In this article, we’ll be focusing on the data structures in Python and help you in understanding the topic clearly. You’ll find out what they are and how they function. We’ve also shared numerous examples to ensure you don’t have any doubts regarding any topics we’ve shared here. 

So, without further ado, let’s get started. 

What are Data Structures?

Data structures let you organize and manage your data effectively and efficiently. They enhance the accessibility of your data. Modifying the stored data becomes quite more straightforward as well if you have suitable data structures in place. They enable you to organize and store the data so you can perform operations on the same later on without facing any kind of difficulties. 

Python has two types of data structures. The data structures Python supports implicitly are Set, Dictionary, List, and Tuple. These are the built-in data structures of Python. 

Then there are data structures you can create yourself to have better control over the functionality. These are user-defined data structures, and they include Linked Lists, Graphs, Trees, Stacks, Queues, and HashMaps. The user-defined data structures are available in other programming languages as well. 

Read more: 6 Most Commonly Used Data Structures in R

Built-in Data Structures in Python

Python has multiple built-in data structures. These integrated data structures help you in solving the programming problems fast and with much ease. As we mentioned earlier, Python has the following integrated data structures:

• Dictionaries
• Lists
• Sets
• Tuples

Let’s discuss each one of them in detail:

1. Dictionaries

We use dictionaries to store key-value pairs. Just like a physical dictionary has a word stored along with its meaning, a dictionary in Python stores key-value pairs. The terms are the keys, whereas the various meanings associated with those words are the values. With the value, you can access the keys. 

You can create a dictionary with flower braces. You can also use the dict() function for this purpose. Here is an example:

 my_dict = {} #empty dictionary

print(my_dict)

my_dict = {1: ‘A’, 2: ‘B’} #dictionary with elements

print(my_dict)

The output of the above code:

{}

{1: ‘A’, 2: ‘B’}

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You can change the values of the dictionary through the keys. You’d have first to access the keys to change the values. Once you’ve located the keys, you just have to add the required key-value pair for getting the desired result. 

 my_dict = {‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘B’}

print(my_dict)

my_dict[‘Second’] = ‘C++’ #changing element

print(my_dict)

my_dict[‘Third’] = ‘Ruby’ #adding key-value pair

print(my_dict)

The output of the above code:

{‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘B’}

{‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘C’}

{‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘C’, ‘Third’: ‘D’}

You can delete the values in your dictionary by using the pop() function. The pop() function returns the value that you had deleted. You can retrieve a key-value pair through the popitem() function. It returns the tuple of the pair. You can clear the whole dictionary as well by using the clear() function. Here’s the example:

 my_dict = {‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘B’’, ‘Third’: ‘C’}

a = my_dict.pop(‘Third’) #pop element

print(‘Value:’, a)

print(‘Dictionary:’, my_dict)

b = my_dict.popitem() #pop the key-value pair

print(‘Key, value pair:’, b)

print(‘Dictionary’, my_dict)

my_dict.clear() #empty dictionary

print(‘n’, my_dict)

The output of the above code:

Value: C

Dictionary: {‘First’: ‘A’, ‘Second’: ‘B’}

Key, value pair: (‘Second’, ‘B’)

Dictionary {‘First’: ‘A’}

{}

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2. Lists

We use lists to store data sequentially. Every element of the list has an address, which is also called an index. The index value of a list goes from 0 to the last element present in your list, and its name is positive indexing. Similarly, when you go back from the last element to the first one and count from -1, it’s called negative indexing. 

You can create a list by using square brackets and add elements into them as you require. If you leave the brackets empty, the list wouldn’t have any elements, and it would be empty as well. Here’s an example of a list:

 my_list = [] #create empty list

print(my_list)

my_list = [A, B, C, ‘example’, Z] #creating list with data

print(my_list)

The output of the above code:

[]

[A, B, C, ’example’, Z]

You can add elements to your list by using the insert(), extent(), and append() functions. The insert() function adds those elements which were passed to the index value. The insert() function increases the size of the list as well. 

With the append() function, you can add all the elements passed to it as a single element. On the other hand, the extend() function can add the elements one-by-one. 

Here is an example:

 my_list = [A, B, C]

print(my_list)

my_list.append([555, 12]) #add as a single element

print(my_list)

my_list.extend([234, ‘more_example’]) #add as different elements

print(my_list)

my_list.insert(1, ‘insert_example’) #add element i

print(my_list)

Output of the above code:

[A, B, C]

[A, B, C, [555, 12]]

[A, B, C, [555, 12], 234, ‘more_example’]

[A, ‘insert_example’, B, C, [555, 12], 234, ‘more_example’]

While working with lists, you would encounter the need to remove some elements as well. You can use the ‘del’ keyword. It’s a built-in keyword of Python and it doesn’t return anything back. If you want an element back, you’d have to use the pop() function and to remove an element through its value, you’ll have to use the remove() function. Here’s the example:

 my_list = [A, B, C, ‘example’, Z, 10, 30]

del my_list[5] #delete element at index 5

print(my_list)

my_list.remove(‘example’) #remove element with value

print(my_list)

a = my_list.pop(1) #pop element from list

print(‘Popped Element: ‘, a, ‘ List remaining: ‘, my_list)

my_list.clear() #empty the list

print(my_list)

The output of the above code:

[A, B, C, ‘example’, Z, 30]

[A, B, C, Z, 30]

Popped Element: 2 List remaining: [A, C, Z, 30]

[]

You can pass the index values in Python and get the required values. 

 my_list = [A, B, C, ‘example’, Z, 10, 30]

for element in my_list: #access elements one by one

    print(element)

print(my_list) #access all elements

print(my_list[3]) #access index 3 element

print(my_list[0:2]) #access elements from 0 to 1 and exclude 2

print(my_list[::-1]) #access elements in reverse

The output of the above code:

A

B

C

example

Z

10

30

[A, B, C, ‘example’, Z, 10, 30]

example

[A, B]

[30, 10, Z, ‘example’, 3, 2, 1]

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3. Sets

A collection of unique and unordered items is called a set. So, if you repeat the data due to some reason, it would appear in the set only once. Sets in Python are similar to the sets you read about in mathematics. From their properties to their functions, you’ll find plenty of similarities among them.

You can create a set by using the flower braces and passing its values. Here’s an example:

 my_set = {A, B, C, D, E, E, E} #create set

print(my_set)

The output of the above code:

{A, B, C, D, E}

Like we mentioned earlier, you can perform all the functions of sets you perform in arithmetics in Python’s sets. With the union() function, you can combine the data present in two sets. The intersection() function gives you the data that’s present in both of the mentioned sets. 

You have the difference() function that lets you delete the data available in both of the sets and gives you the data which isn’t common among them. The symmetric_difference() function gives you the data remaining in those sets. 

 my_set = {A, B, C, D}

my_set_2 = {C, D, E, F}

print(my_set.union(my_set_2), ‘———-‘, my_set | my_set_2)

print(my_set.intersection(my_set_2), ‘———-‘, my_set & my_set_2)

print(my_set.difference(my_set_2), ‘———-‘, my_set – my_set_2)

print(my_set.symmetric_difference(my_set_2), ‘———-‘, my_set ^ my_set_2)

my_set.clear()

print(my_set)

 

The output of the above code:

{A, B, C, D, E, F} ———- {A, B, C, D, E, F}

{C, D} ———- {C, D}

{A, B} ———- {A, B}

{A, B, E, F} ———- {A, B, E, F}

set()

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4. Tuples

Tuples are similar to lists, but once you enter data in a tuple, you can’t change it unless it is mutable. Understanding them can be a little tricky, but don’t worry, our example code might help you in that regard. You can create a tuple with the help of the tuple() function. 

 my_tuple = (A, B, C) #create tuple

print(my_tuple)

The output of the above code:

(A, B, C)

The method for accessing values in tuples is the same as in lists. 

 my_tuple2 = (A, B, C, ‘Upgrad’) #access elements

for x in my_tuple2:

    print(x)

print(my_tuple2)

print(my_tuple2[0])

print(my_tuple2[:])

The output of the above code:

A

B

C

Upgrad

(A, B, C, ‘Upgrad’)

A

(A, B, C, ‘Upgrad’)

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Conclusion

Now you must’ve grown familiar with the various data structures in Python. We hope you found this article useful. Data structures play a significant role in helping you with organizing, managing, and accessing your data. There are plenty of options to choose from, and each one of them has its particular uses.

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