Together, all teams should regularly reflect and brainstorm on how to enhance productivity to boost project effectiveness.
Foster self-organization within teams to deliver top-notch architectures and designs.
Offer higher autonomy to team members having greater support and trust.
Deliver efficient and working software frequently within shorter periods.
Measure project progress through the success of the working software.
Make good design and technical excellence the primary focus of the development process.
Simplicity is a fundamental tool for progress.
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What is Scrum?
Scrum is a subset of Agile methodology. Naturally, it also focuses on delivering a product in stages within short periods. Rather than being a process or a technique, Scrum is a simple and lightweight framework that seeks to address complex problems (of a specific project) and deliver high-value business products.
Scrum assumes that the project requirements are bound to change or are not defined before the project development process begins. By repeatedly inspecting and monitoring working software, it aims to foster accountability, cross-functional teamwork, and progress toward a well-defined business goal.
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Roles in the Scrum framework
Product Owner – The Product Owner is responsible for optimizing the work and product value of the development team. Apart from this, a Product Owner also manages the product catalog.
Scrum Master – The Scrum Master is responsible for organizing daily team meetings and handling challenges and bottlenecks in the development process. Scrum Masters communicate with the Product Owner to ensure that the product backlog is ready for the succeeding sprint.
Scrum Team – The Scrum Team works in collaboration with the Product Owner and Scrum Master to plan how much of the project they can complete in each iteration.
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Agile vs. Scrum: Key Differences
The Agile approach is best-suited for environments having an expert and dedicated team of a few members. Scrum, on the other hand, is perfect for projects where the requirements change frequently and fast.
The Agile methodology views leadership as a pivotal role in project development. However, Scrum encourages self-organizing and cross-functional teams. While the Project Head supervises all the tasks in the former, the latter has no team leader – the entire team is responsible for the project.
In Agile, there is regular collaboration and one-on-one interactions between the members of all teams, cross-functional teams, and customers. In the Scrum framework, the Product Owner, the Scrum Master, and the Scrum Team engage in daily meetings.
The Agile approach may require lots of up-front changes in the organizational and development process. This is not necessary for Scrum.
In the Agile method, frequent deliveries are made to the customer for obtaining their feedback. In Scrum, each sprint is followed by the delivery of a build to the client for feedback.
The Agile method considers customer feedback highly necessary during the process, whereas in Scrum, daily sprint meetings are held for reviews and feedback.
While the Agile approach encourages to keep the design and execution simple, Scrum encourages innovation and experimentation for the same.
The Agile approach considers customer satisfaction as the top priority, whereas, for Scrum, Empirical Process Control forms the core.
While working software forms the fundamental measure for project progress, it is not so in the case of the Scrum framework.
These are the key differences between the Agile software development methodology and the Scrum framework. Differences aside, Scrum is essentially a subset of the Agile approach, and hence, the end goal of both is to maximize customer satisfaction through the delivery of value-oriented business products.
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Overall, Agile practices/methods help create environments where the requirements are continually evolving and changing. Through a disciplined project-management approach, Agile methodology promotes and pushes the delivery of high-quality software that is aligned with customer needs. Explore more about the Agile software development, check out upGrad’s Executive PG Programme in Software Development – Specialisation in Full Stack Development.
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How DevOps Online Course Can Kickstart Your Career
Amazon Web Services defines DevOps as ‘the combination of cultural philosophies, practices, and tools that increases an organization’s ability to deliver applications and services at high velocity.’ By virtue of this speed, organizations are able to serve their customers better and also stay ahead of the curve when it comes to competition.
Under DevOps, the development and operations teams work together right from the development stage to deployment, testing, operations, and maintenance. Sometimes, the security and quality assurance teams also become integrated with the DevOps team. The team then uses technology and tools that help to get the work done faster because outside help is not taken or needed.
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Common DevOps practices include
Communication and collaboration
Microservices
Infrastructure as code
Continuous delivery
Continuous integration
Monitoring and logging
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Why DevOps matters
DevOps provides the following benefits to the organization:
Speed and rapid delivery
Build and release products faster. Then, fix them and make them better at the same pace. This ensures that you respond to customer needs quickly and also gain a competitive edge over them as a result. Continuous delivery and continuous integration are the cornerstones of this benefit.
Increased collaboration
More effective teams can be built when the development and operations teams combine. Responsibilities can be shared and the workflow can be streamlined to become more efficient. For example, the back-and-forth between the 2 teams can reduce due to the merging.
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Increased reliability
Thanks to monitoring and logging practices plus continuous integration and continuous delivery, application updates and iterations can be rapidly delivered. One can also know how well the performance is in real-time. Infrastructure as code and configuration management keep up the quick responsiveness of the computing resources to respond to any urgent client or product needs.
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No compromise on security
With DevOps, you can get the speed and rapid delivery without compromising on security. Configuration management techniques, automated compliance policies, and fine-grained controls all help to retain control and preserve compliance.
DevOps Online Certification
The above are all benefits that are crucial for an organization. At the most basic level, though, it requires each person in the merged team to take full ownership of their role and step up should something extra arise. They have to step beyond what their stated role is. This makes the DevOps role truly challenging but also rewarding.
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