Post Study Work Visa in USA: Key Insights and Work Visa Options for International Students

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The post study work visa in the USA is essential for international students, particularly from India, to transition from academic pursuits to professional careers. Over 3 lakh Indian students have been enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities, marking a 23% increase from the past years. 

Securing a post-study work (PSW) visa, such as the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program, allows graduates to remain in the U.S. for up to 12 months (or 36 months for STEM graduates) to gain practical experience. This experience is invaluable, as it not only strengthens resumes but also provides insights into global industry standards and practices.

This blog explores the intricacies of the post-study work visa in the USA, offering detailed insights into available options, eligibility criteria, and strategic approaches to enhance the likelihood of securing employment in the U.S. post-graduation.

Post Study Work Visa in USA: Significance & Key Options

The post study work visa in the USA, primarily through the F-1 visa's Optional Practical Training (OPT) program, is a pivotal opportunity that Indian students have significantly benefited from. 

• In recent years, a record 97,556 Indian students were on OPT, marking a 41% increase from the previous year. This surge highlights the growing reliance on OPT as a bridge to employment in the U.S.
• This program allows graduates to apply their academic knowledge in real-world settings, enhancing their employability and providing a modern standing in the global job market.

The OPT program not only facilitates immediate employment but also serves as a stepping stone for securing longer-term student visas, such as the H-1B, thereby enhancing career prospects for international students.

Having explored the significance, let's look at the top work visa options for international students in the USA, and how each can impact your career trajectory.

Top Post-study Work Visa Options for International Students in the USA

After completing studies in the U.S., international students, particularly from India, often seek avenues to gain practical experience and potentially transition to long-term employment. Several visa options, such as the OPT, F1, and L1 visas, each with specific eligibility criteria and benefits, facilitate this transition. 

In recent years, more than 1.7 lakh OPT employment authorizations were granted, with India and China being the top two countries of origin, contributing around 68K and 51K students, respectively.

To know more about these visas and their key details, let’s explore further:

1. F-1 OPT Visa

The Optional Practical Training (OPT) program is critical for international students on F-1 visas, allowing them to gain practical experience in their field of study post-graduation. 

For example, an Indian student graduating with a Master's in Computer Science from a U.S. university can apply for OPT to work as a software developer in a U.S.-based tech company.

Here are the key features of the F-1 OPT visa:

Feature	Details
Eligibility	Must have completed at least one academic year of full-time study in the U.S.
Duration	Up to 12 months of post-completion OPT.
Application Timeline	Can apply up to 90 days before completing the degree and no later than 60 days after completion.
Employment Type	Full-time or part-time employment directly related to the major field of study.
STEM Graduates	Eligible for a 24-month extension (STEM OPT) if employed by an E-Verify registered employer.
Application Process	Requires Form I-765 application to USCIS and obtaining an Employment Authorization Document (EAD).

Now, let’s see how the STEP OPT extension can further enhance your visa status.

2. STEM OPT Extension

The STEM OPT extension offers an additional 24 months of work authorization for STEM graduates, totaling up to 36 months of OPT. This extension is particularly advantageous for Indian students in STEM disciplines. 

For instance, a graduate with a Master's in Electrical Engineering working as a data analyst for a company enrolled in E-Verify can apply for the STEM OPT extension.

Here are the key features of the STEM OPT visa:

Feature	Details
Eligibility	Must have a degree in an eligible STEM field from a SEVP-certified U.S. institution.
Employer Requirements	Employers must be enrolled in the E-Verify program and provide formal training and learning objectives.
Application Timeline	Can apply up to 90 days before the initial 12-month OPT expires.
Job Requirements	Must be employed at least 20 hours per week in a position directly related to the STEM degree.

Next, let’s explore H-1B visas and improve your chances of success in the competitive job market.

3. H-1B Visa

The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant visa that allows U.S. employers to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations temporarily. As an Indian software engineer with a U.S. master's degree in Computer Science, you can be selected in the H-1B lottery.

This visa is highly desired by Indian professionals, especially in fields like technology, engineering, and healthcare.

Here are the key features of the H-1B visa:

Feature	Details
Eligibility	Requires a job offer in a specialty occupation that typically requires a bachelor's degree or higher.
Annual Cap	65,000 visas per fiscal year, with an additional 20,000 for individuals holding a U.S. master's degree or higher.
Duration	The initial period is up to three years and is extendable to a maximum of six years.
Application Process	Employers must submit a Labor Condition Application (LCA) and Form I-129 to USCIS.
Selection Process	Subject to a lottery system due to high demand.

Also Read: Key Difference Between L1 and H-1B Visa issued by the USA

For those with extraordinary abilities, the O-1 visa offers a unique opportunity to stay and work in the U.S. Learn how to qualify and make the most of this visa.

4. O-1 Visa

The O-1 visa is for individuals with extraordinary ability or achievement in their field. This visa suits Indian professionals who have demonstrated exceptional skills and recognition in science, arts, education, business, or athletics.

An Indian research scientist, recognized internationally for contributions to renewable energy research, can apply for an O-1 visa to work with a U.S. research institution.

Here are the key features of the O-1 visa:

Feature	Details
Eligibility	Demonstrated extraordinary ability through sustained national or international acclaim.
Duration	Initially, it will be up to three years, possibly extending in one-year increments.
Application Process	Requires Form I-129 and evidence of extraordinary ability, such as awards or published material.
Employer Requirements	A U.S. employer or agent must file the petition.

If a multinational company employs you, the L-1 visa allows for a transfer to the U.S. Let's see how this option can support your career transition.

5. L-1 Visa

The L-1 visa allows multinational companies to transfer employees from foreign to U.S. offices. For instance, an Indian IT professional working as a project manager in a multinational company's India office is transferred to the U.S. office under an L-1A visa.

This visa is beneficial for Indian professionals working in global companies with operations in both India and the U.S.

Here are the key features of the L-1 visa:

Feature	Details
Eligibility	Must have been employed with the foreign company for at least one continuous year within the three years preceding the application.
Types	L-1A for executives and managers; L-1B for employees with specialized knowledge.
Duration	L-1A is up to seven years; L-1B is up to five years.
Application Process	The employer must file Form I-129 with USCIS.
Employer Requirements	The U.S. company must be a parent, subsidiary, affiliate, or branch of the foreign company.

International students need to assess their qualifications, career goals, and the specific requirements of each visa to determine the most suitable pathway for post-study employment in the U.S.

Next, let's break down the key requirements you must fulfill to obtain a post study work visa in the USA, ensuring you're well-prepared for the application process.

Eligibility Criteria for a Post Study Work Visa in the USA

Till now, the United States has granted approximately 441,400 OPT approvals to Indian graduates and 313,500 to Chinese graduates, collectively accounting for over 50% of all OPT approvals.

With these many approvals and candidature, understanding what qualifies you for this is essential, especially for Indian students. Securing a post study work visa in the USA is a structured process with specific eligibility criteria.

Below is a detailed breakdown of the eligibility criteria and visa requirements for various work visa options for International students in the USA:

1. F-1 Optional Practical Training (OPT)

The OPT program allows F-1 visa holders to work in the U.S. in a field related to their primary study area. Here's the eligibility criteria for it:

• Full-Time Enrollment: Must have been enrolled full-time for at least one academic year at a U.S. institution authorized by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP)
• Employment Authorization Document (EAD): Must obtain an EAD from USCIS before commencing employment.
• Unemployment Limit: Cannot accrue more than 90 days of unemployment post-completion of the OPT period.

2. STEM OPT Extension

An extension of the OPT program offers an additional 24 months of work authorization for STEM graduates.

Here's the eligibility criteria for it:

• STEM Degree: Must have earned a degree in an eligible STEM field from a SEVP-certified U.S. institution.
• E-Verify Employer: Must be employed by an employer enrolled in the E-Verify program.
• Previous OPT: Must have been granted an initial period of post-completion OPT based on the STEM degree.
• Unemployment Limit: Cannot accrue more than 150 days of unemployment during the total OPT period (initial 12 months + 24-month extension).

3. H-1B Specialty Occupation Visa

Allows U.S. employers to temporarily employ foreign workers in specialty occupations that require theoretical or technical expertise.

Here’s the eligibility criteria for it:

• Specialty Occupation: The job must require a bachelor's degree or higher in a specific specialty or equivalent.
• Employer Sponsorship: Must have a job offer from a U.S. employer willing to sponsor the visa application.
• Labor Condition Application (LCA): The Employer must submit an LCA to the U.S. Department of Labor for the wages and working conditions.
• Annual Cap: Subject to a yearly cap of 65,000 visas, an additional 20,000 for individuals holding a U.S. master's degree or higher.

4. O-1 Visa for Individuals with Extraordinary Ability

Designed for individuals with extraordinary abilities, including sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics.

Here’s the eligibility criteria for it:

• Demonstrated Extraordinary Ability: Must provide evidence of extraordinary ability through sustained national or international acclaim.
• Employer Sponsorship: Must have a U.S. employer or agent to file the petition.
• Duration: Initial stay up to three years, with the possibility of extensions in one-year increments.

5. L-1 Intra-Company Transferee Visa

Allows multinational companies to transfer employees from foreign offices to U.S. offices. Here's the eligibility criteria for it:

• Employment Duration: Must have been employed with the foreign company for at least one continuous year within the three years preceding the application.
• Qualifying Relationship: The U.S. company must be a parent, subsidiary, affiliate, or branch of the foreign company.
• Position: Must be seeking to enter the U.S. to work in an executive, managerial, or specialized knowledge capacity.
• Duration: L-1A (executive/managerial): up to seven years; L-1B (specialized knowledge): up to five years.

It's essential to consult with your Designated School Official (DSO) and consider seeking legal advice to ensure compliance and enhance your chances of a successful application.

With a clear understanding of the eligibility criteria, it's time to move on to the next step in securing your post-study work visa: the application process. 

Application Process for Post Study Work Visa in the USA

Securing a post-study work visa in the U.S. is one of the most critical milestones for international students, especially those from India, who account for nearly 20% of all international students in the U.S. 

With over 1 million international students studying in the U.S., the competition for post-study work opportunities is intense. The application process requires careful planning and understanding of the key documents.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to the application process for OPT:

Step 1. Eligibility Check

• Ensure you have completed at least one full academic year of full-time study at a U.S. institution authorized by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP).
• You can apply for post-completion OPT up to 90 days before your degree and no later than 60 days after completion.

Step 2. Application Process

• DSO Recommendation: Request your Designated School Official (DSO) to enter the OPT recommendation into your SEVIS fee record.
• Form I-765: Complete and submit Form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, to USCIS.
• Required Documents:
  • Copy of your Form I-20 with DSO recommendation.
  • Copy of your passport.
  • Passport-sized photographs.
  • Application fee payment.
• Processing Time: Processing times can vary; applying as early as possible within the allowed timeframe is advisable.

Step 3. STEM OPT Extension Process

The OPT can be extended, which is available to students with a degree in an eligible STEM field.

• Apply up to 90 days before your current OPT expires and no later than 60 days after your DSO enters the STEM OPT recommendation into your SEVIS record.
• Required Documents:
  • Form I-765.
  • Form I-20 with STEM OPT recommendation.
  • Copy of your STEM degree.
  • Employer's name and E-Verify Company Identification Number.
• Automatic Extension: If your application is pending and your OPT expires, you may receive an automatic 180-day extension of employment authorization.

Also Read: Biden’s 1.5-Year Extension for Expiring US Work Permit To Help Several Indians

Once you've completed your OPT period and gained valuable work experience, the next step for many international students is transitioning from the F-1 visa to a more permanent work visa, such as the H-1B. 

Let's see ahead.

H-1B Application Process for F-1 Students

The H-1B visa is a key route for students seeking long-term employment in the U.S., allowing them to work in specialty occupations for up to six years. Understanding the application process is essential to avoid missing critical steps and increase your chances of securing this highly competitive visa.

Let's walk through the steps involved for the H-1B process for F-1 students:.

Step 1. Employer Sponsorship

• Job Offer: Secure a job abroad from a U.S. employer willing to sponsor you for an H-1B visa.

Step 2. H-1B Registration

• Electronic Registration: Employers must register electronically with USCIS during the designated registration period.
• Selection Process: USCIS conducts a lottery to select registrations for further processing.

Step 3. Petition Filing

• Form I-129: If selected, your employer files Form I-129, Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker, with USCIS.
• Required Documents:
  • Copy of the H-1B Registration Selection Notice.
  • Evidence of your educational qualifications.
  • Employer's Labor Condition Application (LCA).

4. Visa Application and Entry

• Approval Notice: If USCIS approves the petition, you may apply for an H-1B visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate.
• Entry to the U.S.: Upon visa issuance, you can enter the U.S. in H-1B status.

Once you know how to get the H-1B status, here's how you can transition into it from the OPT:

Step 1. Cap-Gap Extension

• Eligibility: If your OPT expires before your H-1B status begins, you may be eligible for a "cap-gap" extension.
• Automatic Extension: This extension automatically extends your F-1 status and employment authorization until your H-1B status begins. 

Step 2. Employment Authorization

• Continued Employment: You may continue working under your OPT authorization during the cap-gap period.

Step 3. Important Considerations

• Travel Restrictions: Traveling outside the U.S. during the cap-gap period can be risky; consult with your DSO and employer before making travel plans.
• Status Monitoring: Keep track of your status and ensure all documentation is current to avoid any lapses.

There you go! Figuring out the application processes and transitioning to H-1B status requires careful planning and adherence to USCIS guidelines.

Also Read: Online Study Eligibility Period Extended for PGWP Applicants

Next, let’s outline the fees involved and provide a detailed list of the essential documents needed for a smooth visa application process.

Cost and Documentation Required for a Post-Study Work Visa

Applying for a post study work visa in the USA requires careful financial planning and thorough attention to detail in your documentation. 

For example, the OPT application fee is $410 (INR 35.1K), and additional costs like premium processing can add another $1,685 (INR 1.4L). It's essential to gather all required documents, such as your I-20, passport, and Form I-94, and ensure they're accurately completed.

Below is a detailed overview of the fees and a quick documentation checklist:

Visa Type	Costs Included	Required Documents
OPT (Form I-765)	Application Fee: $410 (INR 35.1K) Premium Processing (Optional): $1,685 (INR 1.4L)	Form I-20: Endorsed by your Designated School Official (DSO) within the last 60 days. Passport-sized Photographs: Two recent passport-style photos. Copy of Passport: Valid passport information page. Form I-94: Arrival/Departure Record.
STEM OPT Extension	Application Fee: $410 (INR 35.1K) Premium Processing (Optional): $1,685 (INR 1.4L)	Form I-20: With STEM OPT recommendation from your DSO. Employer Information: Employer's name and E-Verify Company Identification Number. Form I-765: Completed application form. Copy of STEM Degree: Evidence of your qualifying degree.
H-1B Registration	H-1B Registration Fee: $10 or INR 856 (for FY 2024) H-1B Registration Fee: $215 or INR 18.4K (effective FY 2025)	Employer Information: Employer's name and address. Beneficiary Information: Your name, date of birth, and passport details.
H-1B Petition (Form I-129)	Application Fee: $460 (INR 39.3K) Asylum Program Fee: $600 or INR 51.3K (for employers with more than 25 full-time equivalent employees) Premium Processing (Optional): $1,685 (INR 1.4L)	Form I-129: Completed petition form. Labor Condition Application (LCA): Certified by the Department of Labor. Employer Support Letter: Describing the job offer and duties. Educational Documents: Academic Transcripts and Diplomas. Passport-sized Photographs: Two recent passport-style photos. Form I-94: Arrival/Departure Record.

Understanding these costs and documentation requirements is essential for a successful post-study work visa application.

Also Read: Documents Required to Study Abroad: A Complete List

Now, once your post study work visa in USA expires, it's important to understand the alternative options to maintain your legal status in the U.S.

Let’s see that ahead!

What Happens After Your Post-Study Work Visa Expires?

As your OPT or STEM OPT period ends, your next steps are crucial for maintaining your legal status and settling in the USA and continuing your career. For example, students who transition successfully to an H-1B can stay in the U.S. for up to 6 years, potentially opening doors to permanent residency. 

Your choices shape not just your immediate job prospects, but also your long-term career and residency potential. Understanding your options, like switching to another work visa or applying for a Green Card, could determine your future in the U.S. job market.

Here are some quick alternatives that are suggested for you:

1. Transition to an H-1B Visa

For F-1 students, transitioning to an H-1B visa is a common pathway after OPT. However, this process is competitive due to the annual cap on H-1B visas.

• Cap-Gap Extension: If your OPT expires before October 1, you may qualify for a Cap-Gap extension, allowing you to remain in the U.S. and continue working until your H-1B status begins.
• Considerations: The H-1B visa is subject to an annual cap, and the application process is competitive. In FY 2024, there were over 780,000 applicants for 85,000 available H-1B visas. 

2. Explore Other Visa Options

If transitioning to an H-1B visa is not feasible, consider alternative visa options:

• O-1 Visa: For individuals with extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics. This visa does not require employer sponsorship and is suitable for individuals with significant achievements in their field.
• L-1 Visa: For intracompany transferees who work in managerial positions or have specialized knowledge. This visa applies if a multinational company employs you and transfers you to a U.S. office.
• E-2 Visa: This is for investors or employees of investment companies from treaty countries like Japan, Germany, France, South Korea, and many others. This visa requires a substantial investment in a U.S. business.

3. Pursue a Green Card (Permanent Residency)

For those seeking long-term residency, pursuing a PR in USA via a Green Card is a viable option:

• Employment-Based Green Card: If your employer is willing to sponsor you, you can apply for a Green Card through the EB-2 or EB-3 categories. This process involves labor certification and filing Form I-140.
• Family-Based Green Card: If you marry a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, they can sponsor you for a Green Card. This process involves filing Form I-130 and attending an interview.

4. Return to Your Home Country

If remaining in the U.S. is not feasible, returning to your home country is an option:

• 60-Day Grace Period: After your OPT or STEM OPT expires, you have a 60-day grace period to prepare for departure from the U.S.
• Reentry Options: If you plan to return to the U.S. in the future, you may need to apply for a new visa, depending on the purpose of your visit.

Figuring out the application process for a post study work visa in the USA can be complex, and even small mistakes can lead to delays or denials. 

Let’s highlight some common mistakes students make and how you can avoid them to ensure a smoother, more successful application process.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Applying for a Post-Study Work Visa

Applying for a post study work visa in the USA is a pivotal step for international students, but missing key details can derail your chances. For instance, failing to submit your OPT application on time or not maintaining employment that directly relates to your degree can lead to serious setbacks. 

Understanding these common pitfalls can help ensure your application stays on track, allowing for a seamless transition from student status to a professional career.

Let’s guide you through the common pitfalls that must be avoided:

1. Missing Deadlines

Timely submission of applications is crucial. For instance, applying for STEM OPT requires submission within 60 days of receiving the I-20 from your Designated School Official (DSO). Failure to meet this deadline can result in application denial. 

Tip: Set reminders for key application deadlines, especially for STEM OPT submission (within 60 days of receiving your I-20). Apply early to avoid last-minute rushes.

2. Incomplete or Incorrect Paperwork

Submitting incomplete or incorrect documents can lead to delays or denials. Ensure all forms are signed, up-to-date, and accurately filled out. For example, using an outdated version of Form I-765 can result in rejection.

Tip: Double-check your documents for accuracy, ensure all forms are up-to-date, and use the correct version of Form I-765. Consult USCIS for the latest form versions.

3. Failure to Maintain Status During OPT Period 

During your OPT period, maintaining your F-1 status is essential. Accruing more than 90 days of unemployment during the 12-month OPT period or more than 150 days during the combined OPT and STEM OPT period can lead to status violations. 

Tip: Track your employment and unemployment days carefully. Report any job changes to your DSO within 10 days and ensure your work is related to your field of study.

4. Not Understanding the Transition to H-1B or Visa Limitations

Transitioning from OPT to H-1B requires careful planning. The H-1B visa is subject to an annual cap, and the application process is competitive. You must consider other visa options, such as O-1, L-1, or E-2, if an H-1B is not feasible.

Tip: Plan ahead for H-1B lottery timelines and consider alternatives like O-1 or L-1 if you don't get selected. Keep your options open by researching multiple visa pathways.

By staying informed and proactive, you can overcome these complexities of post-study work visas and set the stage for a successful career in the U.S.

Also Read: Difference Between OPT and CPT – Features, Eligibility & More

Now, let’s explore how to use your work visa effectively, make valuable industry connections, and position yourself for long-term success in the U.S. job market.

How to Maximize Career Opportunities After Receiving a Post Study Work Visa in USA?

Securing a post-study work visa is a significant turning point for international students, especially for Indian graduates aiming to build a career & jobs in the U.S. However, obtaining the visa is just the beginning. You are going to have plenty of in-demand opportunities.

For instance, data scientists in the US today are among the fastest-growing occupations, with a projected growth rate of 35% from 2023 to 2033.

To truly capitalize on this opportunity, it's essential to strategically approach the U.S. job market, network effectively, and align with industries that are actively seeking global talent.

Here are quick strategies and tips to maximize your career prospects in the USA:

1. Networking Strategies

Building a solid professional network is crucial. Nearly 80% of job openings are filled through networking rather than traditional applications.

• Participate in your institution's career fairs, workshops, and alumni events. These platforms often provide direct access to recruiters and industry professionals.
• Create and maintain an updated LinkedIn profile. Engage with industry groups, share relevant content, and connect with professionals in your field.
• Contact professionals for brief meetings to learn about their career paths and seek advice. This can provide valuable insights and potential job leads.

2. Career Advice

Getting into the U.S. job market requires more than just technical skills. Employers often seek candidates with adaptability, cultural awareness, and strong communication abilities.

• Enhance abilities such as teamwork, problem-solving, and communication. These are highly valued across industries.
• Customize your resume to highlight experiences and skills relevant to the job description. Use quantifiable achievements to demonstrate impact.
• Research commonly asked interview questions and practice your responses. Be ready to discuss how your background and experiences align with the company's needs.

3. In-Demand Industries for Post-Study Workers

Specific sectors in the U.S. are actively seeking skilled professionals, making them ideal for international graduates.

• Technology: With the rise of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity concerns, there's a growing demand for software developers, data scientists, and IT specialists.
• Healthcare: The aging population and advancements in medical technology have increased the need for healthcare professionals. Nurse practitioners, for example, are expected to see a 45% job growth during the same period.
• Engineering: Fields such as civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering continue to expand, driven by infrastructure development and technological innovations.
• Finance: Roles in financial analysis, investment banking, and fintech are in high demand, especially in major economic hubs like New York and San Francisco.
• Clean Energy: The push towards sustainable energy solutions has increased opportunities in solar energy, wind energy, and environmental engineering fields.

By strategically networking, honing your skills, and targeting industries with high demand, you can maximize the potential of your post-study work visa and make a successful career in the U.S.

How Can upGrad Help You With Your Post Study Work Visa in the USA?

Understanding the post-study work visa process in the USA can be challenging for international students, especially from India. Understanding visa options like OPT, STEM OPT, and H-1B is crucial, but making the most of your visa requires more than just paperwork.

upGrad is here to guide you through the process with expert advice, resume and interview preparation, and access to a network of industry professionals. We'll help you create a strategic roadmap for your career success.

So why wait? Book a career counseling session with upGrad today, and let's build a clear plan to help you succeed in the U.S. job market!